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Ppt: The financial feasibility of basic income in Belgium
- 1. A preliminary assessmentof the financial feasibility of basic income in Belgium Master’s thesis Emily Van de Walle
- 2.
- 3. 1 Basic income “A basicincome is an income unconditionally granted to all on an individual basis, without means test or work requirement” (BIEN, n.d. a).
- 4. Conventional minimum income schemes Conditionality Dependent onthe household situation With means test or work requirement Basic income Unconditionality Individuality Without means test or work requirement Opposing characteristics
- 5. Financial feasibility Research questions (1)Cost of basic income (2) Financing basic income 2
- 6. Research questions How muchwould a scheme of basic income cost?1 2 How much are the cost savings that are realized by basic income replacing social benefits? ? Belgium, 2010
- 7. Cost of basicincome Addressing the first research question “How much would a scheme of basic income cost?” 2.1
- 8. Basic income proposals Characteristics sharedby every basic income proposal Unconditionality Individuality Without means test or work requirement Diverging specifications Level of basic income Target audience of basic income Complementary or substitutionary to the social protection system … Case-by-case assessment
- 9. Basic income placedbetween 2 extremes Basic-income-purely -as-a-complement High-cost benchmark Basic-income-to -substitute-everything Low-cost benchmark
- 10. Cost estimations 3 (5)basic income proposals with levels revised for Belgium, 2010 Static cost estimation (ceteris paribus assumption) Basic income
- 11. (1) The B.U.B.proposal = Basic-income-to-substitute-everything Basic income to every adult Complete abolishment of the social protection system
- 12. (1) The B.U.B.proposal Scheme Monthly cash grant (€) Adults / Minors Yearly expenditures (million €) Cost comparison (BI scheme as % of present social protection expenditures) Social integration income (2010) 730.63 / 0 75,627 80.24 Breakeven (2010) 910.52 / 0 94,247 100
- 13.
- 14. Trade-off between financialfeasibility & social desirability Social desirability Financial feasibility
- 15. Moving away from‘basic-income-to-substitute-everything’ (2) The Vivant proposal (3) The proposal by Defeyt
- 16. (4) The proposalby Raventos, Arcarons, and Torrens Moving closer to ‘basic-income-purely-as-a-complement’ Diversified basic income scheme Social integration income (SI) and poverty threshold (PT) Social benefits partially retained & health care entirely retained Minor Adult Social benefits
- 17. (4) The proposalby Raventos et al. Social benefits “1. Basic income replaces any existing public cash benefit of a lesser quantity. 2. When the public cash benefit is of a greater amount, the basic income must be topped up to an equal quantity.” (Arcarons, Raventos Panella & Torrens Mèlich, 2014, p. 80)
- 18. (4) The proposalby Raventos et al. Complete replacement Comparing the level of social benefits to the level of basic income Average level of social benefit Level of basic income <
- 19. (4) The proposalby Raventos et al. Average level of social benefit Partial replacement Comparing the level of social benefits to the level of basic income Level of basic income >
- 20. Table E1: Regularrecurring social benefits, comparison on a monthly basis, in euro, Belgium, 2010 Social benefits (SB) Average monthly benefit SI 730.63 (146.13*) PT 972.20 (194.64*) Family benefits* 150.82 O* / X X* / X Benefits for primal incapacity 1071.80 O O Benefits for invalidity 1140.89 O O Benefits for disability 910.75 O X Benefits for temporary incapacity to work due to an occupational disease 1429.58 O O Full-time early retirement pension 1100.33 O O Part-time early retirement pension 371.79 X X Early retirement pensions for seafarers 958.33 O X Tide-over benefits for seafarers 1547.91 O O Compensated unemployment benefits 1078.76 O O Temporary unemployment benefits 1725 O O Bankruptcy insurance for the self- employed 968.38 O X Social integration income 540.18 X X Social assistance (financial aid) 1059.21 O O Retirement pensions 1248.56 O O Income guarantee for the elderly 348.90 X X Survivor’s pensions 1005.51 O O
- 21. (4) The proposalby Raventos et al. Yearly cost per beneficiary (SB+BI) = (Monthly level of retained social benefit * Months of social benefit) + (Monthly level of basic income * Months of basic income)
- 23. (4) The proposalby Raventos et al. Social integration income (2010) Scheme Monthly cash grant (€) Adults / Minors Yearly expenditures (million €) Cost comparison (As % of present social protection expenditures) Unconditional basic income (social integration income) 730.63 / 146.13 79,509 84.36 Social benefits N/A 20,537 21.79 Health care N/A 22,827 24.22 Total cost N/A 122,873 130.37
- 24. (4) The proposalby Raventos et al. Poverty threshold (2010) Scheme Monthly cash grant (€) Adults / Minors Yearly expenditures (million €) Cost comparison (As % of present social protection expenditures) Unconditional basic income (poverty threshold) 973.20 / 194.64 105,907 112.37 Social benefits N/A 11,414 12.11 Health care N/A 22,827 24.22 Total cost N/A 140,147 148.70
- 25. Trade-off between financialfeasibility & social desirability Social desirability Financial feasibility
- 26. (5) The modifiedproposal by Raventos et al. Scheme Monthly cash grant (€) Adults / Minors Yearly expenditures (million €) Cost comparison (As % of present social protection expenditures) Unconditional basic income 600 / 150 66,091 70.13 Social benefits N/A 25,323 26.87 Health care N/A 22,827 24.22 Total cost N/A 114,241 120.21 Financial feasibility ↑
- 27. Overview of thebasic income proposals (in million euro, Belgium, 2010) B.U.B. (SI) 0 / 731 B.U.B. (PT) 0 / 973 Vivant 163 / 482 651 / 964 Defeyt 271 / 542 Raventos et al. (SI) 146 / 731 Raventos et al. (PT) 195 / 973 Raventos et al. Modified 150 / 600 SPS Health care 0 0 22,827 22,827 22,827 22,827 Social benefits 0 0 0 30,000 20,537 11,414 25,323 UBI Adults 75,627 100,735 72,454 56,109 75,627 100,735 62,105 UBI Minors 0 0 4,322 7,202 3,883 5,172 3,986 In % of SPS 94,247 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 Millioneuro UBI Minors UBI Adults Social benefits Health care 80.24% 106.88% 105.68% 99% 130.37% 148.70% 120.21% 100% 75,627 100,735 99,603 93,311 122,872 140,147 114,241 94,247
- 28. Financing basic income Addressingthe second research question “How much are the cost savings that are realized by basic income replacing social benefits?” 2.2
- 29. Financing basic income € Costsavings Tax reforms
- 30. (1) Cost savings € Basic income Modifiedbasic income proposal by Raventos et al. Health care completely retained & social benefits partially retained Health care Social benefits
- 31. The proposal byRaventos et al. Complete replacement Average level of social benefit < Level of basic income Partial replacement Average level of social benefit > Level of basic income Comparing the level of social benefits to the level of basic income Average level of social benefit Level of basic income
- 32. Modified basic incomeproposal by Raventos et al. In million euro, Belgium, 2010 € 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 Modified basic income proposal by Raventos et al. Cost savings Modified basic income proposal by Raventos et al. Cost savings UBI Minors 3,986 UBI Adults 62,105 Social benefits 30,304 Remaining cost gap 35,787
- 33. (2) Financing theremaining cost gap € Extra government revenues generated by tax reforms (1) Sustainability (2) Behavioral effects (3) Implications on inequality, progressivity, and redistribution…
- 34.
- 35. Conclusion “How much woulda scheme of basic income cost?” Basic income Dependent on the specific characteristics of each basic income proposal. ComplementSubstitute
- 36. Conclusion “How much arethe cost savings that are realized by basic income replacing social benefits?” Dependent on the specific characteristics of each basic income proposal. Basic income Criterion by Raventos et al. : Significant in magnitude
- 37. OF BASIC INCOMESTEP FINANCIAL THE FEASIBIBLITY NEXT
- 38. Thank you foryour attention. Any questions or remarks? ? ?
- 39.
- 40. Credits concerning thepresentation ◈ Presentation template and icons by SlidesCarnival ◈ Photographs by Benedikt Geyer ◈ Other images obtained from: - Icon of a hand holding money retrieved from http://image.flaticon.com/icons/png/512/49/49232.png - Map of Europe by Allstrak [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons - Map of Belgium by PavelD [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons - Image of ‘Equity versus equality’ retrieved from https://fyi.uwex.edu/cfsi/files/2016/03/large-uncredited- equity-v-equality-apple-tree.png - Icon of a medical bag retrieved from http://www.iconarchive.com/show/windows-8-icons-by- icons8/Healthcare-Doctor-Suitecase-icon.html - Icon of a price tag (in euro) retrieved from http://www.iconarchive.com/show/windows-8-icons-by- icons8/Ecommerce-Price-Tag-Euro-icon.html - Icon of increasing stack of coins made by Freepik from http://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/increasing-stacks-of- dollar-coins_21268 - Icon of a scale retrieved from http://www.freeiconspng.com/uploads/scales-icon--icon-search-engine-2.png - Cost savings icon retrieved from http://www.hydro66.com/assets/images/icons/fallingdollar-512.png - Tax icon retrieved from http://www.freeiconspng.com/free-images/tax-icon-15124
- 41. Bibliography per slide MainDataset • FOD Sociale Zekerheid. (2011). De sociale zekerheid in een oogopslag. Kerncijfers 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2016, from http://socialsecurity.belgium.be/sites/default/files/kerncijfers-2010-nl.pdf • FOD Sociale Zekerheid. (2012). De sociale zekerheid in een oogopslag. Kerncijfers 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2016, from http://socialsecurity.belgium.be/sites/default/files/kerncijfers-2011-nl.pdf • FOD Sociale Zekerheid. (2013). De sociale uitgaven in België. Kerncijfers 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2016, from http://socialsecurity.belgium.be/sites/default/files/kerncijfers-2012-nl.pdf Slide 3 • BIEN. (n.d. a). About basic income. Retrieved June 21, 2016, from http://www.basicincome.org/basic-income/ Slide 4 • Peña-Miguel, N., De la Peña Esteban, J.I.,& Fernandez-Sainz, A. (2014). A first approach to the cost of a basic social benefit. Basic Income Studies, 9(1-2), 95-118. Doi: 10.1515/bis-2014-0008 Slide 8, Slide 9 • Melzochová, J., & Špecián, P. (2015). An Estimate of the Basic Income Costs: Case of Czech Republic. Procedia Economics and Finance, 30, 550 – 557. doi: 10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01267-8
- 42. Bibliography per slide Slide11,12, 27 • B.U.B. (2016). Belgische Unie – Union Belge – Programma 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2016, from http://www.unionbelge.be/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/PROGRAMMA-PROGRAMME-2016.pdf Slide 13 • Odekon, M. (Ed.) (2015). The SAGE Encyclopedia of World Poverty (2nd ed.). California: SAGE Publications. • Van Parijs, P. (2004). Introductory chapter: A basic income for all: A brief defence to secure real freedom, grant everyone a subsistence income. In L.F.M. Groot (Ed.), Basic Income, Unemployment and Compensatory Justice. (p. 11- 23). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Slide 15, 27 • Defeyt, P. (2016). Un revenue de base pour chacun, plus d’autonomie pour tous. Retrieved August 11, 2016, from https://www.financialforum.be/sites/financialforum.be/files/media/1700b.pdf • Vivant. (n.d.). Het Vivant Programma. Retrieved July 21, 2016, from http://www.Vivant.org/files/programma.pdf Slide 16,17,18,19, 23, 24, 26, 27, 31, 32 • Arcarons, J., Raventos Pañella, D., & Torrens Mèlich, L. (2014). Feasibility of financing a basic income. Basic Income Studies, 9 (1-2), 79-93. • Raventos, D. (2007). Basic Income: The Material Conditions of Freedom. London: Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press. Retrieved August 02, 2016, from http://uberty.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Daniel_Raventos_Basic_Income.pdf
- 43. Bibliography per slide Slide29 • Monnier, J.M., & Vercellone, C. (2014). The Foundations and Funding of Basic Income as Primary Income. Basic Income Studies, 9 (1-2), 59-77. Slide 30 • Monnier, J.M., & Vercellone, C. (2014). The Foundations and Funding of Basic Income as Primary Income. Basic Income Studies, 9 (1-2), 59-77. • Melzochová, J., & Špecián, P. (2015). An Estimate of the Basic Income Costs: Case of Czech Republic. Procedia Economics and Finance, 30, 550 – 557. doi: 10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01267-8 • Arcarons, J., Raventos Pañella, D., & Torrens Mèlich, L. (2014). Feasibility of financing a basic income. Basic Income Studies, 9 (1-2), 79-93. • Raventos, D. (2007). Basic Income: The Material Conditions of Freedom. London: Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press. Retrieved August 02, 2016, from http://uberty.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Daniel_Raventos_Basic_Income.pdf Slide 33 • Van Parijs, P. (1995). Real freedom for all. Oxford: Clarendon Press. • Arcarons, J., Raventos Pañella, D., & Torrens Mèlich, L. (2014). Feasibility of financing a basic income. Basic Income Studies, 9 (1-2), 79-93. • Raventos, D. (2007). Basic Income: The Material Conditions of Freedom. London: Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press. Retrieved August 02, 2016, from http://uberty.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Daniel_Raventos_Basic_Income.pdf
- 44. Bibliography per slide Slide35 • Melzochová, J., & Špecián, P. (2015). An Estimate of the Basic Income Costs: Case of Czech Republic. Procedia Economics and Finance, 30, 550 – 557. doi: 10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01267-8 Slide 36 • Arcarons, J., Raventos Pañella, D., & Torrens Mèlich, L. (2014). Feasibility of financing a basic income. Basic Income Studies, 9 (1-2), 79-93. • Raventos, D. (2007). Basic Income: The Material Conditions of Freedom. London: Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press. Retrieved August 02, 2016, from http://uberty.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Daniel_Raventos_Basic_Income.pdf