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Cellular V2X
The document discusses Qualcomm's vision for the future of connected vehicles, emphasizing the role of Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) technologies in enhancing safety, efficiency, and user experience. It highlights the potential economic and societal impacts of C-V2X, including reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and traffic fatalities. The transition to 5G is positioned as a key enabler for advancing C-V2X capabilities, providing enhanced communication and intelligence for autonomous driving applications.
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Cellular V2X
- 1. Leading the worldto 5G: Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) technologies June 2016
- 2. 2 The connected vehicleis already a mainstream reality 1 Combination of Strategy Analytics, Jan. ‘16 and LMC Automotive; 2 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. company data; 3 Includes SoC, Cellular, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi , GNSS and PLC #1 in telematics2 Decades of industry experience Broad portfolio of technologies 340M+ ASICs shipped, serving 20+ OEMs globally3 Cellular penetration in new light vehicles sales by 20211 60% Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. is a proven, trusted solution provider for automotive
- 3. 3 Our vision forthe always-connected vehicle of the future A safer, more efficient, more enjoyable driving experience Safer—towards zero road accidents Greener—reduce air pollution & emissions More predictable and productive travel Increasingly autonomous Highly intelligent Highly secure Increasingly electric (or hybrid) Always connected
- 4. 4 Requires new levelsof connectivity and intelligence Heterogeneous connectivity On-device intelligence Vehicle-to-Everything communications Connected infotainment Wireless EV charging Real-time navigation Bluetooth Wi-Fi / Hotspot Cellular 3G/4G/5G Always-on telematics CAN / Ethernet / Powerline Intuitive instrumentation Immersive multimedia Augmented reality Always-on sensing Computer vision Intuitive security Machine learning
- 5. 5 Delivering significant economicand societal impact Total potential economic impact of over $1 Trillion USD per year 1 Less greenhouse gas emissions More predictable, productive travel Fewer driving fatalities/injuries people die each year on the roads worldwide 2 >1.2M gallons of fuels wasted due traffic congestion in the US 3 3.1B of all global warming emissions from transportation4 14% 1 Rocky Mountain Institute 2016; 2 Global Status Report on Road Safety, World Health Organization 2015; 3 Texas Transportation Institute Urban Mobility Report, 2015; 4 U.S, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2014
- 6. 6 V2X is acritical component to our vision Giving vehicles the ability to communicate with each other and beyond Vehicle-to- vehicle (V2V) e.g. collision avoidance safety systems Vehicle-to- infrastructure (V2I) e.g. traffic signal timing/priority Vehicle-to-network (V2N) e.g. real-time traffic / routing, cloud services Vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) e.g. safety alerts to pedestrians, bicyclists
- 7. 7 V2X is akey technology enabler to enhanced ADAS Bringing significant value to Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Improved active safety Provides 360◦ non-line-of-sight awareness, e.g. intersections/on- ramps, environmental conditions Better traffic efficiency Allows vehicles to safely drive closer to each other and enables optimization of overall traffic flow Increased situational awareness Provides ability to gather data from further ahead to deliver a more predictable driving experience V2I V2N V2V V2P LiDAR Radar Computer Vision
- 8. 8 V2X enables abroad and growing set of use cases Much more than collision avoidance Queue warning Forward collision warning Do Not Pass Warning (DNPW) Blind intersection Cooperative adaptive cruise control & platooning Vulnerable Road User (VRU) alerts Emergency vehicle alert Discover parking and charging Traffic signal priority and optimal speed advisory Curve speed warning
- 9. 9 Wi-Fi based technology– 802.11p standard Adapted for latency-critical V2X communications in the 5.9 GHz band Established security and upper layer specifications With service layer / performance requirements defined by SDOs, e.g.SAE, ETSI-ITS1 Path to DSRC2 rulemaking in USA by NHSTA3 expected to start in 20164 Based on 802.11p standard Large scale field trials completed over the last decade Commercially available technology here today 802.11p has established the foundation for V2X 1 Standard Development Organizations, e.g. Society for Automotive Engineers, European Telecommunications Standards Institute – Intelligent Transport Systems; 2 Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC); 3 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 4 To improve road safety for future ‘light vehicles’ – Qualcomm has conducted extensive research into various use cases for DSRC, including V2P applications that could extend the safety benefits to vulnerable road users such as pedestrians and cyclists QCA6584 * 2nd generation Qualcomm Technologies 802.11p offering with integrated Wi-Fi LAN and Bluetooth
- 10. 10 Paving the pathto more autonomous driving Requires continued V2X technology evolution Increasing safety requirements Active safety use cases need to account for faster moving vehicles and denser traffic conditions Expanding use cases New situational awareness, traffic management, and connected cloud services More vehicle data From sharing simple status data today to a fully coordinated driving experience
- 11. 11 Introducing Cellular V2X(C-V2X) A unified connectivity platform for the connected vehicle of the future Part of Release 14 of the global 3GPP standard Target C-V2X specification completion end of 20161 Builds upon existing LTE connectivity platform for automotive LTE already delivering key services today, e.g. telematics, eCall, connected infotainment Enhances LTE Direct for V2X direct communications Improvements over 802.11p – up to a few additional seconds of alert latency and 2x range2 Leverages existing LTE networks for V2X network communications Using LTE Broadcast optimized for V2X to offer additional applications/services Rich roadmap towards 5G with strong ecosystem support Technology evolution to address expanding capabilities/use cases 1 For Direct communications component (enhancements to LTE Direct) – overall spec completion expected mid-2017; 2 Based on Qualcomm Research simulations (see future slides for further information)
- 12. 12 Advanced MIMO Carrier aggregation LowLatencyDual connectivity SON+ Massive/FD-MIMO CoMP Device-to-device Unlicensed spectrum Enhanced CAInternet of Things256QAM C-V2X FeICIC FDD-TDD CA eLAA Enhanced Broadcast Part of rich roadmap of technologies Paving the path to 5G Note: Estimated commercial dates. Not all features commercialized at the same time LTE Advanced ProLTE Advanced 2015 2020+ Rel-10/11/12 5GRel-15 and beyond Rel-13 and beyond
- 13. 13 Example 5.9 GHz V2Xrequires regionally harmonized ITS spectrum Recommend at least 70 MHz of spectrum to support technology / use case evolution 1 Must prove it can co-exist with V2X technologies to accommodate today’s existing/emerging use cases (802.11p and/or C-V2X)30 MHz Dedicated + + 20 MHz Primary for future intelligent transportation use cases or technology migration may be shared with unlicensed spectrum access technologies120 MHz Shared
- 14. Expanding and evolving thecellular system for V2X communications Introduced in 3GPP Release 14—part of LTE Advanced Pro
- 15. 15 C-V2X defines twocomplementary transmission modes Direct communications Building upon LTE Direct device-to-device design with enhancements for high speeds / high Doppler, high density, improved synchronization and low latency • Proximal direct communications (100s of meters) • Operates both in- and out-of-coverage • Latency-sensitive use cases, e.g. V2V safety Network communications Using LTE Broadcast to broadcast messages from a V2X server to vehicles and beyond. Vehicles can send messages to server via unicast. • Wide area networks communications • Leverages existing LTE networks • More latency tolerant use cases, e.g. V2N situational awareness PC5 interface e.g. location, speed Uu interface e.g. accident 1 kilometer ahead
- 16. 16 Network communications1 (Via Uu interface) Direct communications (viaPC5 interface) C-V2X designed for both in-coverage and out-of-coverage 1 C-V2X also supports a single MNO managed network for in-coverage Direct communications (via PC5 interface) Out-of-coverage In-coverage Common V2V frequency Common V2V frequency Operator A V2N frequency 1 Operator B V2N frequency 2 Operator C V2N frequency 3
- 17. 17 Evolving the LTEDirect device-to-device platform Release 14 and beyond Multi-hop communication and more use cases Release 13 Expanded D2D discovery and D2D communications Release 12 D2D platform for consumer and public safety use cases More flexible discovery such as restricted/private1 and inter-frequency Discovery of 1000s of devices/services in ~500m Device-to-network relays2 Reliable one-to-many communications (in- and out-of-coverage)2 Enhancements for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) Additional D2D communication capabilities, e.g. multi-hop for IoT 1 Important for e.g. Social Networking discovery use cases; 2 Designed for Public Safety use cases
- 18. 18 LTE Direct device-to-devicecommunications Introduced in Release 12 for public safety use cases, e.g. push-to-talk * SA = Scheduling Assignments Transmit devices send SA to identify resources, as well as Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) for subsequent data transmission Receive devices monitor SA resource to determine when to listen for data transmission Centralized (Mode 1) eNodeB allocates control (SA*) and data resources to transmit devices Distributed (Mode 2) Transmit device selects SA and data resources from resource pools; can operate out-of-coverage 4ms160ms SA Data SA Data Broadcast communication – no channel feedback
- 19. 19 Reuse established service& app layers Already defined by automotive community, e.g. SAE Reuse existing security and transport layers Defined by ISO, ETSI, and IEEE 1609 family Enhancements to LTE Direct PHY/MAC To address latency-critical, reliable V2X communications C-V2X builds upon LTE Direct D2D communications With enhancements to address V2X requirements Applications Safety and non-safety IEEE / ISO / ETSI Transport Message Sublayer UDP / TCP IPv6 PDCP RLC MAC PHY LTE Direct Protocol 3GPP reuse other standards 3GPP scope IEEE / ISO Security Services Non-IP Note: Also enhancements to the LTE Direct network architecture / system design to support V2X
- 20. 20 Overcoming the challengesof V2X communications High relative speeds Leads to significant Doppler shift / frequency offset High node densities Random resource allocation results in excessive resource collisions Time synchronization Lack of synchronization source when out-of-coverage Enhanced signal design E.g. increasing # of ref signal symbols to improve synchronization and channel estimation Enhanced transmission structure Transmit control and data on the same sub-frame to reduce in-band emissions More efficient resource allocation New methods using sensing and semi- persistent resource selection Allow utilization of GPS timing Enhancements to use satellite (e.g. GNSS) when out-of-coverage V2X Challenges C-V2X Solutions 250km/h 250km/h
- 21. 21 C-V2X increases reactiontime over 802.11p/DSRC For improved safety use cases – especially at high-speeds, e.g. highway Based on link level curves and the 3GPP LOS path loss model @ 10% Packet Error – Actual performance varies significantly with vehicle density and environment Safer driving experience Increased driver reaction time Support for high speeds Relative speeds up to 500km/h Increased situational awareness Gather data from further ahead Braking distance ~2.5secReaction time ~9.2sec C-V2X range >450m 802.11p range ~225m Reaction time ~3.3sec LTE ~8dB higher link budget due to single carrier waveform, coding gain, longer transmission time and higher Tx power 140km/h 140km/h 0km/h
- 22. 22 C-V2X leverages existing,ubiquitous LTE networks With V2X communications via the network 1 SC-PTM: Singe-Cell – Point-To-Multipoint; 2 MNOs: Mobile Network Operators V2X server IP layer & above LTE unicast (UL) LTE Broadcast (DL) Other inputs Unified service platform New opportunities for MNOs2 combined with today’s services Further enhance V2V safety By rebroadcasting V2V info via network in high-density use cases Increase range / utility Increase situational awareness using messaging via the network Optimizations to decrease end-to-end latency through techniques like SC-PTM
- 23. 23 Delivering advanced servicesto vehicles Opening up new opportunities and diverse business models for MNOs 1 Road Side Units App Server e.g. traffic management V2I (PC5) V2V mostly for safety and ADAS services Most use cases use a combination of interfaces V2N provides over-the-top cloud services V2I (Uu) V2N (Uu) RSUs can be eNodeBs or standalone roadside devices RSUs1 can connect to network for cloud services V2I allows RSUs to monitor traffic, e.g. traffic signals, tolls V2V (PC5) Uu Interface PC5 Interface
- 24. Roadmap to 5Gwill bring even more opportunities for the connected vehicle 3GPP Release 15 and beyond
- 25. 25 5G will bringnew capabilities for the connected vehicle New OFDM-based 5G air interface scalable to an extreme variation of requirements 1 Also exploring alternative roots of trust beyond the SIM card Extreme throughput Up to multi-Gpbs with more uniformity—wider bandwidths, advanced antenna techniques Edgeless connectivity New ways of connect, e.g. multi-hop to extend coverage, plus natively incorporate D2D High reliability Ultra-reliable transmissions that can be time multiplexed with nominal traffic through puncturing 1ms end-to-end latency Through a faster, more flexible frame structure; also new uplink RSMA non-orthogonal access High availability Multi-connectivity to provide multiple links for failure tolerance and mobility
- 26. 26 5G will buildupon and enhance C-V2X New 5G platform will augment /complement C-V2X—no ‘rip and replace’ Multi-mode vehicle with simultaneous connectivity across 4G LTE, C-V2X and 5G Continue to evolve and provide ubiquitous coverage as 5G is rolled out Bring new capabilities for C-V2X network communications and augment C-V2X direct communications over time C-V2X direct and network communications
- 27. 27 Flexible 5G networkarchitecture also brings benefits Leveraging virtualized network functions to create optimized network slices • Configurable end-to-end connectivity per vertical • Modular, specialized network functions per services • Flexible subscription models • Dynamic control and user planes with more functionality at the edge Better cost/energy efficiency Optimized performance Flexible business models Dynamic creation of services Mobile broadband Telematics Mission-critical control
- 28. 28 Enabling the nextgen of connected vehicle experiences Sample use cases e.g. cooperative collision avoidance and high-density platooning which requires new levels of latency and reliability, plus larger message sizes e.g. see-through capability when driving behind truck or leveraging real-time video feeds for navigation systems Passengers can enjoy the next generation of connected immersive experiences, e.g. Virtual Reality, 3D/UHD video telepresence Fully autonomous driving V2X augmented reality Extreme mobile broadband
- 29. 29 5G standardization progressingfor 2020 launch Note: Estimated commercial dates; 1 Forward compatibility with R16 and beyond 2016 20212017 2019 2020 20222015 2018 5G study items Continued LTE evolution in parallel with 5G 5G phase 2 First 5G launch1 3GPP RAN workshop R17+ 5G evolution R16 5G WI’s R15 5G WI’s Learn more at: www.qualcomm.com/5G
- 30. Qualcomm is leading theway towards the connected vehicle of the future An established leader today—pioneering tomorrow’s technologies
- 31. 31 Our technology isenabling the connected car experience today Multimedia Power Management GPU RF Software/ HLOS Position/ Location DSP Wi-Fi / DSRC Wireless EV Charging 3G/4G LTE CPUBluetooth Powerline Ethernet Security Multi-OS support Computer Vision
- 32. 32 Content sharing Navigation Instrumentation Mobile deviceintegration CarPlay, Android Auto, Miracast Qualcomm® SnapdragonTM automotive solutions Transforming in-car experiences of the future Qualcomm Snapdragon is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. This use case is a hypothetical depiction of potential applications for Snapdragon product offerings—not actual connected car and infotainment product. All screen images are simulated. • Application processor • Location and navigation • Wi-Fi/BT • Telematics via 4G LTE/3G • Informational ADAS • V2X—DSRC • AM/FM/DAB/HD tuner Bluetooth Wi-Fi hotspot 4G LTE telematics Multimedia streaming Driver assistance
- 33. 33 Pioneering C-V2X technologies LTEDirect and LTE Broadcast are the foundation to C-V2X Main contributor to 3GPP World’s 1st LTE Direct discovery demo World’s 1st LTE Direct communications demo LTE Broadcast Multicast communications platform LTE Direct Device-to-device communications platform Main contributor to 3GPP World’s 1st LTE Broadcast solution Powered the 1st commercial launch C-V2X Actively driving ongoing C-V2X Release 14 Work Item
- 34. 34 Qualcomm, leading theworld to 5G Building on our leadership foundation Pioneering new LTE and 5G technologies to meet extreme requirements Wireless/OFDM technology and chipset leadership Driving LTE Advanced Pro and 5G from standardization to commercialization End-to-end system approach with advanced prototypes Providing the experience and scale that the future of mobile networks demands Leading global network experience and scale Qualcomm® chipsets are products of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. or its subsidiaries
- 35. 35 Machine learning Computer vision Always-on sensing Immersive multimedia Cognitive connectivity Intuitive security Delivering new levels ofon-device intelligence and integration Bringing cognitive technologies to life
- 36. 36 Roadmap to 5Gwill bring even more potential for the connected vehicle—built upon C-V2X, so no ‘rip or replace’ Qualcomm is leading the way to the connected vehicle of the future – pushing wireless boundaries and brining new levels of on-device intelligence In summary V2X is a critical component of our vision for the always- connected, more autonomous vehicle of the future Cellular V2X brings improvements over 802.11p/DSRC for active safety use cases and beyond – part of 3GPP Release 14 Learn more at: www.qualcomm.com/C-V2X
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- 39. Follow us on: Formore information, visit us at: www.qualcomm.com & www.qualcomm.com/blog Nothing in these materials is an offer to sell any of the components or devices referenced herein. ©2016 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliated companies. All Rights Reserved. Qualcomm and Snapdragon are trademarks of Qualcomm Incorporated, registered in the United States and other countries. Why Wait is a trademark of Qualcomm Incorporated. Other products and brand names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. References in this presentation to “Qualcomm” may mean Qualcomm Incorporated, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., and/or other subsidiaries or business units within the Qualcomm corporate structure, as applicable. Qualcomm Incorporated includes Qualcomm’s licensing business, QTL, and the vast majority of its patent portfolio. Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Qualcomm Incorporated, operates, along with its subsidiaries, substantially all of Qualcomm’s engineering, research and development functions, and substantially all of its product and services businesses, including its semiconductor business, QCT. Thank you