PLAY-IMPORTANCE OF PLAY,FUNCTIONS OF PLAY AND TYPES

PLAY
PREPARED BY:
MISS.BHUVANESHWARI S
BADIGER LECTURER
DPT.OF CHILD HEALTH
NURSING
M.Sc(N)

INTRODUCTION
• Just as adults work, so does the child plays. It is the main business of the
child.
• Through play the child grows, develops, learns and ultimately matures, Play
is the child's daily work.
• Play encourages emotional and social and physiological, psychological
development of a child.

DEFINITION
• Play is an activity in which anyone is engaged for enjoyment without
considering its end results.
• Play can be defined as "any spontaneous or organized activity that provides
enjoyment, entertainment, amusement or diversion".

 Importance / Value of play:
1) Children develop their physical and intellectual abilities during play.
2) They develop moral values through playing with other.
3) Play is important to healthy brain development. "It is developing creativity,
imagination, cognitive and emotional strength".
4) According to "American Academy of Pediatric (AAP) Report", it improves
children's social skills as well as, learns "to share", "to negotiate" "to solve
conflict" and "to learn self-advocacy skills".
5) It allows the children to explore the world, practice and gain self-
confidence.

6) Develop social skills, language and communication skills and learn caring
for others and the environment.
7) Less verbal children may be able to express their views, experiences and
frustration through play.
8) Play offers parents a wonderful opportunity to engage fully with their
children.

Characteristics of play
1. Play lays the foundation of literacy – Through play children learn to make and
practice new sounds. They learn new vocabulary with their friends and exercise
their imagination through story telling.
2. Play is learning - Play take many forms from shaking a rattle to "peek - a boo"
and "hide - and seek".
3. Play is fun-Learning to play well both by themselves and others. It makes
children confident and sociable.
4. Play is active
5. Play is child initiated and focused
6. Play is process oriented

7. Play allows child to learn other's body language
8. Play develops in children patience and understanding.
9. Play encourages child to communicate with the other children in their lives.
10. Play is symbolic

GAMES
• Children in all cultures engage in games alone and with others.
• Solitary activity involving games begins as very small children participate in
repetitive activity and progress to play more complicated games that
change their independence skills, mental and physical development.

Types of
games
Imitative Games
Formal Games
Competitive Games

1.IMITATIVE GAMES:
 Such as "party - cake" and "peek-a-boo".

2.FORMAL GAMES:
 Beginning with ritualistic, self-
sustaining games such as "Ring -
Around - the Rosy" and "London
Bridge" or simple board games.

3.COMPETITIVE GAMES
 School age children and
adolescents enjoy competitive
games such as cards, checkers,
chess and physically active games
such as baseball.
 Preschoolers will try to cheat,
change the rules, or demand
expectations and opportunities to
change their moves.

TYPES OF PLAY
OR
DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL FORMS OF PLAY BEHAVIOR
Sociologists "Mildred Paten and Newhall (1943)" describe six types of play,
that is depend on their age, mood, and social setting.
1. Unoccupied play
2. Solitary play or independent play
3. Onlooker play
4. Parallel play
5. Associative Play
6. Cooperative Play

1. UNOCCUPIED PLAY
 Unoccupied play refers to activity
when a child actually is not playing,
just observing
 Child may be standing in one spot or
performing random movements with
no objective.

2. SOLITARY PLAY OR
INDEPENDENT PLAY
 During solitary play child plays alone
with toys and maintain focus or
concentration on its play activity.
 The child uninterested or does not
acknowledge of what other are doing in
the same area.
 Preschoolers or toddler engages in this
form of play as they become more
social, interacting with the other
children.
 In solitary play they enjoy the presence
of other children but not involve or
getting close to other's activities.

3. ONLOOKER PLAY
 During onlooker play, child watches
what other children are doing but
not make attempt or involve into the
play activity.
 The child may sit or stand near other
children to hear or see what is going
on.

4. PARALLEL PLAY
 During parallel activities children
play independently. In which the
child plays with toys either similar or
identical to those used by other
children nearby.
 A child of 2-3 years of age plays
alongside others but not with them.
In this play child see other children's
play activity but not plays with other.

5. ASSOCIATIVE
PLAY
 In associative play, children play
together (Interaction occurs
between among children) and are
engaged in a similar or even
identical activity, but there is no
organization division, division of
labor, leadership assignment or
mutual goal.
 Children borrow and lend play
materials, follow each other with
wagons and tricycles, and some
time attempt to control who is
playing and not playing in the group.

6. COOPERATIVE
PLAY
 In cooperative play child likes to
play in a group with other children.
 They play with a purpose, or
dramatize a group life situation such
as playing house; cooperating to
achieve a goal or engaging in
formal game activity such as football
or soccer.
 They are playing a board game or
an outdoor group game, and
building a puzzle together.

According to Amend Rock Other type of play is important and necessary for
a child's social development and maturity.
1. Dramatic/Fantasy play
2. Competitive play
3. Physical play
4. Constructive play

1.DRAMATIC/FANTASY
PLAY
 The child loves to play in dramatic way
such as dress up like "Doctor" or
"Shopkeeper", "Restaurant" that's
dramatic and fantasy play.
 Through this play child not only learn
imagination but they learn cooperate,
share and help in language
development and make them social.

2.COMPETITIVE PLAY
 Children playing with group or soccer
team, rules and turn taking,
functioning as part of team, are the
form of this play.
 Give the guidance about dealing with
both winning and losing.

3.PHYSICAL PLAY
 Gross and fine motor skills really
come into play here, whether child is
throwing a ball or riding a bike,
physical play.

4.CONSTRUCTIVE
PLAY
 Constructive play includes building
with blocks, manipulation and fitting
things together. These skills are called
cognitive skills.

FUNCTIONS OF PLAY
1. Physical Development
 Play stimulates the brain through the formation of connections between nerve cells. This
process helps with the development of fine and gross motor skills.
 Active play helps in muscle development and physical growth.
 Play increases range of motion, coordination, balance, flexibility, and fine and gross motor
skills by jumping, dancing, riding cycles.
 Sensory development occurs through tactile, visual, auditory and kinesthetic stimulation
derived from playing with different toys.

2. Emotional Development
 Play reduces fear, anxiety, stress, irritability.
 Creates joy, intimacy, self-esteem and mastery.
 Increases calmness and heals emotional pain.
 Develops confidence through experiencing success in play.

3. Social Development
Social development helps in realization of self and others.
It increases empathy, compassion and sharing.
It improves nonverbal skills.
It increases attention and attachment.
It helps learning negotiation skills.
It makes believe that play allows child to understand different roles.

4.Intellectual Development
Learns colors, shapes, sizes through playing with various objects.
Identifies letters, common words, symbols, signs with their meaning by solving
puzzles.
Increases listening and speaking ability by storytelling activity.
Improves writing skills through scribbling, painting and drawing activity.
Books and videos increase vocabulary.
Learns problem solving skills through games and puzzles.

5. Moral Development
Helps learn which behaviors are acceptable and which are not.
Understands importance of taking turns and honesty.
Recognizes importance of teamwork.

6.Creativity
Express their imagination power through various play activities.
Exercise their creative ideas by playing with paper, play dough and raw materials,
etc.
Pretend play increases their creativity.
Creative thinking occurs in group activity

7.Therapeutic Value
Play can relieve stress and anxiety.
It diverts pain in a sick child.
It helps in explaining various concepts, procedures to child like demonstrating
injection to a doll.
Through various play activity, parents can understand their child's need, fear, area
of low confidence, etc.

TOYS SELECTION
o Choose age-appropriate toys:
Choose toys according to the interests, needs and abilities at different stages
of a child's development.
Choose the toys that can be washed, must be flame-retardant or resistant
and contain nontoxic materials

 0-6 months:
 Toys that can be chewed, sucked. Toys should be big enough so the baby can't fit it all in his/her mouth.
 6 months:
 1 year-toys that are strong, easily cleaned, and with no detachable parts
(Ex- Puzzles, Building Blocks)
 2-3 years:
 Toys to develop a child's coordination.
(Ex- Lacing beads)
 3-5 years:
 Toys that are used for imaginative games.
(Ex- Toy kitchen sets, Toy doctor sets)
 5-7 years:
 Toys which involve action and imagination.
(Ex- Jump rope, Small bike)
 7-10 years:
 Children follow their own interests.
(Ex-Arts and Crafts kits)

o Sharp edges and sharp points:
 Avoid toys with sharp points or
edges that can hurt a small
child.
 Do not give toys with metal
parts to toddlers and babies.
 Provide washable, non-
breakable toys for babies.

o Small toys and toys with small
parts:
 Check toys regularly for loose
parts which may pose choking
dangers.
 Put small toys and toys with
small parts out of reach when
young ones are around.
 Soft baby toys should be large
enough that they can't be
swallowed even when they are
squashed down.

o Cords and strings:
 Toys with long cords or strings
can be harmful for young
children.
 Their strings can get wrapped
around a child's neck.
 Never hang toys with strings,
cords or ribbons in cribs or
playpens.

o Loud noises:
 Toys that make shrill or loud noise,
such as toy cap guns, can affect
child's hearing.
 Read warning labels for safety
instructions.
 Try toys in the store to check how
loud they are.

o Toys that fly or shoot objects:
 Keep air rockets and other
shooting toys that can cause
serious eye injuries away from
young children.
 Arrows used by children should
have soft tips made out of cork
or rubber.

o Electric toys:
 Charge battery-powered toys for
young children. Chargers and
adapters that come with toys
can cause shock or burn.
 Buy toys with battery
compartments that are sealed or
need a screwdriver to open.
 Button batteries can cause
burns and other serious injuries, if
swallowed.

o Toys with magnets:
 Young children should not play
with toys with magnets.
 Check magnetic toys for loose
and separable magnets.
 If magnets are swallowed, they
may cause obstruction of the
digestive system resulting in
serious injury.

o Read instructions:
 Read the labelling on new toys.
 Not suitable for children aged
under 3' means that there are
small parts which could be
swallowed.
 Explain the instructions to the
child.

o Play safe outdoors:
 Make sure children use helmets
and other safety equipment
when biking, skating, or riding
skateboards and scooters.
 Children must wear a helmet
when riding a motor bike.
 Make sure children always wear
shoes when playing outside.

o Check for other potential
hazards:
 Helmets and masks should also
have ventilation holes.
 Check for gaps or holes which
could trap a child's fingers.
Never give adult jewelry to
children.
 Adult jewelry can contain high
levels of lead.

IMPORTANCE OF PLAY IN
HOSPITAL
1. It provides diversion, recreation and relaxation
2. It reduces the distress and anxiety during hospitalization or painful procedures.
3. Play helps with development of communication skills and social relationship in
children.
4. It offers joy and amusement and helps to develop self-esteem and confidence.
5. Through play children learn to express their feeling or worries about treatment.
6. Play provides an opportunity for children to make choices so that they can retain a
sense of some control.
7. According to "Platt report" (1959) play also reduces the negative effects of separation
from mother.
8. Play also fulfills the emotional and mental needs of a child during hospitalization.
9. Play is a useful way to relieve boredom and pass the time in pleasurable way.

THERAPEUTIC PLAY
 Definition:
“ Therapeutic play is a specialized play activity by which a child acts
out or expresses his/her unconscious feeling. It is a central mechanism
in which children learn to communicate and cope with emotional stress
and trauma during hospitalization, master traumatic experience".
OR
"Activities carried out in accordance with his own wishes to obtain
pleasure"

 PLAY IS A NURSING INTERVENTION –
It focusses on:
1. Efforts to minimize stressors can be done by:
Preventing the impact of separation anxiety by involving parents, they play
an active role in child care during hospitalization or surgical procedure.
Avoiding physical restrictions until physician order.
 Showing empathy.
 Preparing psychologically children to minimize pain during procedure.

2. Preparing children for treatment in hospital:
Prepare the treatment room according to the stage of the child's age.
Introduce nurses and doctors.
Give identity of the child.
Perform physical examination with talking and smiling with the child.
Make game before child's physical examination.
Provide opportunity for socialization and bringing parents whenever possible
to reduce separation anxiety in children.

3. Deep breathing:
 Blow bubble with a bubble blower or a straw ( no soap)
Blow on a pin wheel, whistle, ballon and horn
Suck proper from one container to another using a straw.
Take deep breath and blow out the candle.

4. Fluid intake:
Cut straws in half and place in a small container (much easier for child to
suck liquid).
Make ice pops using child's favorite juice.
Cut gelatin into fun shapes.
Use small decorated medicine cup.
Let child fill a syringe and squirt to fill small cups.
Make a "progress poster," give rewards for drinking a pre-determined
quantity.

5. Range of motion and use of Extremities:
Touch or kick Mylar balloons and hang these balloons in different positions.
Involve child in aerobic dance or exercise.
Play "hide and seek," hide toys somewhere on the bed and tell the child to
find it using affected extremities.

6. Medication:
Give medicine mix with colored liquid or water in a favorite cup.
Can use straw.
Allow child to have a "collection" of syringes (without needle).
Let child handle vial, needle holder and alcohol swab during injection.
Tell the child to count 10-15 or stories or rhymes during injection.

PLAY-IMPORTANCE OF PLAY,FUNCTIONS OF PLAY AND TYPES

PLAY-IMPORTANCE OF PLAY,FUNCTIONS OF PLAY AND TYPES

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