POLITEKNIK MALAYSIA

COMPUTER ASSEMBLY AND INSTALLATION
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http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2086239&seqNum=5
CHAPTER 2

CONTENTS
2.1 Safety lab procedures
2.2 Appropriate Tools
b. Hardware tools
c. Organizational tools
d. Cleaning material
2.3 Computer Assembly
2.4 Boot the computer Test
2.5 Upgrade and configure a PC
2.6 Install Operating Systems
2.7 Laptops and components

3
2.1 SAFETY LAB PROCEDURES
• Safety guidelines help protect individuals from accidents and
injury.
• They also help to protect equipment from damage.
• Some of these guidelines are designed to protect the environment
from contamination caused by improperly discarded materials.

4
2.1 SAFETY LAB PROCEDURES
• Safety guidelines help protect individuals from
accidents and injury.
• They also help to protect equipment from
damage.
• Some of these guidelines are designed to
protect the environment from contamination
caused by improperly discarded materials.

5
GENERAL SAFETY
• Safe working conditions help prevent injury to people and damage to
computer equipment. A safe workspace is clean, organized, and
properly lighted. Everyone must understand and follow safety
procedures.
• Follow the basic safety guidelines to prevent cuts, burns, electrical
shock, and damage to eyesight. As a best practice, make sure that a
fire extinguisher and first-aid kit are available in case of fire or injury.
Poorly placed or unsecured cables can cause tripping hazards in a
network installation. Cables should be installed in conduit or cable
trays to prevent hazards.

6
…GENERAL SAFETY
• Basic safety precautions to use when working on a computer:
1. Remove your watch and jewelry and secure loose clothing.
2. Turn off the power and unplug equipment before performing service.
3. Cover sharp edges inside the computer case with tape.
4. Never open a power supply or a CRT monitor.
5. Do not touch areas in printers that are hot or that use high voltage.
6. Know where the fire extinguisher is located and how to use it.
7. Keep food and drinks out of your workspace.
8. Keep your workspace clean and free of clutter.
9. Bend your knees when lifting heavy objects to avoid injuring your back.

7
• Follow electrical safety guidelines to prevent electrical fires, injuries,
and fatalities in the home and the workplace.
• Power supplies and CRT monitors contain high voltage.
CAUTION
Do not wear the antistatic wrist strap when repairing power supplies or
CRT monitors. Only experienced technicians should attempt to repair
power supplies and CRT monitors.

8
• Some printer parts become hot during use, and other parts might
contain high voltage.
Check the printer manual for the location of high-voltage components. Some
components retain a high voltage even after the printer is turned off. Make
sure that the printer has had time to cool before making the repair.
• Electrical devices have certain power requirements.
For example, AC adapters are manufactured for specific laptops. Exchanging
power cords with a different type of laptop or device may cause damage to
both the AC adapter and the laptop.

9
• Follow fire safety guidelines to protect lives, structures, and equipment.
To avoid an electrical shock and to prevent damage to the computer, turn off
and unplug the computer before beginning a repair.
• Proper use of a fire extinguisher can prevent a small fire from getting
out of control.
Fire can spread rapidly and be very costly. When working with computer
components, be aware of the possibility of an accidental fire and know how
to react. Be alert for smells emitting from computers and electronic devices.
When electronic components overheat or short out, they emit a burning odor.

10
• If there is a fire, follow these safety procedures:
1. Never fight a fire that is out of control or not contained.
2. Always have a planned fire escape route before beginning any work.
3. Get out of the building quickly.
4. Contact emergency services for help.
5. Locate and read the instructions on the fire extinguishers in your
workplace before you have to use them.

11
• Be familiar with the types of fire extinguishers used. Each type of fire
extinguisher has specific chemicals to fight different types of fires:
• Paper, wood, plastics, cardboard
• Gasoline, kerosene, organic solvents
• Electrical equipment
• Combustible metals
• the basic rules of fire extinguisher operation: P-A-S-S
• P: Pull the pin.
• A: Aim at the base of the fire, not at the flames.
• S: Squeeze the lever.
• S: Sweep the nozzle from side to side.

13
2.1.2 PROCEDURES TO PROTECT
EQUIPMENT AND DATA
• Replacing equipment and recovering data is expensive and time
consuming.
• This section identifies potential threats to systems and describes
procedures to help prevent loss and damage.

14
ESD
• Electrostatic discharge (ESD), harsh climates, and poor-quality sources of
electricity can cause damage to computer equipment.
• Follow proper handling guidelines, be aware of environmental issues, and use
equipment that stabilizes power to prevent equipment damage and data loss.
• Static electricity is the buildup of an electric charge resting on a surface.
• Electrostatic discharge (ESD) occurs when this buildup jumps to a component
and causes damage.
• ESD can be destructive to the electronics in a computer system.
• At least 3000 volts of static electricity must build up before a person can feel
ESD. For example, static electricity can build up on you as you walk across a
carpeted floor. When you touch another person, you both receive a shock. If
the discharge causes pain or makes a noise, the charge was probably above
10,000 volts. By comparison, less than 30 volts of static electricity can damage
a computer component.

15
…ESD
• ESD can cause permanent damage to electrical components.
• Follow these recommendations to help prevent ESD damage:
1. Keep all components in antistatic bags until you are ready
to install them.
2. Use grounded mats on workbenches.
3. Use grounded floor mats in work areas.
4. Use antistatic wrist straps when working on computers.

16
EMI
• Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is the intrusion of outside electromagnetic
signals in a transmission media, such as copper cabling.
• In a network environment, EMI distorts the signals so that the receiving devices
have difficulty interpreting them.
• EMI does not always come from expected sources, such as cellular phones.
Other types of electric equipment can emit a silent, invisible electromagnetic
field that can extend for more than a mile (1.6 km).
• There are many sources of EMI:
 Any source designed to generate electromagnetic energy
 Man-made sources like power lines or motors
 Natural events such as electrical storms, or solar and interstellar
radiations

17
…EMI
• Wireless networks are affected by radio frequency interference
(RFI).
• RFI is caused by radio transmitters and other devices transmitting
in the same frequency.
For example, a cordless telephone can cause problems with a wireless
network when both devices use the same frequency. Microwaves can also
cause interference when positioned in close proximity to wireless
networking devices.

18
POWER FLUCTUATION TYPES
• Voltage is the force that moves electrons through a circuit.
• The movement of electrons is called current.
• Computer circuits need voltage and current to operate electronic components.
• When the voltage in a computer is not accurate or steady, computer
components might not operate correctly.
• Unsteady voltages are called power fluctuations.
• The following types of AC power fluctuations can cause data loss or hardware
failure:
• Blackout: Complete loss of AC power. A blown fuse, damaged transformer, or
downed power line can cause a blackout.
• Brownout: Reduced voltage level of AC power that lasts for a period of time.

19
…POWER FLUCTUATION TYPES
• Types of AC power fluctuations can cause data loss or hardware failure:
1. Blackout: Complete loss of AC power. A blown fuse, damaged transformer, or
downed power line can cause a blackout.
2. Brownout: Reduced voltage level of AC power that lasts for a period of time.
Brownouts occur when the power line voltage drops below 80 percent of the
normal voltage level. Overloading electrical circuits can cause a brownout.
3. Noise: Interference from generators and lightning. Noise results in poor quality
power, which can cause errors in a computer system.
4. Spike: Sudden increase in voltage that lasts for a short period and exceeds 100
percent of the normal voltage on a line. Spikes can be caused by lightning
strikes, or occur when the electrical system comes back on after a blackout.
5. Power surge: Dramatic increase in voltage above the normal flow of electrical
current. A power surge lasts for a few nanoseconds, or one-billionth of a second.

20
POWER PROTECTION DEVICES
• To help shield against power fluctuation problems, use power protection
devices to protect the data and computer equipment:
1. Surge suppressor: Helps protect against damage from surges and spikes. A
surge suppressor diverts extra electrical voltage that is on the line to the ground.
2. Uninterruptible power supply (UPS): Helps protect against potential electrical
power problems by supplying a consistent level of electrical power to a computer
or other device. The battery is constantly recharging while the UPS is in use. The
UPS provides a consistent quality of power when brownouts and blackouts occur.
Many UPS devices can communicate directly with the computer operating
system. This communication allows the UPS to safely shut down the computer
and save data prior to the UPS losing all electrical power.

21
…POWER PROTECTION DEVICES
3. Standby power supply (SPS): Helps protect against potential electrical power
problems by providing a backup battery to supply power when the incoming
voltage drops below the normal level. The battery is on standby during normal
operation. When the voltage decreases, the battery provides DC power to a power
inverter, which converts it to AC power for the computer. This device is not as
reliable as a UPS because of the time it takes to switch over to the battery. If the
switching device fails, the battery cannot supply power to the computer.
CAUTION
UPS manufacturers suggest never plugging in a laser printer to a UPS because the
printer could overload the UPS.

22
PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT
• Computers and peripherals contain materials that can be harmful to the
environment.
• Hazardous materials are sometimes called toxic waste.
• These materials can contain high concentrations of heavy metals such as
cadmium, lead, or mercury.
• The regulations for the disposal of hazardous materials vary by state or
country.
• Contact the local recycling or waste removal authorities in your community for
information about disposal procedures and services.

23
MATERIAL SAFETY AND DATASHEET
• A Material Safety and Data Sheet (MSDS) is a fact sheet that summarizes information
about material identification, including hazardous ingredients that can affect personal
health, fire hazards, and first-aid requirements.
• The MSDS contains chemical reactivity and incompatibility information.
• It also includes protective measures for the safe handling and storage of materials and
spill, leak, and disposal procedures.
• The MSDS information included with products purchased for computer repairs or
maintenance can be relevant to computer technicians.
• OSHA also requires that employees be informed about the materials that they are
working with and be provided with material safety information.

24
EQUIPMENT DISPOSAL
• The proper disposal or recycling of hazardous computer components is a global issue.
• Make sure to follow regulations that govern how to dispose of specific items.
• Organizations that violate these regulations can be fined or face expensive legal
battles.
Batteries
 Batteries often contain rare earth metals that can be harmful to the environment.
Batteries from portable computer systems can contain lead, cadmium, lithium,
alkaline manganese, and mercury.
 These metals do not decay and remain in the environment for many years. Mercury
is commonly used in the manufacturing of batteries and is extremely toxic and
harmful to humans.
 Recycling batteries should be a standard practice for a technician. All batteries,
including lithium-ion, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lead-acid, are
subject to disposal procedures that comply with local environmental regulations.

25
…EQUIPMENT DISPOSAL
Monitors
 Monitors contain glass, metal, plastics, lead, barium, and rare earth metals.
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), monitors can
contain approximately 4 pounds (1.8 kg) of lead. Monitors must be disposed of in
compliance with environmental regulations.
 Handle CRT monitors with care. Extremely high voltage can be stored in CRT
monitors, even after being disconnected from a power source.
Toner Kits, Cartridges, and Developers
 Used printer toner kits and printer cartridges must be disposed of properly or
recycled. Some toner cartridge suppliers and manufacturers take empty cartridges
for refilling. Some companies specialize in refilling empty cartridges. Kits to refill
inkjet printer cartridges are available but are not recommended, because the ink
might leak into the printer, causing irreparable damage. Using refilled inkjet
cartridges might also void the inkjet printer warranty.

26
…EQUIPMENT DISPOSAL
Chemical Solvents and Aerosol Cans
 Contact the local sanitation company to learn how and where to dispose of the
chemicals and solvents used to clean computers. Never dump chemicals or
solvents down a sink or dispose of them in a drain that connects to public sewers.
 The cans or bottles that contain solvents and other cleaning supplies must be
handled carefully. Make sure that they are identified and treated as special
hazardous waste. For example, some aerosol cans explode when exposed to heat
if the contents are not completely used.

28
2.2 APPROPRIATE TOOLS
• Using tools properly helps prevent accidents and damage to
equipment and people.
• The proper use of a variety of hardware, software, and
organizational tools specific needed to working with computers
and peripherals.

29
GENERAL TOOLS
• Make sure that that the correct tool is used for the current task. Skilled use of tools and
software makes the job less difficult: ensures that tasks performed properly and safely.
• A toolkit should contain all the tools necessary to complete hardware repairs.
• Hardware tools are grouped into four categories:
 ESD tools
 Hand tools
 Cleaning tools
 Diagnostic tools

30
ESD TOOLS
• There are two ESD tools:
1. antistatic wrist strap and
2. antistatic mat.
• The antistatic wrist strap protects computer equipment when grounded to a computer
chassis.
• The antistatic mat protects computer equipment by preventing static electricity from
accumulating on the hardware or on the technician.

31
HAND TOOLS
• Most tools used in the computer assembly process are small hand tools.
• They are available individually or as part of a computer repair toolkit.
• Toolkits range widely in size, quality, and price. Some common hand tools and
their uses are:.
1. Flat-head screwdriver: to tighten or loosen slotted screws.
2. Phillips-head screwdriver: to tighten or loosen cross-headed screws.
3. Torx screwdriver: to tighten or loosen screws that have a star-like
depression on the top, a feature that is mainly found on laptops.
4. Hex driver: to tighten or loosen nuts in the same way that a screwdriver
tightens or loosens screws (sometimes called a nut driver).

32
HAND TOOLS
5. Needle-nose pliers: Used to hold small parts.
6. Wire cutters: Used to strip and cut wires.
7. Tweezers: Used to manipulate small parts.
8. Part retriever: Used to retrieve parts from locations that are too small for
your hand to fit.
9. Flashlight: Used to light up areas that you cannot see well.
10. Wire stripper: to remove the insulation from wire so that it can be twisted
to other wires or crimped to connectors to make a cable.
11. Crimper: to attach connectors to wires.
12. Punch-down tool: to terminate wire into termination blocks. Some cable
connectors must be connected to cables using a punch down tool.

33
CLEANING TOOLS
• Having the appropriate cleaning tools is essential when maintaining and repairing
computers.
• Using the appropriate cleaning tools helps ensure that computer components are
not damaged during cleaning. Cleaning tools include the following:
 Soft cloth: Used to clean different computer components without scratching or
leaving debris
 Compressed air: Used to blow away dust and debris from different computer
parts without touching the components
 Cable ties: Used to bundle cables neatly inside and outside of a computer
 Parts organizer: Used to hold screws, jumpers, fasteners, and other small
parts and prevents them from getting mixed together

34
DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS
• Diagnostic tools are used to test and diagnose
equipment. Diagnostic tools include the
following:
1. A digital multimeter:
 a device that can take many types of
measurements.
 It tests the integrity of circuits and the
quality of electricity in computer
components.
 A digital multimeter displays the
information on an LCD or LED.

35
…DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS
2. A loopback adapter: also called a loopback
plug, tests the basic functionality of computer
ports. The adapter is specific to the port that
you want to test.
3. The toner probe: containt a two-part tool. The
toner part is connected to a cable at one end
using specific adapters, such as an RJ-45,
coaxial, or metal clips. The toner generates a
tone that travels the length of the cable. The
probe part traces the cable. When the probe is
in near proximity to the cable to which the toner
is attached, the tone can be heard through a
speaker in the probe.
Toner Probe

36
SOFTWARE TOOLS
• Like hardware tools, there are a variety of software tools that can be used to
help technicians pinpoint and troubleshoot problems.
• Many of these tools are free and several come with the Windows operating
system.
• Software tools help diagnose computer and network problems and
determine which computer device is not functioning correctly.
• A technician must be able to use a range of software tools to diagnose
problems, maintain hardware, and protect the data stored on a computer.
• Each software is use in different situations.

37
…SOFTWARE TOOLS
• Disk management tools help detect and correct disk errors, prepare a disk for data
storage, and remove unwanted files.
• The following are some disk management tools:
1. FDISK: A command-line tool that creates and deletes partitions on a hard drive
available in Windows 98 and below version.
2. Disk Management Tool: Initializes disks, creates partitions, and formats
partitions.
3. Format: Prepares a hard drive to store information.
4. ScanDisk or CHKDSK: Checks the integrity of files and folders on a hard drive
by scanning the file system and also check the disk surface for physical errors.
5. Defrag: Optimizes space on a hdd to allow faster access to programs and data.
6. Disk Cleanup: Clears space on a hard drive that files can be safely deleted.

38
…SOFTWARE TOOLS
7. System File Checker (SFC): A command-line tool that scans the operating system
critical files and replaces files that are corrupted.
• Use the Windows 7 boot disk for troubleshooting and repairing corrupted
files. The Windows 7 boot disk repairs Windows system files, restores
damaged or lost files, and reinstalls the operating system.
• Third-party software tools are also available to assist in troubleshooting
problems.

39
PROTECTION SOFTWARE TOOLS
• Each year, viruses, spyware, and other types of malicious attacks infect
millions of computers.
• These attacks can damage operating systems, applications, and data.
• Computers that have been infected may even have problems with hardware
performance or component failure.
• To protect data and the integrity of the operating system and hardware, use
software designed to guard against attacks and to remove malicious
programs.

40
…PROTECTION SOFTWARE TOOLS
• Various types of software protect hardware and data:
1. Windows 7 Action Center: Checks the status of essential security
settings. The Action Center continuously checks to make sure that the
software firewall and antivirus programs are running. It also ensures
that automatic updates download and install automatically.
2. Antivirus program: Protects against virus attacks.
3. Antispyware program: Protects against software that sends
information about web surfing habits to an attacker. Spyware can be
installed without the knowledge or consent of the user.
4. Window 7 Firewall: Runs continuously to protect against
unauthorized communications to and from your computer.

41
ORGANIZATIONAL TOOLS
• Keeping accurate records and journals during a busy workday can be
challenging.
• Many organizational tools, such as work-order systems, can help the
technician document their work.
Reference Tools
• A technician must document all repairs and computer problems.
• The documentation can then be used as a reference for future problems or for
other technicians who may not have encountered the problem before.
• The documents can be paper based, but electronic forms are preferred
because they can be easily searched for specific problems.

42
…ORGANIZATIONAL TOOLS
Miscellaneous Tools
• A working computer is also a valuable resource
to take with you on computer repairs.
• A working computer can be used to research
information, download tools or drivers, and
communicate with other technicians.
• Make sure that the toolkit contain parts are in
good working order before you use them.
• Using known good components to replace
possible bad ones in computers helps you
quickly determine which component is not
working properly.

43
PROPER TOOL USE
Antistatic Wrist Strap Antistatic Mat
Hand Tools

44
CLEANING MATERIALS
• Keeping computers clean inside and out is a vital part of a maintenance
program.
• Dirt can cause problems with the physical operation of fans, buttons, and
other mechanical components.
• On electrical components, an excessive buildup of dust acts like an
insulator and traps the heat.
• This insulation impairs the ability of heat sinks and cooling fans to keep
components cool, causing chips and circuits to overheat and fail.
• Before cleaning any device, turn it off and unplug the device from the power
source.

45
…CLEANING MATERIALS
• Below is shows the computer items and the cleaning materials to use:
Computer case and
outside of monitor
Mild cleaning solution and lint-free cloth
LCD screen LCD cleaning solution or distilled water and lint-free cloth
CRT screen Distilled water and lint-free cloth
Heat sink Compressed air
RAM Isopropyl alcohol and lint-free swab
Keyboard Handheld vacuum cleaner with a brush attachment
Mouse Glass cleaner and a soft cloth.

46
2.3 COMPUTER ASSEMBLY
• Safety guidelines help protect individuals from accidents and
injury.
• They also help to protect equipment from damage.
• Some of these guidelines are designed to protect the environment
from contamination caused by improperly discarded materials.

52
NIC Wireless NIC Video card

53
Internal Data Cable Internal Power Cable
Front Panel Cable
Case Assembly External Cable

55
2.4 BOOT THE COMPUTER TEST
• Booting is a startup sequence that starts the operating system of a
computer when it is turned on.
• A boot sequence is the initial set of operations that the computer
performs when it is switched on.
• Every computer has a boot sequence.
• The average computer doesn’t understand the boot sequence but is
important to know for customizing and troubleshooting computer.

56
POST AND BIOS
POST
• The BIOS includes instructions on how to load basic computer hardware and
includes a test referred to as a POST (Power On Self Test) that helps verify the
computer meets requirements to boot up properly.
• If the computer does not pass the POST, you will receive a combination of beeps
indicating what is malfunctioning within the computer.
• If the computer passes the POST, the computer may give a single beep (some
computers may beep twice) as it starts and continue to boot.
• However, if the computer fails the POST, the computer will either not beep or
generate a beep code that tells the user the source of the problem.

57
POST AND BIOS
BIOS
• Basic Input/Output System, (BIOS) is a a special program that helps the computer
processor interact and control the other components in the computer.
• Without the BIOS, the processor would not know how to interact or interface with
the computer components, and the computer would not be able to function.
• In A good example of a BIOS manufacturer is AMIBIOS and Phoenix.

58
BIOS BEEP CODES
Dell beep codes
Beep Code Description
1 beep BIOS ROM corruption or failure
2 beeps Memory (RAM) not detected
3 beeps Motherboard failure
4 beeps Memory (RAM) failure
5 beeps CMOS Battery failure
6 beeps Video card failure
7 beeps Bad processor (CPU)
• If any other correctable hardware issues are found, the BIOS displays a
message.

59
BIOS COMPONENT INFORMATION
• A technician can use the BIOS information to learn which components are installed
in the computer and some of their attributes.
• These are some of the common component information items that are displayed in
the BIOS:
1. CPU - Displays the CPU manufacturer and speed. The number of installed
processors is also displayed.
2. RAM - Displays the RAM manufacturer and speed. The number of slots and
which slots the RAM modules are installed in might also be displayed.
3. Hard Drive - Displays the manufacturer, size, and type of the hard drives.
The type and number of hard disk controllers might also be displayed.
4. Optical Drive - Displays the manufacturer and type of optical drives.

60
BIOS CONFIGURATION
• To enter the CMOS Setup, press a certain key or combination of keys during the
initial startup sequence.
• Most systems use:
1. "Esc,"
2. "Del,"
3. "F1,"
4. "F2,"
5. "Ctrl-Esc" or
6. "Ctrl-Alt-Esc" to enter setup.
• There is usually a line of text at the bottom of the display:
"Press _______ to Enter Setup."

61
BIOS SECURITY CONFIGURATION
• This feature lets you password-protect the BIOS to prevent unauthorized users
from making changes.
• It can also be set to require a password for the PC to boot up.
• The options available are Setup or System; this setting controls the options for the
parameters below:
1. Set Supervisor Password : If you choose to select a Supervisor Password,
a password will be required to enter the BIOS after you choose setup, as
described above. If you choose SYSTEM as described above, then a
password will be required for cold-booting, too.
2. Set User Password : A different password assigned to users is required to
boot the PC, and if a Supervisor Password has also been selected, permits
the user to only adjust the date and time in the BIOS.

62
BIOS HARDWARE DIAGNOSTIC AND
MONITORING SECURITY CONFIGURATION
• These are some common built-in diagnostics:
1. Start test - Checks the main components to make sure that they are
functioning properly. Use this test when the computer does not boot correctly.
2. Hard drive test - Checks the hard drive for damaged areas. Use this test if
you suspect that the hard drive is not functioning properly, the computer does
not boot, or the hard drive makes unusual noises.
3. Memory test - Checks the memory modules to make sure that they are
working properly. Use this test if the computer exhibits erratic behavior or fails
to boot. Replace the memory immediately if this test reports errors.
4. Battery test - Checks that the battery is functioning properly. Use this test if
your battery is not functioning properly, does not hold a charge, or reports an
incorrect charge level. Replace the battery if the battery fails this test.

64
2.5 UPGRADE AND CONFIGURE A PC
• Identify and upgrade related components for a pc

65
IDENTIFY AND UPGRADE
1. Motherboard and related component
 Motherboard
 CPU, Heatsink and Fan Assembly
 RAM
 BIOS Test
2. Hard drive and RAID
3. Input and Output Devices

66
2.6 OPERATING SYSTEMS
• Term and basic function
• Types
• Customer requirements
• Upgrades
• Installation

67
OPERATING SYSTEM
• An operating system (OS) is system software that manages
computer hardware and software resources and provides common
services for computer programs.
• The operating system is a component of the system software in a
computer system.
• Application programs usually require an operating system to
function.
• An operating system has three main functions:
1. manage the computer's resources, such as the central
processing unit, memory, disk drives, and printers,
2. establish a user interface, and
3. execute and provide services for applications software.

68
OPERATING SYSTEM
• An operating system (OS) is system software that manages
computer hardware and software resources and provides common
services for computer programs.
• The operating system is a component of the system software in a
computer system.
• Application programs usually require an operating system to
function.
• An operating system has three main functions:
1. manage the computer's resources, such as the central
processing unit, memory, disk drives, and printers,
2. establish a user interface, and
3. execute and provide services for applications software.

69
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
1. Desktop operating system:
• The control program in a user's machine (desktop or laptop).
• Also called a "client operating system," Windows is the
overwhelming majority while the Macintosh comes second.
• There are also several versions of Linux for the desktop.
2. Network operating system:
• An operating system that is designed for a server.
• Unix, Linux, Solaris and the server versions of Windows are
common network operating systems designed for use in stand-
alone servers.

70
CUSTOMER REQUIREMENT
1. OS compatible application and environment
• the testing of new or upgraded
applications for OS compatibility and
interoperability with other applications.
2. Minimum hardware requirement and
compatibility with OS platform
• These are the necessary specifications
your computer must have in order to
use the software or hardware. For
example, a computer game may require
you computer to have Windows XP or
later
3. Comparing OS requirement.

71
CUSTOMER REQUIREMENT
1. OS compatible application and environment
• the testing of new or upgraded
applications for OS compatibility and
interoperability with other applications.
2. Minimum hardware requirement and
compatibility with OS platform
• These are the necessary specifications
your computer must have in order to
use the software or hardware. For
example, a computer game may require
you computer to have Windows XP or
later
3. Comparing OS requirement.

72
OPERATING SYSTEM UPGRADE
1. Checking OS compatibility
2. Windows OS upgrade
3. Data migration

73
OPERATING SYSTEM INSTALLATION
1. Hard Drive Partition
2. Hard Drive Formatting
3. OS installation with default setting
4. Account creation
5. Complete the installation
6. Application software installation

75
2.7 LAPTOPS
• Components
• Display components
• Power settings
• Wireless communication technologies
• Installation and configure hardware and components

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