POL110 Week 9 Scenario Script The Bureaucracy and the Judiciary.docx

POL110 Week 9 Scenario Script: The Bureaucracy and the
Judiciary
Slide #
Scene/Interaction
Narration
Slide 1
Introductory screen, containing the environment (an outside
view of a government office building) and a title showing the
scenario topic. There will be a “begin” button on the screen
allowing students to begin the scenario.
Slide 2
Scene 1

Amanda and Dr. Ryan standing in Dr. Ryan’s office.
POL110_9_1_DR-1.mp3: Hello again. It’s good to see you here

for the last week of your internship. We only have a few more
topics to cover before you’re ready to move on.
Last week we examined the role that the president plays in the
decisionmaking process. This week we will look at the
bureaucracy and the judiciary, two completely different
institutions that are absolutely necessary for our democracy to
work.
What do you think about these institutions, Amanda?
POL110_9_1_AI-1.mp3: Well Dr. Ryan, I know some of this
from my readings. Unique among other democracies, America’s
bureaucracy is distinctive. This is because political authority
over it is shared by the executive and legislative branches. This
encourages it to play each branch off against the other.
Secondly, in the U.S., federal bureaucrats pay other agencies at
the state and local levels, as well as business firms and non-
profit agencies, to administer government programs.
POL110_9_1_DR-2.mp3: Good start. Now let’s look at the
bureaucracy’s growth. It began small, of course, but exploded
first during World War I from 1917 to 1919. This was because
of the role the government took in the post-war growing
economy.
Then, a little more than a decade later under Roosevelt’s New
Deal it became even larger. This was because of the expansion
of federal programs like welfare and Social Security. Roosevelt
later invoked the income tax policy during World War II and
was collecting a huge amount of money by the end of the war.
As you can imagine, this required a substantial increase in
federal workers to keep track of these revenues. This money
was used to start a great many additional programs which, in
turn, required more administrators.
POL110_9_1_AI-2.mp3: That very interesting! I think that the
federal bureaucracy, numbering just about two and one-half
million people today, is now at the same level it was in 1955. In
fact, it’s shrunk since then, relative to the population of over

three hundred million Americans whom it now serves.
Slide 3
Interaction Slide
This will be an interaction that showcases various facts about
the distinctiveness of the American bureaucracy.
Button 1: Political authority. Political authority over the
bureaucracy is shared between the presidency and Congress.
This means that bureaucrats are able to play each branch against
the other. In parliamentary governments, like Great Britian, the
prime minister and cabinet control the bureaucracy.
Button 2: Shared functions. Most federal agencies share their
functions with related agencies in state and local government.
This brings a level of control to local governments. In France,
these programs are centrally run.
Button 3: Electing legislators. In other representative
democracies, voters elect legislators. In the U.S., however,
bureaucrats often elect “other people” who do the work,
including business firms and nonprofit organizations.
Button 4: Personal rights. Americans have a tendency to defend
rights and claims. This leads to government agencies operating
under close public scrutiny. Other nations would not have such
a high prospect of court challenges.
Button 5: Scope and Style. There are many privately owned
enterprises. Western European nations have more publicly
operated enterprises, where the government owns and operates
large sectors of the economy.
POL110_9_2_DR-1.mp3: Political authority. Political authority
over the bureaucracy is shared between the presidency and

Congress. This means that bureaucrats are able to play each
branch against the other. In parliamentary governments, like
Great Britian, the prime minister and cabinet control the
bureaucracy.
POL110_9_2_DR-2.mp3: Shared functions. Most federal
agencies share their functions with related agencies in state and
local government. This brings a level of control to local
governments. In France, these programs are centrally run.
POL110_9_2_DR-3.mp3: Electing legislators. In other
representative democracies, voters elect legislators. In the
U.S., however, bureaucrats often elect “other people” who do
the work, including business firms and nonprofit organizations.
POL110_9_2_DR-4.mp3: Personal rights. Americans have a
tendency to defend rights and claims. This leads to government
agencies operating under close public scrutiny. Other nations
would not have such a high prospect of court challenges.
POL110_9_2_DR-5.mp3: Scope and Style. There are many
privately owned enterprises. Western European nations have
more publicly operated enterprises, where the government owns
and operates large sectors of the economy.
Slide 4
Scene 2
Amanda and Dr. Ryan do a visual tour of a museum or historical
exhibit in Capitol Hill that showcases the material that is
covered. This is sort of a visual tour of Washington D.C. as
well as a visual component to the conversation.
POL110_9_3_DR-1.mp3: Both Congress and the president want
to keep the bureaucracy manageable. We’re more efficient and
technically competent than we were forty years ago. This

means we are able to keep tighter control over programs that we
would not have been able to then.
Nevertheless, Amanda, two and one-half million people is no
small gathering, so how does Congress control them?
POL110_9_3_AI-1.mp3: Well…first of all, with the exception
of a few presidential offices and commissions, no federal
agency would be able to exist without congressional approval.
On a related note, no agency, once approved, would be able to
function without a congressionally approved budget.
Keep in mind that if you control the money then you control the
group.
POL110_9_3_DR-2.mp3: Actually, there’s no such thing as
“the bureaucracy in general.” This is because it is divided into
so many components at the federal, state and local levels. And
all of these components have different objectives and programs.
The five problems that are common with them are red tape,
conflict, duplication, waste and imperialism. The first four are
self-explanatory, but the last one is worth a moment.
By imperialism we mean agencies seek goals that are so broad
and difficult to measure that it’s difficult to tell when, or even
if, they have been attained. Unless Congress has clearly defined
its role, an agency tends to take the most expansive view of its
power that it can. And sympathetic interest groups looking for
favors are only too happy to reinforce this view.
POL110_9_3_AI-2.mp3: Is this why people wonder if there is
anything that can be done to make a government agency more
responsive to its citizens?
POL110_9_3_DR-3.mp3: I would say yes.
After Al Gore undertook his National Performance Review in
1993 in an effort to stream line the government, the conclusions
were that red tape had to be cut, customers had to be put first,
and employees had to be given more power to make decisions.
Surprisingly, this initial effort was partially successful in
improving government performance, and it’s continued under
Barak Obama. The only two problems are that first, much of
government is composed of private workers and nonprofit

agencies who may not necessarily respond to these initiatives.
Secondly, it’s not easy to fire unproductive employees.
POL110_9_3_AI-3.mp3: Well, can’t presidents control the
bureaucracy in numerous ways? They can appoint the right
people to head an agency, issue executive orders, and
reorganize agencies to suit their preferences.
And Congress, too. It can control the bureaucracy by
influencing the appointment of agency heads, tinkering with an
agency's budget, holding hearings, and rewriting the legislation
or making it more detailed.
Either way, the bureaucracy isn’t really out of control. It’s just
big and unwieldy.
POL110_9_3_DR-4.mp3: Excellent, analysis, Amanda.
Slide 5
Check Your Understanding Slide
This will be an interactive knowledge check.
What is one of the most effective ways that Congress maintains
control over the bureaucracy?
A. through appointments
B. X through appropriations
C. through authorizing legislation
D. through dictating economic policy
E. through imperialism
Answer: B. Money is influence, and the bureaucracy needs
appropriations from Congress if it is to function properly. This
is because it is unable to generate revenues on its own.
Slide 6
Scene 3
POL110_9_4_DR-1.mp3: Should we move on to the judiciary?

POL110_9_4_AI-1.mp3: Why not?
POL110_9_4_DR-2.mp3: Okay, then, let’s discuss the judicial
branch. I suppose the best place to begin is with the principle
of judicial review. This refers to the power of the courts to
declare acts of the executive and legislative branches
unconstitutional, and hence, null and void.
POL110_9_4_AI-2.mp3: I always thought this was a really
interesting topic.
If we look at how our federal courts have developed, we can see
three distinct time periods. From the end of the Revolutionary
War until the end of the Civil War, the most salient issues were
consolidating nation-building, achieving government
legitimacy, and slavery.
From the end of the Civil War until the mid-1930s, the
dominant issue was how the government would address the
severe economic collapse of the Depression. We see that from
about 1937 until the present, the Supreme Court has been
concerned with ensuring personal liberties and social equality.
POL110_9_4_DR-3.mp3: Quite right. Looking at the structure
of the federal court system, we see that Congress created
constitutional and legislative courts to handle cases that don’t
need to go to the highest level. The first gives its judges
constitutional protection, in that they serve for life and cannot
be fired or suffer a reduction in salary while in office. This
includes district courts and courts of appeal, which review the
decisions of the former.
In contrast, legislativecourts are established by Congress for
specialized purposes. They are staffed with people with fixed
terms of office, who can be removed or suffer a salary
reduction.
POL110_9_4_AI-3.mp3: I’ve always thought that the process of
presidential nominees to the Supreme Court was a fascinating
study of politics at its best.
POL110_9_4_DR-4.mp3: That’s certainly one way of putting it.

Every president wishes for a chance to put someone into that
body because the political leaning of the Court will tend to
follow him. Thus, a Republican president will want someone
who is a conservative, usually a federal judge with a great deal
of experience. Keep in mind that a Democratic president will
nominate an activist judge with a liberal voting record.
But, as you said, nominating them and then getting them
through the Senate Judiciary Committee and the full Senate are
two hurdles that not all presidents have overcome.
POL110_9_4_AI-4.mp3: What you are referring to is called
Senatorial courtesy, isn’t it?
POL110_9_4_DR-5.mp3: Very good, Amanda. That’s exactly
what it’s called. It’s a long-standing tradition, whereby a
presidential nominee for a judgeship will not be confirmed if a
senator from the nominee’s state files a personal objection for
political reasons. It’s a very arbitrary process, and it can be
extremely unfair. But it happens.
So, Amanda, what do you know about the jurisdiction of federal
courts?
POL110_9_4_AI-5.mp3: I suppose I could describe it as a dual
court system composed of state and federal components. This
leads to some very complicated jurisdiction over who hears
what kinds of cases.
POL110_9_4_DR-6.mp3: Right you are.
The Constitution lists all of the cases the Supreme Court can
hear, and everything else is left in the hands of state courts. To
simplify matters, it’s enough to tell people that if a crime is
committed against a federal employee like an FBI agent, or on
federal property such as a federally insured bank, then the
federal courts retain jurisdiction. Or if any criminal kidnaps
someone or crosses a state boundary for any reason while in
commission of a felony, it becomes federal.
There are a number of other crimes that fall within the federal
government’s jurisdiction, such as securities fraud,
counterfeiting and terrorism, but we’ll leave those to the
criminal justice majors to discuss. All we need to know is that

if someone loses their initial case at the federal court level, then
their only recourse is the federal court of appeals. This will take
place only if the rights of the accused have been violated. But
if convicted, and the Supreme Court decides not to hear their
appeal, then they go to a federal penitentiary where there’s no
parole, instead of one those cozy little local state prisons.
POL110_9_4_AI-6.mp3: Sounds horrible. I wonder if most of
them knew they were committing a federal crime when they did
so.
POL110_9_4_DR-7.mp3: My guess is no, not if they had even
the vaguest idea of what awaited them if found guilty.
Slide 7
Interaction Slide
This will be an interaction that showcases facts about the
different types of courts.
Button 1: Supreme Court. The Supreme Court is the only
federal court that must exist. It is required by Article III of the
Constitution. The number of justices is not set, and neither is
its jurisdiciton as an appeals court.
Button 2: Constitutional Court. A constitutional court is one of
the two types of lower courts created by Congress. It exercises
judicial powers defined in Article III of the Constitution.
Button 3: District Courts. District Courts are a type of
constitutional court. They are the lowest of the federal courts.
Button 4: Court of Appeals. The courts of appeals are
constitutional courts. They are authorized to review decisions
made by the federal courts.
Button 5: Legislative Court. A legislative court is one of the
two types of lower courts created by Congress. It is created for

a specialized purpose. Its judges do not have the protection of
Article III of the Constitution.
POL110_9_5_DR-1.mp3: Supreme Court. The Supreme Court
is the only federal court that must exist. It is required by
Article three of the Constitution. The number of justices is not
set, and neither is its jurisdiciton as an appeals court.
POL110_9_5_DR-2.mp3: Constitutional Court. A constitutional
court is one of the two types of lower courts created by
Congress. It exercises judicial powers defined in Article three
of the Constitution.
POL110_9_5_DR-3.mp3: District Courts. District Courts are a
type of constitutional court. They are the lowest of the federal
courts.
POL110_9_5_DR-4.mp3: Court of Appeals. The courts of
appeals are constitutional courts. They are authorized to review
decisions made by the federal courts.
POL110_9_5_DR-5.mp3: Legislative Court. A legislative court
is one of the two types of lower courts created by Congress. It
is created for a specialized purpose. Its judges do not have the
protection of Article three of the Constitution.
Slide 8
Scene 4
POL110_9_6_AI-1.mp3: If you wished to appeal your sentence
from a state court, you would do so through the state court of
appeals. Then you would move on to the Supreme Court if four
of its members agree to issue a writ of certiorari allowing that
the issue involves substantial federal involvement.
But what I didn’t realize until recently is that your appeal to the
Supreme Court is not automatically taken up by that body unless
the majority of justices vote to hear the case. They only do this

if they think it involves a constitutional principle. As it turns
out, only five percent of appeals make that cut. Why do you
think this is?
POL110_9_6_DR-1.mp3: Theoretically, everyone in the U.S.
has the right to appeal a case to the Supreme Court, even the
indigent, who often has interest groups take up their cause. We
have to pay our own legal costs along the way, but there is such
a thing as feeshifting which enables plaintiffs to recover their
costs if defendants lose the case.
Bear in mind that there is an important non-financial restriction
on getting into federal court. In order to be able to sue a person
or institution, the plaintiff must have something called standing.
Standing defines who is entitled to bring the case. It is also
important to remember that the government has sovereign
immunity, meaning that a citizen may not sue it without first
receiving its permission.
POL110_9_6_AI-2.mp3: I would love to see the Supreme Court
in session.
POL110_9_6_DR-2.mp3: That’s not as hard as you may think.
The Supreme Court holds open sessions.
When we get there, the first thing we’ll see is the attorneys on
both sides submitting their briefs to the Court and then arguing
the merits of their side. Sometimes an amicus curiae or friend
of the court may offer an oral argument for one side or the other
in the form of polite lobbying of the Court. But this is done by
someone who is not directly involved in the suit itself.
Once the Court renders a majority decision from the nine
members, majority and minority opinions are read. Some of
these are quite brief and unsigned, and others are several pages
long and signed by all of the members. This is the opinion that
stands as the law of the land and no further appeal is possible.
POL110_9_6_AI-3.mp3: The Supreme Court is a very powerful
institution because it can make a policy, and it can do this by
declaringexistinglawsunconstitutional.
This immediately changes the law of the land. The president and
legislative bodies all across America must change existing

policy if they are to conform to the law. Of course, it can have
the same effect if it simply leaves a law unchanged, otherwise
known as following the principle of precedent.
These, along with remedy, constitute the three judicial powers
in which a judicial order mandates what must be done to correct
what a judge believes to be a wrong.
Slide 9
Check Your Understanding Slide
This will be an interactive knowledge check.
Which of the following is true?
A. Constitutional courts are set up for a specific purpose and
legislative courts’ members are given judicial protection.
B. Legislatives contain district courts and courts of appeal, and
constitutional members can be removed arbitrarily and their
salaries reduced.
C. Fee shifting was developed the help wealthy defendants
recoup their financial losses if they were unfairly accused.
D. X Sovereign immunity means that the government must grant
citizens permission before they can sue it.
E. Without standing, I can still bring a case.
Answer: D. Though it seems counterintuitive that someone
would actually give permission to be sued, but the federal
government does it all the time.
Which of the following is true?
A. Constitutional courts are set up for a specific purpose and
legislative courts’ members are given judicial protection.
B. Legislatives contain district courts and courts of appeal, and
constitutional members can be removed arbitrarily and their
salaries reduced.
C. Fee shifting was developed to help wealthy defendants
recoup their financial losses if they were unfairly accused.
D. X Sovereign immunity means that the government must grant
a citizen permission before they can sue.
E. Without standing, I can still bring a case.

POL110_9_7_AI-1.mp3: D. It seems counterintuitive that
someone would actually give permission to be sued, but the
federal government does it all the time.
Slide 10
Scene 5
Amanda and Dr. Ryan standing in Dr. Ryan’s office.
POL110_9_7_DR-1.mp3: Another fine job, as usual. I’m really
proud of the progress you’ve made these last nine weeks. You
should now be familiar with the functions of the bureaucracy
and the judicial branch of the American government.
Continue with your reading and discussions, because next week
we’re going to look at our last two chapters on domestic and
foreign policy.
I’ll see you again next week.
MATH/CSCI 4116
Cryptography
Assignment 3
1. Find '(2007), '(2008), and '(b), where b is the integer obtained
from
the last four digits of your student number.
2. Find the smallest nonnegative integers x such that
(a) 7x ⌘8 (mod 5); (c) 5x ⌘7 (mod 11).
(b) 9x ⌘6 (mod 7);
3. Using the fact that 10 ⌘1 (mod 9), resp. 10 ⌘�1 (mod 11),
prove
the following divisibility rules for integers in decimal notation:
(a) “Casting out nines”, i.e., an integer is divisible by 9 if and

only
if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
(b) Less well-known, but just as easy: An integer is divisible by
11 if
and only if the alternating sum of its digits is divisible by 11.
(Example:
11 | 1353 because 3 � 5 + 3 � 1 = 0, which is divisible by 11.)
4. (a) Encipher the word cryptography with the a�ne cipher
with
m = 26 and key k = (5, 9).
(b) Find the decryption function and decipher the result of (a).
5. Fix a modulus m and use the a�ne cipher with key k1 = (a, b)
to
encrypt an element x; then encrypt the result with a key k2 = (c,
d).
What is the resulting cipher? Given your answer, is security of
the a�ne
cipher with a given modulus m increased if one encryption is
followed
by a second encryption with a di↵ erent key?
6. Suppose we work modulo 29 instead of modulo 26 for a�ne
ciphers.
How many keys are possible? What if we work modulo 30?
7. (a) Determine the number of bit permutations of the set {0,
1}n,
n 2 N.
(b) Determine the number of circular right shifts of {0, 1}n.
(c) Find a permutation of {0, 1}n that is not a bit permutation.
8. Let ⌃ be an alphabet. Show that the set ⌃ ⇤ together with
concate-
nation is a monoid. Is this monoid a group?

POL110 Week 9 Scenario Script The Bureaucracy and the Judiciary.docx

More Related Content

Similar to POL110 Week 9 Scenario Script The Bureaucracy and the Judiciary.docx

More from LeilaniPoolsy

Recently uploaded

POL110 Week 9 Scenario Script The Bureaucracy and the Judiciary.docx