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Pneumonia Respiratory system disorders presentation
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- 2. PNEUMONIA A severeinflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli (tiny air sacs) are filled with fluid. This may cause a decrease in the amount of oxygen that blood can absorb from air breathed into the lung. 4/1/2015 infectious 2
- 3. Causes and Riskfactor 4/1/2015 infectious 3 • Bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus , streptococcus, hemophilus influenza, pseudomonas) • Viral • Fungi • head injury or general anesthesia • Exposure to chemicals • Tracheal intubation • Immuno- suppression(AIDS)
- 4. • Bedridden, paralyzed, orunconscious • Chronic diseases (diabetes & heart failure) • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. • Very young and very old 4/1/2015 infectious 4
- 5. Pathophysiology Pathogen and harmfullbacteria enter into the lower respiratory tract Inflammatory reaction occurs in the alveoli and produces an exudates that interfere the gas exchange mechanism The lungs are not adequately ventilated because of secretion and mucosal edema Hypoventilation Arterial hypoxemia 4/1/2015 infectious 5
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- 7. Sign and symptoms Dyspnea FeverChills Productive Cough Sweats Pleuritic chest pain Sputum production Hemoptysis Headache
- 8. Less common sign& symptoms • Fatigue • Rapid breathing and heart beat • hemoptysis • Chest pain • Nausea, vomiting, and muscle aches • Loss of appetite 4/1/2015 infectious 8
- 9. Complication s • Bacteria inthe bloodstream (Bacteremia). • Lung abscess. • Fluid accumulation around lungs (pleural effusion). • Difficult Breathing. (Dyspnea)
- 10. Pneumonia by Location inthe Lung • Lobar Pneumonia • Segmental Pneumonia • Broncho pneumonia • Interstitial Pneumonia • Alveolar Pneumonia 4/1/2015 infectious 10
- 11. Pneumonia by Originof Infection 4/1/2015 infectious 11 • Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP): • Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia.(HAP) • Aspiration Pneumonia(AP) • Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP)
- 12. Community-acquired pneumonia It occurs outsideof hospitals and other health care facilities, and may be caused by: Bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. This type of pneumonia often affects one area (lobe) of the lung, a condition called lobar pneumonia.
- 13. Cont, … Bacteria-like organisms Mycoplasmapneumoniae, which typically produce milder signs and symptoms than do other types of pneumonia. "Walking pneumonia," a term used to describe pneumonia that isn't severe enough to require bed rest, may result from mycoplasma pneumoniae.
- 14. Cont,… ⚫Viruses, same typeof viruses that cause colds and flu. Viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia in children younger than 2 years. ⚫Fungi, This type of pneumonia is most common in people with an underlying health problem or weakened immune system
- 15. Hospital-acquired pneumonia ⚫Hospital-acquired pneumoniais bacterial infection that occurs in people, hospitalized for another condition. Hospital-acquired pneumonia can be serious because the bacteria causing it may be more resistant to antibiotics. ⚫People who are on a breathing machine (ventilator), often used in intensive care units, are at higher risk of this type of pneumonia
- 16. Aspiration pneumonia Aspiration pneumoniaoccurs due to inhale food, drink, vomit or saliva into the lungs. This aspiration may happen when normal gag reflex disturbed in certain condition such as brain injury, swallowing problem, or excessive use of alcohol or drugs.
- 17. Diagnostic Evaluation 4/1/2015 infectious17 • Medical history • Physical Examination • Chest X-ray • CBC /ABGs • Culture of Sputum.
- 18. Treatment 4/1/2015 infectious 18 Pneumoniatreatments depend on the type of pneumonia and the severity of symptoms. Bacterial pneumonias are usually treated with antibiotics, whereas viral pneumonias are treated with rest and plenty of fluids. Fungal pneumonias are usually treated with antifungal medications. Over-the-counter medications are also commonly prescribed to better manage pneumonia symptoms. These include treatments for reducing fever, reducing aches and pains, and suppressing coughs. In addition, it is important to get plenty of rest and sleep and drink lots of fluids. Hospitalization for pneumonia may be required if symptoms are especially bad or a patient has a weakened immune system or other serious illness. At the hospital, patients generally are treated with intravenous antibiotics and possibly put on oxygen.
- 19. Preventio n There are severalways to prevent pneumonia. There are two vaccines that are available to prevent the bacterial infection. Prevnar is generally administered as part of the normal infant immunization procedure and is recommended for children less than 2 years of age or between two and four years with certain medical conditions. ⚫ Pneumovax is provided for adults who are at increased risk of developing pneumococcal pneumonia, such as the elderly, diabetics, those with chronic heart, lung, or kidney disease, alcoholics, smokers, and those without a spleen. The pneumonia vaccine may not completely prevent older adults from getting pneumonia, but it can reduce the severity of a future pneumonia.
- 20. Cont, … ⚫ Inaddition to vaccinations, physicians recommend that people wash hands, refrain from smoking, eat healthfully, exercise, and stay away from sputum or cough particles from others with pneumonia.
- 21. Nursing Process 4/1/2015 infectious21 Assessment: • History • Physical examination
- 22. Nursing Diagnosis 4/1/2015 infectious22 ⚫ Ineffective airway clearance related to copious tracheobronchial secretions. ⚫ Impaired Gas Exchange related to altered oxygen- carrying capacity of blood ⚫ Activity intolerance relate to Imbalance between oxygen supply and demand. ⚫ Altered nutrition less than body requirement related to less intake secondary to continues cough
- 23. • Respiratory Isolation •Promote airway patency • Maintain hydration • Perform chest protocol • Deep breathing exercise • Chest Physiotherapy • Use of spirometer • Suction Nursing Management 4/1/2015 infectious 23
- 24. Nursing Management • Maintainaccurate intake and output. • Administer antipyretics and antibiotics on timely manner. • Encourage the low energy utilization activities. • Observe color of skin, mucous membranes, and nail beds, note presence of 4/1/2015 infectious 24
- 25. Discharge Teaching 4/1/2015 infectious25 • Medication administration • Increase fluids intake • Humidified air • Signs and symptoms of respiratory distress • Postural drainage techniques • Follow care Complications
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- 27. Definition s • Postural drainageis a technique in which different positions are assumed to facilitate the drainage of secretions from the bronchial airways. • Gravity helps to move the secretions to the trachea to be coughed up easily. • The goal of postural drainage and manual therapy is to help drain mucus from each of these lobes into the larger airways of the lungs so it can be coughed up more readily.
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