PPT on Computer Basics
- 1. Annai jkk sampoorani ammal college of education TN PALAYAM, ERODE CRITICAL UNDERSTANDING OF ICT ACTIVITY: NAME JEESHMA S YEAR/MAJOR B. Ed. II Computer Science Regn no 1070321BD011
- 4. Generations of Computer The computer has evolved from a large-sized simple calculating machine to a smaller but much more powerful machine. The evolution of computer to the current state is defined in terms of the generations of computer. Each generation of computer is designed based on a new technological development, resulting in better, cheaper and smaller computers that are more powerful, faster and efficient than their predecessors. Currently, there are five generations of computer. In the following subsections, we will discuss the generations of computer in terms of the technology used by them (hardware and software), computing characteristics (speed, i.e., number of instructions executed per second), physical appearance, and their applications.
- 5. The First Generation (1940-1956) The first computers used vacuum tubes (a sealed glass tube containing a near- vacuum which allows the free passage of electric current) for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. They were often enormous and taking up entire room. First generation computers relied on machine language. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions(defect or breakdown). The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first generation computing devices.
- 6. First Generation Computers Demerits : Too bulky i.e large in size Vacuum tubes burn frequently They were producing heat Maintenance problems Merits : It was only electronic device First device to hold memory
- 7. The Second Generation (1956-1963) • Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. • Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic. • High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. • These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory.
- 8. Second Generation Computers Merits : Size reduced considerably The very fast Very much reliable Demerits : They over heated quickly Maintenance problems
- 9. The Third Generation (1964-1971) The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors. Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system. Allowed the device to run many different applications at one time.
- 10. Third Generation Computers Advantages : ICs are very small in size Improved performance Production cost cheap Disadvantages : ICs are sophisticated
- 11. The Fourth Generation (1972- 2000) The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer. From the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls on a single chip. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. The fourth-generation computers used Very Large Scale Integrated(VLSI) circuits.
- 12. Fourth Generation Computers The fourth Generation Computers used Semi-conductor devices as primary memory. Magnetic disks are as secondary storage. Problem-oriented fourth generation language (4GL) are used. In fourth generation computer (VLSI) Multi-processing and multiprogramming operating system are used. VLSI circuits having 5000 transistors and other circuit elements with their associated circuit on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputer of fouth generation computer.
- 13. The Fifth Generation (2000 to Present & Beyond) Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence. Are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. The fifth-generation computer use Ultra Large Scale Integrated (ULSI) chips that contain millions of components on a single chip. They are in the development stage which is based on the artificial intelligence. These computers can also response to natural language input. Biochips will be used as memory devices and KIPS (Knowledge-based Information Processing System)
- 14. The Fifth Generation It is primarily based totally on Artificial intelligence (AI) software. Artificial intelligence describes the medium and manner of creating computer systems like people, the manner human thinks, the manner people act, etc. and that is a rising department and has all of the scopes for studies work too. For example, PARAM 10000, IBM notebooks, etc.
- 15. Conclusion The development and upgradation of Computers is an on- going and never ending process on this day of technological development. The new technology is being used in all departments of the Government for the betterment of the nation, it has become a part and parcel of the life of a human being and can a person hardly live without a fifth generation product on this day Technology is also being used to safe guard the flora and fauna, life of human viz, technological help in the field of medicines and surgeries being done with the use of machines.