Plant Breeding: Its History and Contribution

Plant Breeding: Its History and Contribution

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  Agriculture by SatyamSharma
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  Agriculture by SatyamSharma ALPHONSE DE CANDOLLE • Son of Augustin- Pyramus de Candolle, took over his father's botanic garden with a vast collection. • de Candolle write a massive tome on plant geography that assumed derivation of each species from a specially create. • 1882: book Origine de Piantes Cultivees, was among first to indicate regions where plant domestication may have taken place: China, Southwest Asia, including Egypt, & Tropical Asia.
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  Agriculture by SatyamSharma NIKOLAI IVANOVIC VAVILOV • Renowned Russian botanist proposed theories of plant genetic diversity. • Theory of centers of origin • Law of Homologous Series in Variation, 1922 Global expeditions 1. Collected over 36,000 accessions of wheat, 2. Over 10,000, of maize, 3. Over 23,000 of legumes, 4. Around 18,000 of vegetables, 5. Over 12,000 of fruit & small fruit crops 6. Over 23,000 of forages
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  Agriculture by SatyamSharma Le Couteur- 1843 Published his results on selection in wheat He concluded that progenies from single plants were more uniform than remaining population & different progenies were of different agricultural value.
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  Agriculture by SatyamSharma Patrick Shireff Began experiments in 1819 when many subscribed Lamarckism & published work in 1873 Practised individual plant selection in wheat & oat, & developed some valuable varieties. He concluded that only variation of heritable nature responded to selection & that this variation arose rose through 'natural sports' (= mutation) & by natural hybridization recombination during meiosis in hybrids so produced. Le Couteur & Patrick Sheriff developed cereal varieties, & Sheriff published these results in 1873. Sheriff explained that variation of heritable nature responded to selection. This principle was exploited by Vilmorin in 1856 to develop several varieties of sugar beets (Beta vulgaris).
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  Agriculture by SatyamSharma Hallet Practised single plant selection in wheat, oats & barley He belived that acquired characters were inherited From best plants, he selected best spike from which he selected best grain. Developed several commercial varieties ex- Chevalier barley
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  Agriculture by SatyamSharma Wilhelm Ludvig Johannsen Worked on garden bean Proposed pure-line theory that provided genetic basis for individual plant selection Johannsen (1903) proposed Pureline theory on basis of his studies with French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris a strictly self pollinated) showed variation for seed shape that provided genetic basis for individual plant selection. Princess variety used All plants in a pureline have same genotype Phenotypic variation within a pureline is due to environment alone & has no genetic basis.
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  Agriculture by SatyamSharma Vilmorin (1856) • Louis de Vilmorin established first plant breeding company in France in 1727. Proposed individual plant selection based on progeny testing • Vilmorin gives progeny test & known as Vilmorin isolation principle. • Progeny test –estimation of worth of plant on basis of performance of their progenies is known as progeny testing. • Used progeny test on sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris) & improved sugar content in 12 years But 50 years of selection was ineffective in improving four wheat varieties Demonstrated difference b/w effectiveness of selection in self & cross-pollinated species
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  Agriculture by SatyamSharma 1673: de Graaf • 1673: de Graaf proved tiny vesicles on surface of mammalian ovaries eggs. • He discovered & described ovarian follicles, which are now named Graafian follicles in his honor. • While he initially thought entire follicle was egg, his work laid foundation for future discoveries about female reproductive system. • Noted that progeny had characteristics of both their parents • Suggested that both parents contribute to heredity
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  Agriculture by SatyamSharma Malpighi & Swammerdam identified eggs of insects • Malpighi studied structure & development of silkworm egg & reproductive organs, while Swammerdam demonstrated that all insects develop from eggs & that larval, pupal, & adult forms are different stages of same animal. • Jan Swammerdam: studied insect metamorphosis, demonstrating that insects go through different stages (egg, larva, pupa, adult) as part of their life cycle. • Maintained that all insects originated from eggs & that their limbs developed gradually. • Swammerdam emphasized continuity of insect development, challenging prevailing idea that insects spontaneously generated. • Made detailed observations on silkworm.
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  Agriculture by SatyamSharma 1875: Oscar Hertwig • In 1875, Oscar Hertwig presented conclusive evidence for fusion of sperm & egg nuclei during fertilization in sea urchins. • Hertwig's established that only one sperm is needed to fertilize an egg & highlighted role of cell nucleus in heredity. • Study of Mediterranean sea urchin, Toxopneustes lividus, revealed process of fertilization detail • Observed sperm entering egg & subsequent fusion of their nuclei. • Hertwig's findings, published in 1876 • Recognized significance of cell nucleus in inheritance & chromosome reduction during meiosis.
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  Agriculture by SatyamSharma Nehemiah Grew • Nehemiah Grew described stamens in flowers & proposed that they were male reproductive parts. • In his book Anatomy of Plants, included detailed anatomical studies of flowers, including stamens. • He recognized that stamens contained pollen & suggested they played a role in plant reproduction, specifically as male component.
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  Agriculture by SatyamSharma Rudolf Jakob Camerarius • 1694: Discover of sex in plants 1. Noticed difference b/w male & female reproductive organs in maize & produced 1st artificial hybrid plant. 2. Seed can’t produced without participation of pollen produced in male reproductive organs of plants 3. Maize plants did not set seed when pollen was not applied to their pistils • Earlier naturalists observed plants seemed to possess sex & hypothesized role of pollen in fertilization • Camerarius conducted experiments to demonstrate this definitively. • Experiments on: mulberry, Mercurialis, spinach, castor, & maize • Female plants that were not in proximity to male plants produced fruit but lacked seeds. • Removing male inflorescence (tassels) from monoecious plants like maize resulted in sterile fruit • Stamens male organs & pistils female organs, & both necessary for production of ripe seeds. • Published in 1694: De Sexu Plantarum Epistola (On Sex of Plants) & elaborated in Opuscula Botanica in 1697
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  Agriculture by SatyamSharma Thomas Fairchild (1697–1729) 1717: produced first artificial hybrid in plants when he crossed caranation & sweet William; this hybrid was known as Fairchild mule • Produced first artificial plant hybrid-Fairchild mule produced by crossing Sweet Wiliam (Dianthus barbatus) with carnation pink (D. cryophyllus). Dianthus caryophyllus X D. barbatus
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  Agriculture by SatyamSharma Amici • 1823: Giovanni Battista Amici discover pollen tubes. • Study on stigma of Portulaca oleracea • Observed that pollen grains split open & extended a tube- like structure that entered stigma's tissues
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  Agriculture by SatyamSharma Joseph Gottlieb Kolreuter • 1760-66: made extensive crosses in tobacco (Nicotiana) • Noted uniformity & heterosis in F1 • Appearance of larger variation in F2 • Both male & female parents make equal contributions to characteristics of progeny • Koelreuters work who established that sexual hybridization is fruitful for plant improvement only when attempted within species.
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  Agriculture by SatyamSharma John Knight • 1759-1835 developed commercial varieties of apple pear, apricot, peaches grapes & currents etc through hybridization. • Knight developed several varieties of apple pear by hybridization • First to develop several new fruit varieties.
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  Agriculture by SatyamSharma Gregor Johann Mendel • 1900: Science of genetics emerged rediscovery Mendel work & Breeding methods based on hybridization acquired a scientific basic with elucidation of various genetic & cytogenetic principles, which followed rediscover • Results presented at two meetings of at Natural Research Society of Brunn/ Natural History Society of Brünn in Moravia on Feb. 8 & March 8, 1865. • Published work: in 1866 originally published in Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden (Experiments on Plant Hybridization) • Rediscovery of Mendelism: 1900 by E. von Tschermak, C. Correns & H. de Vries • Mendel died of a kidney disease, aged 61, on January 6, 1884.
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  Agriculture by SatyamSharma Gregor Johann Mendel • Gregor Johann Mendel born July 22, 1822, to Anton & Rosine Mendel at what was then Heinzendorf bei Odrau in Austria (Czech Republic). • Mendel’s parents - small farmers who financially struggled to educate Mendel. • After schooling, he joined University of Olomouc in 1840 to learn physics, mathematics & philosophy. • Due to financial difficulties, Mendel was compelled to join Abbey of St. Thomas in Brunn as a monk & became Gregor Johann Mendel Gregor Johann Mendel (1822–1884)
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  Agriculture by SatyamSharma