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- 1. PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION JOSHUA S.BAUTISTA INSTRUCTOR
- 2. IDEALISM • Idealism isbased on the premise that ideas are the only true reality and the only thing that is worth knowing because they don’t change, they are immutable unlike objects in the physical world. • But, where do ideas come from? • They are generated in the mind and we can find them as thoughts, later on, translated into language.
- 3. • Plato isan ancient Greek considered the father of Idealism and he argued that there are two worlds. The first type of world is the spiritual or mental world which is eternal and permanent. • The second type of world is the world of appearances and we get to know this world through our senses but unlike the world of ideas, this one is imperfect and it tends to change. • Moreover, as indicated in oregonstate.edu, “Reacting against what he perceived as too much of a focus on the immediacy of the physical and sensory world, Plato described a utopian society in which ‘education to body and soul all the beauty and perfection of which they are capable” as an ideal’”.
- 4. WHAT ARE THEIMPLICATIONS OF IDEALISM TO EDUCATION? Some of the implications of Idealism to education include: •The aim is the preservation, enrichment and transmission of cultural values. •Education is said to aim to contribute to the development of overall culture. •Idealism to education helps individuals become more rational. •The development of a good relationship between a student and a teacher.
- 5. • Additionally, wecan find the educational aim or focus on developing and applying knowledge and skills for life in a democratic society. • Additionally, it aims to allow individuals to grow through processes, experience and problem-solving. • On the other hand, the role of a teacher is to accept the ideas of the student and facilitate their thinking through the generation of ideas. • Finally, they need to encourage students to think critically and share their own ideas.
- 6. Goals in theclassroom • Some of the Goals of an idealist in the classroom or the role of the student is to share ideas, allow them to think outside the books or the teacher’s words not taking them as a universal truth, knowing that their ideas are also equally important and getting involved in their learning process. • Allows the students to listen to the teacher (teacher-centered approach) • Socratic method where the teacher involves students in learning activities (student-centered approach). • Finally, the aims of education should be directed towards the search for true ideas, self-realization and character development.
- 7. REALISM • Realists arguethat reality exists independent of the human mind and the ultimate reality is the world of physical objects. Moreover, truth is believed to be objective also translated to what can be observed. • Moreover, as indicated in oregonstate.edu, “Aristotle, a student of Plato who broke with his mentor’s idealist philosophy, is called the father of both Realism and the scientific method. In this metaphysical view, the aim is to understand objective reality through “the diligent and unsparing scrutiny of all observable data.” Aristotle believed that to understand an object, its ultimate form had to be understood, which does not change.
- 8. Pragmatism or Experimentalism •Pragmatists believe that only the things that are experienced and observed are real. Moreover, we can find that in contrast to Realists, Pragmatism argues that reality can change and what we learn, we learn best through applying our experiences and thoughts to problems. The truth is not immutable or absolute since it is believed that the universe is constantly evolving. • Pragmatist philosopher John Dewey believed that students or learners must adapt to each other and their environment. • Social experience
- 9. Existentialism • Existentialists believethat the nature of reality is subjective, and lies within individuals. • The physical world has no inherent meaning outside of our human existence. “Individual choice and individual standards rather than external standards are central. • Existence comes before any definition of what we are. We define ourselves in relationship to that existence by the choices we make. We should not accept anyone else’s predetermined philosophical system; rather, we must take responsibility for deciding who we are (oregonstate.edu)”.
- 10. • In education,the goal of existentialism in the classroom should be a matter of personal choice. Teachers believe that students are entities within a social context in which they need to confront other’s views to clarify their own. Moreover, they are made aware that they are responsible for their decisions.
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- 12. • Perennialism valuesknowledge that transcends time. This is a subject-centered philosophy. • The goal of a perennialist educator is to teach students to think rationally and develop minds that can think critically. • A perennialist classroom aims to be a closely organized and well-disciplined environment, which develops in students a lifelong quest for the truth. PERENNIALISM
- 13. • Epitomize • Perennialistsare primarily concerned with the importance of mastery of the content and development of reasoning skills. • The adage “the more things change, the more they stay the same” summarizes the perennialists’ perspective on education. In this philosophy skills are developed in a sequential manner. Here, the teachers are the main actors on the stage.
- 14. • Essentialism isalso a subject-centered philosophy. • Teaching basic skills. • This philosophy advocates training the mind. Essentialist educators focus on transmitting a series of progressively difficult topics and promotion of students to the next level. • Subjects are focused on the historical context of the material world and culture and move sequentially to give a solid understanding of the present day. • Essentialism is a common model in U.S. public schools today. A typical day at an essentialist school might have seven periods, with students attending a different class each period. ESSENTIALISM
- 15. • The teachersimpart knowledge mainly through conducting lectures, during which students are expected to take notes. The students are provided with practice worksheets or hands-on projects, followed by an assessment of the learning material covered during this process. • The students continue with the same daily schedule for a semester or a year. When their assessments show sufficient competence, they are promoted to the next level to learn the next level of more difficult material. William C. Bagley was one of the most influential advocates of essentialism.
- 16. • Romantics believedin the natural goodness of humans which is hindered by the urban life of civilization. • Romanticism was a philosophical movement during the Age of Enlightenment (roughly 18th century) which emphasizes emotional self-awareness as a necessary pre-condition to improving society and bettering the human condition. • Romantics believed that knowledge is gained through intuition rather than deduction. This is a student-centered philosophy that focuses on differentiation - meeting the students learning readiness needs. ROMANTICISM
- 17. • At aschool founded on the philosophy of romanticism there is no set curricula, no formal classes and tests. Students decide what they want to learn and, in some cases, the students are expected to take the full responsibility of their learning. • Sometimes meetings are set-up with professionals of a field to give them insight to that topic. • The five essential characteristics of romanticism are imagination, intuition, individuality, idealism, and inspiration. • Some stalwarts of romanticism are Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Maria Montessori
- 18. • Progressivists believethat individuality, progress, and change are fundamental to one's education. • Believing that people learn best from what they consider most relevant to their lives, progressivists center their curricula on the needs, experiences, interests, and abilities of students. • Progressivists like romantics, believe that education should focus on the whole student, rather than on the content or the teacher. • They emphasize on group activity and group problem solving so that the students learn through cooperative learning strategies. PROGRESSIVISM
- 19. • It isantiauthoritarian, experimental and visionary and aims to develop problem- solving ability. This educational philosophy stresses that students should test ideas by active experimentation. • Learning is rooted in the questions of learners that arise through experiencing the world. Progressivism was developed by John Dewey's pedagogic theory, being based on Pragmatism. • Experience represented the core concept of his philosophy. Some American schools also follow this philosophy.
- 20. • Humanism seeksto engage the learner as a whole, where their intellect, feelings, social capacities, artistic and practical skills are given attention in the learning process. • The purpose of education is for learners to progress towards autonomy and the realization of one's full potential (referred to as self-actualization). HUMANISM
- 21. • Humanism placesa great deal of emphasis on learner choice and control over their education. • Learners are encouraged to focus on a specific subject of interest for any amount of time they choose, within reason. • Learners must be motivated and engaged in the material they are learning, and this happens when the topic is something the students need and want to know.
- 22. • In thehumanist paradigm, self-evaluation is the only meaningful assessment - external grading is viewed as irrelevant and is thought to encourage students to work for a grade and not for personal satisfaction. Teachers provide students with a non-threatening environment so that they will feel secure to learn. Once students feel secure, learning becomes easier and more meaningful.
- 23. The principles ofhumanistic learning theory. There are several important principles involved in the humanistic learning theory that all lead to self-actualization. Self-actualization is when all your needs are met, you’ve become the best you’ve can, and you are fulfilled. While Maslow and the humanists don’t believe that most people reach self-actualization, their belief is that we are always in search of it, and the closer we are, the more we can learn. •Student choice. •Fostering engagement to inspire students to become self-motivated to learn. •The importance of self-evaluation. •Feelings and knowledge are both important to the learning process •A safe learning environment.
- 24. The role ofteacher and student in humanistic learning theory. In the humanistic learning theory, teachers and students have specific roles for success. The overall role of a teacher is to be a facilitator and role model, not necessarily to be the one doing the teacher. The role of the teacher includes: •Teach learning skills. •Provide motivation for classroom tasks. •Provide choices to students in task/subject selection. •Create opportunities for group work with peers.
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- 26. 1. The PhilippineElementary School Curriculum gives greater emphasis on the development of basic skills like reading, writing, and arithmetic. What is the philosophical basis for this? A. Pragmatism C. Essentialism B. Perennialism D. Existentialism
- 27. RATIONALIZATION: C. Essentialism.Essentialism - is an educational theory rooted in classical realism and idealism which advocates curricular reform stressing the essentials of the basics like the 3R's. • Pragmatism- is regarded as an American philosophy whose various forms advocate experimentalism, instrumentalism, functionalism, and practicalism and their curricular offerings imply a wide range of subject areas. • Pereninialism- is a traditional educational theory that puts premium on eternal truth as contained in the "Great Books". • Existentialism - personalizes knowledge to the individual. The person chooses the knowledge that he deems is relevant to his process of becoming to realize his essence.
- 28. 2. Teacher Xhas not only explained the concept of Philosophy of Education but also imparted this to her students. This demonstrates what kind of philosophy? A. Naturalism C. Realism B. Idealism D. Perennialism RATIONALIZATION: C - Realism. Realism concerns with what is real, actual. For ideas to be realized, they must be transferred or demonstrated.
- 29. 3. Teacher Hasks one of her students, “What do you want to become when you grow up?” This question is an indication of what kind of philosophy? A. Progressivism C. Existentialism B. Naturalism D. Idealism RATIONALIZATION: D - Idealism. Idealism is the answer because it stresses the existence of ideas independent from the material world. Ideas that which exist in the mind are the only reality.
- 30. 4. In hisclass, Teacher M always presents principles and values so as to encourage his students to examine them and decide for themselves whether to accept them or not. What kind of philosophy does he practice? A. Idealism C. Humanism B. Essentialism D. Existentialism RATIONALIZATION: D - Existentialism. Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes subjectivity, freedom and responsibility.
- 31. 5. Teacher Kviews her pupils as unique, free choosing, and responsible individuals. She plans activities where the pupil can develop his unique personality. What theory underlies this nature of the pupil? A. Realism C. Existentialism B. Essentialism D. Progressivism RATIONALIZATION: C. Existentialism. Existentialism is the philosophy of subjectivity of self hood whose fundamental doctrine proclaims man’s freedom in the accomplishment of his destiny. In this case, emphasis is given on the students rather than on the curriculum content.