POLGOV-3RD-Q-LESSONS.pptxNBGUYFUYTFTFFFN
- 1. PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE LESSON 1:The Meaning of Politics Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region I Schools Division Office 1 Pangasinan DOMINGO P. BOQUIREN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Umando, Malasiqui, Pangasinan HUMMS 11 – SECOND SEMESTER - 3RD QUARTER JAMES BRYAN M. PRIMA, LPT Teacher I
- 2. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY: Explain the concept, relationship and importance of politics, governance and government. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the discussion, you should be able to: A. Explain the concept, relationship and importance of politics, governance and government; B. Clip photos showing political deeds; and C. Demonstrate patriotism in improving Philippine politics by being a role model and a law abiding citizen.
- 3. WHAT IS POLITICS? Politics is an activity that involves the interaction of people whose relationship is characterized by conflict and cooperation, and come together to solve such disagreements through binding solutions. (Heywood, 2013, History of Politics)
- 4. “WHAT MAKES SOCIAL INTERACTIONS A POLITICAL ONE?” Any form of social interaction that involves the art of government, public affairs, compromise and consensus, or power and distribution of resources is political.
- 5. “WHAT MAKES SOCIAL INTERACTIONS A POLITICAL ONE?” Politics is thus inextricably linked to the phenomena of conflict and cooperation. The existence of rival opinions, different wants, competing needs and opposing interests guarantees disagreement about the rules under which people live. According to Hannah Arendt, political power acts in a concert. However, people recognize that, in order to influence these rules or ensure that they are upheld, they must work with others.
- 6. “WHAT MAKES SOCIAL INTERACTIONS A POLITICAL ONE?” The word politics‘ is derived from polis, meaning literally city-state‘. Ancient Greek society was divided into a collection of independent city-states, each of which possessed its own system of government. The largest and most influential of these city-states was Athens, often portrayed as the cradle of democratic government. In this light, politics can be understood to refer to the affairs of the polis – in effect, what concerns the polis‘.
- 7. “WHAT MAKES SOCIAL INTERACTIONS A POLITICAL ONE?” The modern form of this definition is therefore what concerns the state‘. This view of politics is clearly evident in the everyday use of the term: people are said to be in politics‘ when they hold public office, or to be entering politics‘ when they seek to do so.
- 8. POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE IN THE PHILIPPINES Politics - denotes a social activity which underlies the creation of maintenance and amendment of social norms and rules. It is also the art and science of the government concerning the realm of public affairs or the state. Governance - is the exercise of power/authority by political leader for the well-being of their country‘s citizens or subject. It also refers to the manner of steering/governing and or directing and controlling a group of people or the state.
- 9. BASIC CONCEPT OF POLITICS 1. ORDER – is the central to the study of politics because it shows different components of human society.
- 10. STRUCTURES OF ORDER A. COMMUNITY – is one of social order which refers to the association of individual who shares a common identity. B. GOVERNMENT – is the higher level of social order that exist primarily for the maintenance and perpetuation of the community. C. STATE – is the largest social order today and in which the term politics originally derived.
- 11. BASIC CONCEPT OF POLITICS 2. POWER – the main source of reign of the Government and the possession to govern or rule the state. 3. JUSTICE – the process of legalizing and penalizing the abuse of political power and power to rule. Justice is in effect if the government gives what people need, protect and respect their rights, and put the common good over and above the personal interest of the leaders.
- 12. TWO APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF POLITICS POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY – It is the traditional approach in which the primary goal is to understand the essence or the truth about politics. POLITICAL SCIENCE – It is the empirical/objective approach in which it places little emphasis on abstract and normative question and concentrates on a dispassionate and objective of the realities of politics.
- 13. IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING POLITICS The importance of studying governance includes the people, most specially the citizens who will be aware of the need for good governance. Consequently, such awareness should encourage them to take action. For the achievement of continued empowerment and sustainable development, they have to learn how to fight for their rights through proper awareness on how the Philippine Governance works.
- 14. PROCESSES AND ACTORS IN GOVERNANCE Decision-Making - refers to the process by which a person or group of persons, guided by socio- political structures, arriving at a decision involving their individual and communal needs and wants. Implementation - is the process that logically follows the decision.
- 15. ACTORS AND STRUCTURES An actor - is a sector or group or institution that participates in the process of decision-making and implementation. A structure - refers to an organization or mechanism that formally or informally guides the decision- making process and sets into the motion the different actors and apparatuses in the implementation process.
- 16. ACTORS AND STRUCTURES Informal Actors and Bad Governance – Their influence is felt more clearly in local governments, such as organized crime syndicates and powerful families, and in rural and urban areas. Most often than not, these actors are the cause of corruption, in that legitimate government objectives are distorted by their illegal and private interests.
- 17. INDICATORS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE 1. Participation – is the active involvement of all affected and interested parties in the decision-making process. Participation is one of the strengths of Philippine governance. The 1987 Philippine Constitution contains provisions dealing with relational and inter-sectoral governance. The Local Government Act of 1989 was borne out of the need for decentralization in Philippine governance. As such, these and other related legislations may be considered as normative standards for good governance.
- 18. INDICATORS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE 2. Rule of Law – in this indicator, democracy becomes essential. It demands that the people and the civil society render habitual obedience to the law. It also demands that the government acts within the limits of the powers and functions which are prescribed by the law. In the Philippines however, this needs proper implementation and reformation particularly among the law making body.
- 19. INDICATORS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE 2. Rule of Law –Despite being one of the oldest democracies in the region, it ranked last among seven indexed Asian countries according to the World Justice Project Rule of Law Index. Generally, the reasons for ranking last are lack of respect for law, pervasive and ― ― systemic corruption in the government, and circumvention of the law. Lack of respect for law is ― generally caused by distrust on the integrity of law enforcement agencies.
- 20. INDICATORS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE 3. Effectiveness and Efficiency – this indicator requires that actors meet the needs of the society for effective governance. This means that the valuable resources are utilized, without wasting or underutilizing any of them. Enhancement and standardization of the quality of public service delivery consistent with international standards, professionalization of bureaucracy should be observed while efforts must be made in order to attain effectiveness and efficiency in Philippine governance.
- 21. INDICATORS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE 3. Effectiveness and Efficiency –The Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007 (ARTA), for instance, was passed to require the setting up of Citizen‘s Charter for a simplified procedure and to facilitate governmental transactions. Also, many government departments and agencies pursued a rationalization program to check excessive and redundant staffing.
- 22. INDICATORS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE Effectiveness is the ability to achieve the desired results, while efficiency is the ability to achieve results with minimal waste.
- 23. INDICATORS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE 4. Transparency – this indicator means that people are open to information regarding decision-making process and the implementation of the same. In legal terms, it means that information on matters of public concern are made available to the citizens or those who will be directly affected. It also means that transactions involving public interests must be fully disclosed and made accessible to the people.
- 24. INDICATORS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE 4. Transparency – Efforts were made in pursuit of transparency in Philippine governance and as far as the government sector is concerned, the current administration, consistent with its drive of curbing corruption, promotes honesty and integrity in public service. It has currently passed the Freedom of Information Bill and other related legislations, as well as intensified people‘s engagement in local governance. Transparency in budget and disbursements are, however, still far from being substantially implemented.
- 25. INDICATORS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE 5. Responsiveness - means that institutions and processes serve all stakeholders in a timely and appropriate manner. It also means that actors and structures of governance easily give genuine expression to the will or desire of the people. Some of the important efforts made to attain responsive governance in the Philippines are decentralization, creation of citizen‘s charter in all frontline agencies (as required by ARTA), and gender sensitivity programs. First, through decentralization, local governments, which are more proximate to their constituents, serve more promptly the people, who in turn become more involved in decision-making.
- 26. INDICATORS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE 5. Responsiveness - Second, every government agency now has it Citizen‘s Charter, which provides time frames for every step in attaining frontline services. Agencies now must also respond to written queries sent by the stakeholders or interested parties within a period of ten days, otherwise there will be delayed service. However, this aspect of governance still remains to be one of the causes for the decline of public‘s confidence in the public sector. Although the ARTA has been passed, there is still so much delay in public service delivery. The failure of the government agencies to explain the charters to the stakeholders is one of the main reasons why there is still delay.
- 27. INDICATORS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE 6. Equity and Inclusiveness - means that all the members of the society, especially the most vulnerable ones or the grassroots level, must be taken into consideration in policy-making. Social equity, as an example, refers to a kind of justice that gives more opportunity to the less fortunate members of the society. The Philippine Government has done extensive efforts in promoting equity and inclusiveness.
- 28. INDICATORS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE 6. Equity and Inclusiveness - The Constitution makes it as one of its state policies the promotion of social justice. Pursuant to this, the Congress has enacted social legislations like the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law which aims at freeing the farmer tenants from the bondage of the soil.
- 29. INDICATORS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE 7. Consensus Oriented - Governance is consensus oriented when decisions are made after taking into consideration the different viewpoints of the actors of the society. Among the things done by the Philippines in promoting a consensus oriented governance are: (1) creation of a wide-based of representation in the Congress; (2) a two-tiered legislature or bicameralism which subjects legislation to the evaluation of national and district legislators; and (3) necessity of public hearings or consultations of various governmental policies and actions.
- 30. INDICATORS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE 8. Accountability - means answerability or responsibility for one‘s action. It is based on the principle that every person or group is responsible for their actions most especially when their acts affect public interest. Accountability comes in various forms: political, hierarchical, and managerial accountability. Political accountability refers to the accountability of public officials to the people they represent. Hierarchical accountability refers to the ordered accountability of the various agencies and their respective officers and personnel in relation to their program objectives. Managerial accountability refers to employee accountability based on organization and individual performance.
- 31. INDICATORS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE 8. Accountability - The Philippines for instance, in the recent years had endeavoured to comply with the requirements of accountability. It had taken action to initiate political accountability so as to hold answerable erring public officials involved in graft and corruption and for acts contrary to the mandate of the constitution. It had also strengthened parliamentary scrutiny through legislative investigations and creation of special committees exercising oversight functions. The Office of the Ombudsman, considered as the public watchdog, has become consistently active in investigating and prosecuting graft and plunders cases. Citizen‘s Charter, as required by ARTA, was also an important tool in promoting professional public service values.
- 32. CURRENT STATE OF GOVERNANCE IN THE PHILIPPINES The Philippines is plagued by bad governance. Based on the six dimensions of governance in the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI), it ranks in the lower half of the percentile. In 2010- 2011, the Philippines ranked only 85th in the Global Competitive Index (GCI), lagging behind most of its Southeast Asian neighbors. The decline of trust on the actors of governance and the consequential poor economic condition were brought about by the systemic corruption among and between public officials and private organizations. In 2013, it ranked 94th among 177 countries in the Corruption Perception Index.
- 33. CURRENT STATE OF GOVERNANCE IN THE PHILIPPINES Among the key institutions in the Philippines perceived to be most corrupt based on the Global Corruption Index are political parties, judiciary, ― ― police, public officials and civil servants, and ― ― ‖ legislature. This means all branches of the ― Philippine government are now challenged.
- 34. ACTIVITY 1: THE MEANING OF POLITICS Direction: Read each question carefully. Choose one question and write your answers in your notebook. 1.What is politics? 2.What makes social action a political one? 3.What is your opinion about actors or actresses who run for a position in politics?
- 35. PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE LESSON 2: Political Ideologies Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region I Schools Division Office 1 Pangasinan DOMINGO P. BOQUIREN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Umando, Malasiqui, Pangasinan HUMMS 11 – SECOND SEMESTER - 3RD QUARTER JAMES BRYAN M. PRIMA, LPT Teacher I
- 36. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY: Differentiate the political ideologies. HUMSS_PG12-lb- c-7 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the discussion, you should be able to: A. 1. Determine the political ideology in the Philippines; B. 2. Create poster showing impact of different ideologies in the society; and C. 3. Show appreciation of our national hero and reflect this in personal life.
- 37. ACTIVITY 1: THE MEANING OF POLITICS Direction: Read each question carefully. Choose one question and write your answers in your notebook. 1.What is politics? 2.What makes social action a political one? 3.What is your opinion about actors or actresses who run for a position in politics?
- 38. WHAT IS POLITICAL IDEOLOGY? Political ideology refers to a set of beliefs or ideas about how society should be organized and governed. It provides a framework for understanding how people think about government, economics, and social issues.
- 39. DEFINITION OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES 1. Anarchism: Anarchism is a type of political philosophy and movement that is against all forms of authority and rejects involuntary and forceful notions of hierarchy. Anarchism calls for the abolition of the state, which it holds to be undesirable, unnecessary and harmful. Historically, it is commonly associated with anti-capitalism and socialism.
- 40. DEFINITION OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES 1. Anarchism: Anarchism is a belief that people can live together without needing a government or rulers. It focuses on everyone being equal, making decisions together, and helping each other instead of relying on laws or authority figures. Anarchists believe in freedom, fairness, and working together voluntarily to solve problems and share resources.
- 41. DEFINITION OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES 1. Anarchism Subtypes: Classical anarchism Individualist anarchism Libertarianism Social anarchism Insurrectionary anarchism
- 42. DEFINITION OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES 2. Authoritarianism: Authoritarianism is a form of a political ideology that rejects political pluralism. It employs strong central power to preserve its political status. Authoritarianism regimes may be either autocratic, oligarchic and military in nature. Military dictatorships are the most common examples of Authoritarianism.
- 43. WHAT IS POLITICAL PLURALISM? Political pluralism is the recognition and acceptance of diversity in the political sphere, where multiple groups, interests, ideologies, and beliefs coexist and actively participate in the decision-making process of a society. It emphasizes the importance of ensuring that power is not concentrated in a single authority or group but distributed among various actors, such as political parties, interest groups, civil society organizations, and individuals.
- 44. DEFINITION OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES 2. Authoritarianism Subtypes: Absolute monarchism Autocracy Despotism Dictatorship Imperialism Oligarchy Police-State Totalitarianism Plutocracy Theocracy
- 45. DEFINITION OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES 3. Communitarianism: Communitarianism is an ideology which stresses on the connection between the individual and the community. Its main belief is that an individual’s identity and personality is shaped by relationships within the community, with a smaller degree of development being stressed upon individualism.
- 46. POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES PRACTICED IN PHILIPPINES There are five main political ideologies. However, according to the study of Buendia (10), in the Philippines only three political ideologies were evident: Liberalism, Conservatism, and Socialism. It is a fundamental insight that more than one solution is available for any given societal problem.
- 47. POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES PRACTICED IN PHILIPPINES 1. Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Whereas classical liberalism emphasizes the role of liberty, social liberalism stresses the importance of equality. Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally they support ideas and programmes such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, free markets, civil rights, democratic societies, secular governments, gender equality, and international cooperation.
- 48. POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES PRACTICED IN PHILIPPINES 2. Conservatism as a political and social philosophy promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. Some conservatives seek to preserve things as they are, emphasizing stability and continuity, while others, called reactionaries, oppose modernism and seek a return to "the way things were".
- 49. POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES PRACTICED IN PHILIPPINES 3. Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterized by social ownership of the means of production and workers' self-management. Social ownership can be public, collective or cooperative ownership, or citizen ownership of equity. Socialism is an economic system where everyone in society equally owns the factors of production. The ownership is acquired through a democratically elected government.
- 50. POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES PRACTICED IN PHILIPPINES SOCIALISM could also be a cooperative or a public corporation where everyone owns shares. The four factors of production are labor, entrepreneurship, capital goods, and natural resources.