Presentation 2-Identifying the Problem and Asking the Questions.pptx

IdentifyingtheProblemandAsking
theQuestions

After this lesson, you are expected to:
1. identify the following parts of a research paper:
a. background of the study
b. statement of the problem
c. research hypothesis (for quantitative research)
d. significance of the study
e. scope and delimitation of the study
f. conceptual framework
g. definition of terms
2. describe the importance of each part of the research
paper; and
3. formulate clearly the statement of the problem.

Activity 1: Identify the basic parts of a research
paper described in each statement. Choose
your answers from the word bank below and
write them on your notebook.
Introduction Notes in Chapter 1
Significance of the Study Definition
of Terms
Scope and Delimitation Conceptual
Framework
Statement of the Problem

This part…
1.serves as the plan or the blueprint of the study.
2. includes definitions of words operationally used in
the study.
3. serves as an overview of the research topic under
investigation.
4. sets the parameters of the study which narrow
down the scope of inquiry.
5. states the concrete terms that a researcher expects
to happen in the study.

This part…
6. cites the benefits certain groups of persons will get from
the outcome of the study.
7. clearly expresses the specific direction or focus of the
research problem or inquiry.
8. elaborates the origin of the research problem which led
to the conduct of the study.
9. covers the general statement of the problem as well as
the specific research questions to be answered in the study.
10. gives the concepts to be covered in the study as well as
its boundaries in terms of the respondents/participants,
sampling technique, locale and the research methods to be
used.

One of the purposes of research is to address
the pressing issues in the society. As a student
who is a keen observer and is aware of the
local, national or international affairs, list
down three crucial concerns and propose a
solution for each.
For example:
Problem 1 (Local): Diesel price hike
Proposed Solution: Used Cooking Oil as a
Substitute for Diesel

Presentation 2-Identifying the Problem and Asking the Questions.pptx

Review on the parts of Research
A. The background of the study is an explanation of the
context of study which involves the current data or status
of the problem, existing studies about it and its history that
paved way to the development of the research problem. It
explicates the rationale why you, as a researcher, are
conducting the study. Writing this particular part of the
paper may lead you to your research questions.
1. It should clearly state the reason for conducting the
study.
2. It should move from broad to specific.
3. It should state the current condition of the research
problem.

Here is an example of an outline of the background of the study:
Discuss the topic in general. Reading skills
and its
Start from a holistic or world importance
perspective.
Insert a condition that is Poor Reading
skills
directly related to the topic
and to the focus of your study.

Identify the factors Factors Affecting Poor
contributing to the Reading Skills in General
focus of your study.
State the current School’s Philippine Informal
condition of the topic Reading Inventory (Phil-IRI) in
your school or locale. result
State the reason why Reason of the researcher
you chose to study the topic.

Example of a Background of the Study
Title of the Study: Nami Plant Extract as Termite Repellent
According to Eiseman (2010) in his article which focused on
termites, termites cause less than 75-80% of damage
economically due to home, wood and crop infestation in
North America. He stated that the reason is that termites
are drawn to their food source and that makes them
drawn to any type of wood like timber, logs, firewood and
other wood made structures. He also added that termites
can be harmful to humans due to its bites that may cause
any allergic reaction.
-----Discussion from a holistic or world
perspective

Vulcan (2017) enumerated different tips that can help in
preventing termites from eating wood and one of it is
using a treatment like Rust Oleum, a named product used
to paint wood to prevent termite’s infestation. This has
been proven effective; however, the price is relatively
expensive.
-----A condition related to the topic or focus of the
study

On the other hand, Onwueme (2016) published an article
about an intoxicating yam named Dioscorea hispida. Yam
is a root crop which contains poisonous alkanes that are
harmful to human’s health. It can cause nausea and
vomiting if its ripe fruit is ingested in the body. Although it
has toxic content; it can be a source of food. Due to food
scarcity and famine in some parts of the Philippines, this
can be an alternative to rice given its abundance. Its
toxicity can be removed once boiled.
As described by Dukar (2012), intoxicating yam is a
twining vine, arising from tuberous roots, and reaching a
length of several meters. Juice of underground stems
reported to possess narcotic properties. It is found in the
Himalayas, from Nepal to Sikkim, at altitudes up to 1500m,

Mat (2013) conducted a study regarding Dioscorea hispida
Dennst which is the Malaysian term for “yam.” In their
previous ethnobotanical survey carried out on the Malay
villagers in Pulau Redang, Kuala Terengganu district of
Terengganu, it was found out that Dioscorea hispida tuber
is used as food, traditional medicines to treat diabetes and
shingle infestation, for de-worming as well as fish poison.
On the other hand, the villagers of Sainnamari and
Thanarbaid, Tangail, Bangladesh had used the poisonous
tuber paste of Dioscorea as pois on in hunting.
-----Factors contributing to the focus of the study

While in the Philippines, Nami or intoxicating
yam was investigated to have some insecticidal
properties. In the late research of the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST),
they had proven that this species of yam has
various chemical compositions that may
negatively affect some various insects.
Moreover, the seed also has some poison
mimicking cyanide intoxication.
-----Current condition in the research
locale

With this being said, the researchers aim to
formulate a product with this intoxicating yam
by disregarding its toxicity and instead using it
as an advantage. The researchers intend to
make a cheap, inorganic termite wood
repellent.
-----Reason of the conduct of the study
Source: Ceejay S. Mallari, et al, “Nami Plant
Extract as Termite Repellent” paper presented
at Jose C. Payumo Jr. Memorial High School,

B. Statement of the problem. Aside from being
a tool in solving dilemmas in the society,
another purpose of research is to guide people
towards a better understanding of
phenomena, human behavior, human
interactions and other events in daily life. This
premise indicates the importance of
meticulously crafting of the research questions
as it sets the focus and drives the course of the
study.

The statement of the problem has two parts:
1. General statement of the problem/Objective
2. Specific research questions
Guidelines in formulating specific question or sub-
questions:
3. Begin the research questions with the “WHAT?” or
“HOW” explanation of the research design.
(Qualitative)
2. “WHY?” implies an explanation of an occurrence
and suggests a cause- and-effect type of thinking.
(Quantitative)

3. Focus on a single phenomenon or concept.
4. Qualitative research uses exploratory and non-
directional verbs. The study will: discover
(grounded theory); seek to understand
(ethnography); explore the process of (case
study); describe the experiences of
(phenomenology); report the stories (narrative
research).
5. Quantitative research uses directional verbs
such as: affect; effect; influence; impact; cause;
relation; relate; and determine.

6. Expect research questions to evolve and
change during the study in a manner consistent
with the assumptions of the emerging design.
7. Use open-ended questions without reference
to the literature or theory unless otherwise
indicated by a qualitative strategy of inquiry.
8. Specify the participants and the research site
of the study, if the information is not yet given.

Example of Specific Research Questions
Title of the Study: Perpetuity of Family-owned
Business in the Philippines: A Causal Model
This study seeks answers to the following
questions:
1. What external factors in the enabling
environment influence the family business
perpetuity in terms of political, economic,
social, technological, environmental and
legal?

2. What internal factors in the enabling environment
influence the family business perpetuity in terms of
succession, planning, family stability, stewardship, family
constitution, innovation, flexibility, philosophy of
commitment, productivity-based management, governance
power, and professional education?
3. What causal model best explains the perpetuity of family-
owned business using the interplay and external factors?
Source: Alaine Marc Goles, “Perpetuity of family-owned
business in the Philippines: A causal model” Unpublished
Doctoral Dissertation, University of Sto. Tomas, 2016.

C. hypothesis is a preconceived idea, assumed to be true
and is tested for its truth or falsity.
• Null hypothesis - indicates that there is no significant
difference or relationship between specified populations
or variables. It is the hypothesis the researcher will try to
disprove or discredit
• Alternative hypothesis - states that there is a significant
difference or relationship between specified populations
or variables
Significant difference is used when testing whether there
is difference between the means of two or more
populations or variables
Significant relationship is used in situations where one is

Example of a Null Hypothesis:
There is no significant difference between the
reading comprehension skills of controlled
group and experimental group before and after
the differentiated instruction.
Example of an Alternative Hypothesis:
There is a significant difference between the
reading comprehension skills of controlled
group and experimental group before and after
the intervention differentiated instruction.

Note that not all studies test hypothesis.
Sometimes a study is designed to be
exploratory. Exploratory research intends
to investigate a problem that is not clearly
defined; hence will not provide conclusive
results.

D. Significance of the study - pinpoints
the benefits certain groups of people
will gain from the findings of the study.
It must start from the most to the least
benefitted ones.

Example of Significance of the Study
Title of the Study: Effects of Verbal Bullying to the
Academic Performance of Grade 9 Students in Jose C.
Payumo Jr. Memorial High School
The result of this study will be valuable to the
following:
To the students, this will provide them knowledge
about the forms of bullying and how to deal with it
once encountered.
To the school administrators, the result of this study
may provide information and may serve as a basis to
encourage them to make regulations about the

To the teachers, the findings of this study may
help them to spread awareness on how
destructive verbal bullying can be. Constant
guidance from the teachers can also be an
upshot of this study. Moreover, teachers may
conceptualize activities or other solutions to
create a positive and friendly atmosphere
inside their classrooms.
To the parents, this study may inform them on
the possible negative circumstances like
bullying that may happen to their children. As

To the future researchers, this study will serve
as a basis for related topics. A continuation of
this study may be done to fill in the gaps of this
research that may result to proactive solutions
to counter any form of bullying.
Source: Jocelyn C. Gambas, et. al, “Effects of
Verbal Bullying to the Academic Performance
of Grade 9 Students in Jose C. Payumo Jr.
Memorial High School, School Year 2019 –
2020” paper presented at Jose C. Payumo Jr.
Memorial High School, 2020.

E. Scope and Delimitations of the Study states the
coverage of the study. It must answer the following
parameters as much as possible:
What • the topic and the variables to be
included
Why • the general objectives
Where • the specific locale
When • the time frame
How • research design, instrument and
methodology

Example of Scope and Delimitation of the Study
Title of the Study: An Assessment on the Impact
of Farm-to-Market Road Projects in Pola,
Oriental Mindoro WHERE This study was
conducted in six Barangays of Pola, Oriental
Mindoro, namely: Barangay Calubasanhon,
Barangay Malibago, Barangay Maluanlaun,
Barangay Pahilahan, and Barangay Pula. WHO
The population considered was limited to those
households who were directly affected by the
constructed INFRES farm-to-market Road

WHAT AND WHY The study was concerned with (1)
the impact of the constructed INFRES Farm-to-
Market Road Project on the respondents; and (2)
the relationship between construction of roads
and its impact, only in terms of the answered
Household Survey Questionnaire and perception
of respondents and key officials. The condition of
the respondents was to be described also in terms
of their demographic profile and other indicators
included in the Impact Assessment Household
Survey Questionnaire.

HOW The study included an evaluation of the
economic and social aspect of the beneficiaries
before and after the INFRES farm-to-market road
project, as well as of the respondents’ demographic
profile, income and employment, improved access,
and perceived benefits after the INFRES road was
constructed. Key Informant Interview was also used
to gather data, especially unanswered items in the
survey.
Source: Raynaldo Quitos, “An Assessment of Farm-to-
Market Road Projects in Pola, Oriental Mindoro”
Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Sto.
Tomas, 2013.

F. Conceptual framework serves as an outline or a
blueprint that you can follow in doing your research. It is
presented in a flow chart, map, diagram or narrative
form. When using a diagram, it is still a must to include
narrative to explain the details. Here you show the
variables that influence your research.
Variable is anything that has quantity or quality that
varies in a research. For example, if you are studying the
COVID-19 outcomes, you might study home life, school
and community. For school, your variables might be
learning process and quality of learning. To make your
conceptual framework thorough, it is encouraged to
make it more detailed.

Step by Step Guide on How to Write the Conceptual Framework
1. Choose your topic. It should be within the
field of your specialization.
2. Do a literature review. Go over relevant and
updated studies related to your own
research. Use reliable sources of information
and use appropriate documentation.
3. Isolate the important variables. Identify the
specific variables mentioned in the literature
and show their interrelationships.

4. Generate the conceptual framework. Build
your conceptual framework using the variables
studied in the scientific articles you have read.
Your problem serves as a reference in
constructing the conceptual framework. In
effect, your study will attempt to answer a
question that other researchers have not
explained yet.

G. Definition of Terms lists down and defines
the key terms as used in the study in
alphabetical order.
•An operational definition refers to a specific
definition of concept in a research study.
•This is necessary because it will clarify the
purpose and direction of the study.
•In order to enable better understanding of
the study, the terminologies were
operationally or conceptually defined.

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