presentation of data and data analysis 2002

Department of microbiology
Presented By
Tprakash Patel
Msc 2nd Semester
Guidance By
Dr. Pragya kulkarni (HOD)
SEASON :- 2024

Contents
Introduction
Methods of data presentation
1.Tabulation data there part and type
2.Digramatic data
i. Line diagram
ii. Bar diagram and there type
iii. Pie diagram
iv. Pictogram
v. cartogram
3.Graphycal and polygon distribution
i. Histogram
ii. Frequency polygon
iii. Frequency curve
iv. Cumulative e frequency curve

Presentation Of Data
Introduction
Presentation of data is the process of using various graphical formats to visiually
represent the relation ship between two or more data setes.
It provide the basis to make comparative study of different set of data or different
gropes also decision making process .
Statically data can be systematically organized and presented in the form of table
,diagram ,graph and chats .
After having collected that data, it is classified and presented in tabulated forms to
make it intelligible.
We may also make use of visual methods like graphic and diagram statical
representations to represent it.
Method of presentation statical data
1.Tabulation
2.Diagramatic
3.Graoh And Polygon Distribution

Tabulation
1.Tabulation may be defined as the logical and systematic arrangement of
statisticaldatain rows and columns.
2. It is designed to simplify presentation and facilitate comparison and analysis.
3.Columns are vertical arrangements and rows are horizontal arrangements
Parts of a TableArranging values in columns is called tabulation.
A typical table has the following parts:
1. Table number
2. 2. Title
3. 3. Head note
4. 4. Caption
5. 5. Stub
6. 6. Body
7. 7. Foot note
8. 8. Source

1.Table Number
A table should always be numbered for easy identification and reference in future. The table
number may be placed at the top of the table either in the centre above the title or in the left side
of the title.
2. Title
Every table must be given a title, which usually appears at the top of the table. It should be clear,
brief and self- explanatory.
3. Head-note
It is actually a part of the title. It explains certain points relating to the whole table that have not
been included in the title captions or stubs.
4. Caption
It refers to the headings of vertical columns. It has usually a main heading and a sub-heading. It
should be clear, brief and self-explanatory.
5. Stub
It refers to the headings of horizontal rows.
6. Body
It contains numerical information's arranged in accordance with caption and stub. The
arrangement is generally from left to right in the horizontal rows and from top to bottom in the
vertical columns.

7. Foot-note
Anything in a table which the reader may find difficult to understand can be explained in foot-notes.
8. Source
It refers to the source from which information has been taken. It should preferably include the name of
the author, title, volume, number, page, publisher’s name and the year of publication.
Tables are broadly classified into two types.
1. Simple tables
2. Complex tables

1. Simple Tables
2. In a simple table, only one characteristic is shown. Hence this type of table is also known as one-
way table. It has two factors placed in relation to each other.
2. Complex Table
In a complex table, more than two characteristics are shown. If there are two co-ordinate factors,
the table is called a double table; if the number of co-ordinate group is three, it is called as treble
table. If it contains more than three co- ordinate factors, then it is called as multiple table.
Advantages and application of tabulation
1. Representation of data
2. analysis of data
3. Comparison of data
4. Economical uses data

Diagrammatical Data
There are different types of diagrams by which statistical data can be presented.
The common types are
1. Line diagram
2. Bar diagram
3. Pie diagram
4. Pictogram
5. Cartogram
1. Line Diagram
1.A line diagram is a diagram where the statistical data are represented in the form of straight lines.
2.This is the simplest of all the diagrams.
3.On the basis of size of the figures, heights of lines are drawn.
4.The distance between lines is kept uniform. It makes comparison easy.

2. Bar Diagram
1.In bar diagram, the data are drawn in the form of rectangles or bars.
2.The Y-axis is marked with frequency on a scale.The X-axis is marked with variable on a scale.
3.Vertical rectangles are drawn as per the height of frequency. Equal space is given between the
rectangles.
Bar digram types:
1. Simple bar diagram
2. Multiple bar diagram
3. Component bar diagram
4. Percentage bar diagram
1. Simple Bar Diagram
Simple bar diagram is very simple. Simple bar graph is a graphical representation of data set based on
one variable

2. Multiple Bar Diagram
1.The multiple bar diagram contains two or more
bars drawn side by side.
2. It is also called compound bar diagram. Height is
proportional the data With should be same.
3.Equal spacing should be given.
3. Component Bar Diagram
1.In component bar diagram, each rectangle in
subdivided into segments as per data.
2. It is also called subdivided bar diagram.
3.The height is proportional to the data. The width
should be same.
4. Percentage Bar Diagram
1.In percentage bar diagram, the rectangles are
drawn as per the percentage of the data.
2. All the rectangles are equal in height.
3.Equal spacing is einen between the bars

3. Pie chart
1.In pie diagram the data are presented in the form of a circle .pie digram is also calle
a circle diagram.
2.Pie diagram is a circle sub divided into component sectors to present the proportion
different component part to the total .
3.the total Area of a circle is 360°. So the data is converted Accordingly the circle is
partitioned.
4.As the data is drawn as per angles (degrees), pie diagram is also called angular
diagram, the data partitions are given different
colours.
Steps in construction of Pie- Diagram
Step 1 Find the value of each category or component or group
as percentage of total of all groups.
Steps 2 Calculate degree of angle formed by each category or
group by formula .Degree for particular group or category.
Value of the group x 360° Total of all group
Step 3 Take a circle of suitable size and draw radius.
Step 4 Now draw angle calculated in step 2 with the help of a
protector.
Step 5 Shade or colour different segment suitably or make a
distinction between categories or groups. For each categories
or group.

4. Pictogram
1.In pictogram, data are drawn in the form of pictures.
2. It is simple and it helps lay man.
4.Cartogram
1. in cartogram the data are printed in the form of cartoons .
2.it is simple and it helps lay man

B. Graphs of Frequency Distribution
If frequency distribution is represented graphically, it is called graph of frequency
distribution. It can be represented graphically in four ways They are
1. Histogram
2. Frequency polygon
3. Frequency curve
4. Ogive curves or cumulative frequency curves.
1.Histogram/ Bar Graph
1.The histogram is a graph. It consists of vertical adjacent rectangles. Histogram is a
joining rectangular diagram of a continuous in which each rectangle represents the
class interval with frequency.
2.The class intervals are marked on the OX axis and the frequencies on the OY axis.
3.The upper ends of the vertical lines are joined together. This gives rectangles.
Method of Construction of Histogram
Step1 Take marks on X-axis.
Step2. Take frequency on Y-axis.
Srep3. Get rectangles joining shape for each class.
Step4. Level both the axis

2. Frequency Polygon
1.Polygon is a diagrammatic presentation of data which is constructed by joining the mid
points of the tops of rectangles in a diagram.
2. A frequency polygon is a graph frequency distribution. In statistics, it means a curve
representing a frequency distribution.
3. A frequency polygon is obtained when the midpoint of each rectangle in the histogram
is joined by a straight line.
Method of Construction
Frequency Polygon of
step1. Draw a suitable histogram.
Step2. . Get mid-points of the upper
horizontal side of each rectangle
step3. Join these mid- points of the
histogram by straight line.
step4. Both axis should be clearly
levelled

3. Frequency Curve
1.A frequency curve is drawn by smoothing the frequency polygon. It is smoothed in
such a way that the sharp turns are avoided.
2. The curve should begin and end at the base line.
3.It is also called smoothed frequency curve.
Method of construction frequency curve
step1. Draw a suitable histogram.
Step2. Get mid-points of the upper horizontal side of each rectangle
step3. Join these mid- points of the histogram by smooth line.
step4. Both axis should be clearly levelled

4. Ogive Curve(Cumulative Frequency )
1.It is the curve which is constructed by plotting cumulative frequency data on graph
paper.
2.then the frequency curve obtained is called “Ogive” or When cumulative frequencies
are plotted on a graph, cumulative frequency curve.
3. The class limits are shown along the X-axis and cumulative frequencies along the Y-
axis.
4.In drawing an ogive, the cumulative frequency is plotted at the upper and lower limit
limit of the class interval It is constructed in two ways –
Method for Constructing cumulative
Frequency Curve
step1. Find cumulative Frequency of Given data
step2 Plot observations on X-axis.+
step3 Plot calculated frequency on Y-axis
step4 Plot the various and join them to get ogive.
Step5 Both the axis should be clearly levelled.

Reference
Book :- fundamental of biostastics ( page no 70-103)
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics
https://www.slideshare.net/Sujarvs/presentation-of-data-ppt

presentation of data and data analysis 2002

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