Presentation of deixis
- 1. Presentation on deixis Presented by Md. Atik Ullah ID:1163054 INTAKE: 08 Jahangirnagar university,Dhaka
- 2. WELCOME TO MY PRESENTAIN
- 3. What is deixis? Means: The function or use of deictic words, forms or expressions. One of the way through which the relationship between language and context is reflected is the phenomenon of deixis. The Deixis term is borrowed from the Greek word for pointing or indicating. One of the most basic things we do through utterances. Any linguistic form that we use to accomplish the task of pointing out is called deixis.
- 4. DIECTIC EXPRESSION The deictic words such as I, we, you, he, she, this, that, it, now, then, here, there, tomorrow, yesterday, etc., are different linguistic forms and are called deictic expressions. Expressions used to ‘pointing’ or ‘indicating’ is diectic expression. It means pointing via language. Deictic expressions are used to indicate something in the immediate context.
- 5. Deixis words and phrases cannot be understood without any contextual information. The use of demonstratives, first and second person pronouns, tense, specific time and place adverbs like now, and here, and a variety of other grammatical features are directly used as deictics.
- 6. • Deictic expressions are also sometimes called indexicals. • They are among the first forms to be spoken by very young children. • What is that? • How…? • When…?
- 7. Deictic expression example: The meanings of deictic expressions can be understood only in terms of speakers intended meanings. For example: ‘What is that?’, ‘This is our department.’, etc. Or, Speaker A: Have you brought the book? Speaker B: Yes The word the is obviously a deictic expression whose exact meaning can only be understood in terms of speaker A’s intended meaning.
- 8. In this short sentence, you is an example of personal deixis, here is an example of spatial deixis, and last week is an example of temporal deixis.
- 9. CoU Deixis concerns Context of utterance(CoU) Or Speech event Deixis also concerns ways in which the interpretation of utterances depend on the analysis of that context of utterance
- 10. Proximal term • Deixis is clearly a form of referring that is tied to the speaker’s context. • The most basic distinction between deictic expressions is ‘near speaker’ versus ‘away from speaker’. • In English, the ‘near speaker’, or proximal terms are ‘this’, ‘here’, ‘now’. • Proximal terms are typically interpreted in terms of the speaker’s location, or the deictic center.
- 12. Deictic center Central person (speaker) Central time (time when speaker speak) Central place (speaker’s location) Discourse center (point of speaker is currently at) Social center (speaker’s social status and rank)
- 13. Categories of deixis • The traditional categories of deixis are: – Person deixis – Place deixis – Time deixis • In addition discourse deixis and social deixis are offered by Lyons 1968, and Fillmore 1975.
- 15. Person deixis • Person Deixis: Any expression that is used to point to a person( me, you, him, her) is an example of PERSON DEIXIS. • a speech event includes at least two persons: • – first person = speaker • – second person = addressee • If the two persons do not only refer to themselves while talking, there is a third person ( = the person they are talking about), that does not have to take part in the conversation. • Usually the third person is not grammatically marked, because the only two persons of importance are the first person (speaker = most important) and the second person (addressee = less important).
- 17. Time deixis or temporal deixis • Time deixis concerns the encoding of temporal points and spans relative to the time at which an utterance was spoken (or a written message inscribed). • Actually, time deixis includes time adverbs like now, then, soon and so forth, and also different tenses. • makes ultimate reference to participant-role • => ex.: now = the time at which the speaker is producing the utterance containing “now”.
- 18. Time deixis or temporal deixis • Time deixis is commonly grammaticalized in deictic adverbs of time (like English ‘now’ and ‘then’, ‘yesterday’ and ‘this year’) The deictic time adverbs in English refers to words and phrases like now, then, today, yesterday, tomorrow, next week, last year, in three days, etc. Now is a proximal term, as it indicates the time at which the speaker is producing the utterance, as in , Then is a distal expression which applies to both past and future time relative to the time of speaking, as in.
- 19. Continue. . (o1) Pull the trigger now! (02) I’m now working on a PhD (03) I was just a kid then Time deixis is relevant to various other deictic elements in a language. Thus greetings are usually time-restricted, so that (64) Good morning Can only be used in the morning. (65) Good night Can only be used as a parting
- 20. Continue.. The deictic words yesterday,today, and tomorrow pre-emptive the calendrical. Thus the following said on Thursday, can only be referring to next Thrusday, otherwise the speaker should have said today: (58) I’ll see you on Thursday The same holds if it is said on Wednesday, due to pre-emptive tomorrow.
- 21. tense • Tenses represents the time relations in connection to a given point in time • Present= an event/action simultaneously to the speech act (work) • Past= an event/action before the speech act (worked) • Future= an event/action after the speech act (you will work)
- 22. Discourse Deixis • also called text deixis. concerns the use of expressions referring to apart of the discourse. • while within time deixis: next week, last week, discourse deixis: in the next chapter, in the last paragraph. • in discourse deixis, there are many words and phrases in English that indicate the relationship between utterance and the prior discourse: • – but, therefore, in conclusion, to the contrary, still, however, anyway, well, besides, actually, all in all, so, after all • – all these words make reference to a statement, sentence etc. that was said before some languages have morphemes that mark such discourse notions
- 23. Social Deixis • concerns those aspects of language structure that encode the social identities of participants, or the social relationship between them, but these usages are only relevant to the topic of social deixis in so far as they are grammaticalized: • – polite pronouns e.g.“Vous”, address titles. • social relations concern in all those examples the relation between the speaker and the addressee, especially the countries. • in East Asia are known for having several levels of politeness, based on the social difference between the persons concerned.
- 24. conclusion • Deixis plays a vital role when repetitive situations occur. If one cannot understand it the situation will become funny as well as difficult for the speaker, listener and for reader too.
- 25. Any question?