Presentation on Energy Sources and its types

1
Energy Sources
Presentation on
IRS-503
Session 2024-25(4th
batch)
Jahangirnagar University

Energy Sources
Insana Akhi - 01 Mst. Rafi Islam - 08
Nahida Rahman- 04 Paramita Saha - 11
Mahfuza Fariha – 05 Raiyan Zaman Adrey - 20
Sadia Sultana – 06 Antu Roy – 28
Speaker’s Name & Roll

"Energy is the golden thread that connects
economic growth, social equity, and
environmental sustainability."
— Ban Ki-moon, Former UN Secretary-General

What is Energy?
• Energy is the ability to do work.
• Present in everything from light and motion to
electricity and heat.
AI

Energy Conversion
• Energy can be converted from
one form to another.
Examples:
Electrical Mechanical (Fan)
➝
Solar Electrical (Solar Panel)
➝

Types of Energy
Sources
• Renewable: Solar, Wind,
Hydro
• Non-Renewable: Coal,
Oil, Gas

Forms of Energy
• Thermal (Heat)
• Mechanical (Motion)
• Electrical
• Chemical
• Light (Radiant)

Renewable Energy Resources
• SOLAR
The amount of sunlight that strikes the Earth's surface in just one hour and a half is
enough to meet the entire world's energy consumption for a full year.
• Mechanism:
1. Photovoltaic (PV) Cells
Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of semiconductor materials, typically silicon, which
absorb sunlight. When sunlight strikes the PV cells, the energy from the photons (light
particles) excites electrons in the semiconductor material, causing them to break free.
These free electrons create an electric current when captured by an electrical circuit,
generating electricity. This is known as the photovoltaic effect.

2. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) systems use mirrors or
lenses to focus sunlight onto a small area, concentrating
the sunlight to generate heat. This concentrated heat
isthen used to produce steam, which drives a turbine
connected to a generator, producing electricity.
3. Solar Thermal Energy (Solar Water Heating)
Solar thermal energy systems use sunlight to directly heat
a fluid, such as water, for residential or industrial heating.
Solar collectors (flat-plate) absorb sunlight and transfer
the heat to a fluid (usually water) that circulates through
pipes. This heated fluid can then be used for heating
spaces or water.

• Solar Power/Energy Situation in Bangladesh
1. Current Contribution of Solar Power:
• Renewable energy production in Bangladesh is extremely low, at 1% of total generation.
• Solar energy constitutes 69.99% of the renewable energy mix in
• Bangladesh, with a total installed capacity of 545.8 MW (347.52 MW off-grid and 198.28 MW
on-grid).
2. Existing Solar Projects Available:
• Solar Home Systems (SHS), solar rooftop projects, solar mini-grids, solar irrigation, and small-
scale solar farms.
• SHS is the largest renewable energy initiative, benefiting ruralelectrification.
• Sources:
• 1. https://energytracker.asia/
• 2. https://lightcastlepartners.com/insights/2023/03/solar-energy-landscape-of-bangladesh

3. Major Solar Power Plant:
Project Name Capacity Location
Sirajganj Solar Park 68MWp Sirajganj Sadar Upazila, Sirajgan
Barishal Solar Plan 1MWp Barishal Sadar Upazila, Barishal
Sonagaji Solar Power Plan 75MWp Sonagaji, Feni
Teesta Solar Park by Beximco Power
Co. Ltd
200 MWp
(Largest in
the
country)
Sundarganj, Gaibandha
Solar Park by Intraco CNG Ltd 30MWp Gangachara, Rangpur
Solar Park by Energon Technologies 100MWp Mongla, Bagerha
Sirajganj Photovoltaic Power Plant 7.6MWp Sirajganj Sadar Upazila
Solar Park by Consortium of Spectra
Engineers Limited
35MWp Shibalaya, Manikganj
Solar Park by HETAT-DITROLIC_x0002_IFDC
Solar Consortium
50MWp Gouripur, Mymensingh
Source: Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority
(SREDA)

• WIND
Wind energy harnesses the kinetic energy of moving air (wind) and converts it into electricity using wind
turbines. It is a renewable, green, and sustainable energy source driven by the sun's uneven heating of the
Earth's surface, the planet's rotation, and topographical variations.
• Basic of Wind Energy Production
1. Harnessing Wind Energy: Wind turbines capture the energy of moving air (wind) togenerate electricity.
2. How Turbines Work: Blades and Lift: Blades spin due to the aerodynamic force created by wind
passingover them, producing lift stronger than drag.
Rotor and Generator: The spinning blades (rotor) are connected to a generator via ashaft. This motion
generates electricity.
3. Energy Conversion:
Gearbox or Direct-Drive: A gearbox increases rotation speed for the generator, or direct-drive systems
connect the rotor directly to the generator.
Generator: Uses the spinning motion to produce electricity through magnetic fields.
4. Distribution: Electricity from turbines flows to a substation, where transformers adjust voltage for safe
transmission to homes and businesses via the grid.
5. Optimal Placement: Wind farms are located in areas with strong, consistent winds, considering terrain,
wind direction, and accessibility.

Wind Energy Production in Bangladesh
Project Name Capacity Location
Wind Power Project at Coxs
Bazar by US-DK Green Energy
(BD) Ltd
60MWp (Largest) Chakaria Upazila, Cox’s Bazar
Wind Battery Hybrid Power
Plant
1MWp Kutubdia, Cox’s Bazar
Wind Battery Hybrid Power
Plant
1MWp Kutubdia, Cox’s Bazar
Wind Turbine Power Plant at
Mahuri Dam, Feni
900kWp Sonagazi, Feni
Source: Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development
Authority (SREDA)

• Hydropower
Bangladesh has modest hydroelectric potential due to its flat topography, with limited
hilly regions suitable for large-scale hydro power.
Major Hydroelectric Plant:
The Kaptai Hydroelectric Power Station (230 MW), located in Rangamati, is the only major
hydro plant in the country, operated by the Bangladesh Power Development Board
(BPDB).
Capacity & Contribution:
Hydropower contributes around 1.2% of total electricity generation in Bangladesh.
Source: Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA)

• Biomass
It is a key renewable energy source in Bangladesh, especially in rural areas,
providing fuel for cooking and heating.
• Sources of Biomass:
Agricultural residues (rice husk, jute sticks, sugarcane bagasse)
Animal dung
Municipal solid waste
Wood fuel and forestry waste
• Current Usage:
Around 60% of rural households use biomass for cooking.
Used in biogas plants and improved cookstoves to reduce indoor pollution.
• Biogas Production:
Over 100,000 biogas plants installed by programs like IDCOL and other
NGOs.
Used for cooking, lighting, and small-scale electricity generation.

• Geothermal Energy
Heat energy derived from beneath the Earth's surface.
Utilized via hot springs, steam wells, and geothermal
reservoirs.
• How It Works:
Wells are drilled into geothermal reservoirs to bring hot
water/steam to the surface.
This drives turbines that generate electricity.
• Global Production:
Countries like Iceland, the USA, Philippines, and
Indonesia are leading producers.
Total global geothermal capacity is over 16 GW (as of
2024).

Renewable Energy Production in Bangladesh
Technology Off-grid (MW) On-grid (MW) Total (MW)
Solar 377.09 776.84 1153.93
Wind 2 60.9 62.9
Hydro 0 230 230
Biogas to Electricity 0.69 0 0.69
Biomass to Electricity 0.4 0 0.4
Total 380.18 1067.74 1447.9
Source: Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority
(SREDA)

Non-Renewable Energy Resources
A non-renewable resource is a natural
resource that cannot be re-made or re-grown
at a scale comparable to its consumption.

Types of Non-renewable Energy Sources
Coal
Natural gas
Oil
Nuclear Energy

Coal, oil and natural gas are fossil
fuels. They are carbon-based
materials that formed over millions of
years from the remains of ancient
plants and animals.
Fossil fuels are so useful because they
contain stored chemical energy,
which is converted into large
amounts of useful heat energy when
the fuels are burned.
What are fossil fuels?

COAL
• Mainly made of carbon, but also contains sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen and
nitrogen.
• Created by the accumulation of plant matter over thousands of years.
• Primarily used as fuel to generate electric power.

OIL AND NATURAL GAS
• Oil and natural gas are both fossil fuels, Oil is a liquid fossil fuel, while natural gas is
primarily composed of methane, a gaseous hydrocarbon.
• As the name suggests these are large molecules made up of hydrogen atoms
attached to a backbone of carbon.
• Oil and natural gas are mainly used as energy sources- oil for transportation and
industry, and natural gas for heating, electricity and chemical production.

NUCLEAR ENERGY
• Nuclear energy is a way of obtaining energy from the controlled release of
energy found in the nucleus of atoms.
• Nuclear energy is a non-renewable resource because once the uranium is
used, it is gone.
• Nuclear energy is primarily used for electricity generation through nuclear
power plants.

Global Distribution of Non-Renewable Resources
Figures:
Figure 1: Global Proven Oil Reserves
Figure 2: Global Proven Natural Gas
Reserves
Figure 3: Global Proven Coal Reserves
Sources:
Our World in Data (2023)
U.S. Energy Information
Administration – EIA (2023)
BP Statistical Review of World
Energy (2023)

Non-Renewable Energy Resources Distribution in Bangladesh
Note: There is no single, official
map that shows the exact
distribution of all non-renewable
resources (such as coal, gas, and
oil) across Bangladesh in one
frame. However, available mineral
resource maps and gas field maps
give us a partial view.
In this slide, we have used a
mineral resources map of
Bangladesh and coal and gas
area map as a proxy, which shows
the location of key geological
resources like coal fields
(e.g.,Barapukuria, Phulbari) and
known gas basins (e.g., Sylhet,
Habiganj, Chittagong). Though it
does not represent all non-
renewable energy reserves
directly, it helps us understand
where in the country the major
fossil fuel deposits are likely to be
found.
Figure o1: Mineral Map of
Bangladesh
Source: Ministry of Mineral
Resource
Figure 02: Coal and Gas Area map of
Bangladesh
Source: Bangladesh National Conservation
Strategy

Resource Type Global Production (2024) Bangladesh Production (2024)
Coal
8.4 billion tonnes,Top: China,
India, Indonesia
2.6 million tonnes, Key areas:
Barapukuria (Dinajpur), Dighipara
(under study)
Natural Gas
4.1 trillion m³, Top: USA, Russia,
Iran
25.67 billion m³, Key fields: Titas,
Bibiyana, Jalalabad, Habiganj
(Sylhet)
Crude Oil
93 million barrels/day Top: USA,
Saudi Arabia, Russia
Negligible Bangladesh imports
almost 100% of its crude oil
Nuclear (Uranium)
56,000 tonnes uraniumTop:
Kazakhstan, Canada, Australia
No production Rooppur Nuclear
Plant (under construction in Pabna)
Limestone
Widely extracted (cement
industry)Top: China, India
Limited production Key areas:
Sylhet, Chhatak
Hard Rock / Stone
Used globally in constructionTop:
China, USA, India
Significant in Sylhet, Dinajpur,
Panchagarh
Brick Clay Large-scale in China, India
7,000+ brick kilns across the
country, major in Savar, Gazipur,
Narayanganj
Non-Renewable Energy Production Information (2024) – Global vs Bangladesh
Table 1: Non-renewable energy production in 2024 (Global vs Bangladesh)
Sources:
International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook 2024, BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2024, Petrobangla Annual Report 2023–2024, Power Division, Ministry of Power, Energy and
Mineral Resources (Bangladesh), Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) – Energy Report

Indicator Global (2024) Bangladesh (2024)
Fossil Fuel Share (energy) 81.5% of total primary energy
98% of electricity generation from fossil fuels
(mainly gas & imported oil)
Coal Usage
35% of global electricity comes from coal
High in China, India
Used in large-scale plants (Payra, Rampal),
increasing due to new coal projects
Natural Gas Usage
Widely used for electricity, cooking,
industryGrowing in power plants
Major source (50%) of power generation +
household cooking (piped gas in cities)
Oil Usage Main transport fuel globally
25% of electricity from oil/diesel; 100% of
transport sector depends on imported oil
Nuclear Usage
10% of electricity in countries like France,
USA
Not yet operational; Rooppur (planned 2,400 MW)
expected in 2025
CO Emissions per Capita
₂ 4.7 tonnes/year (global average) 0.5 tonnes/year - one of the lowest globally
Main Energy Use Sectors Industry, transport, residential
Residential (56%), industrial (27%), commercial
(12%), agriculture, others
Energy Security
Diversified in developed nations, growing
renewables
High dependency on imports (oil, coal, LNG);
domestic gas fields declining
Non-renewable Energy Usage & Sector-wise Distribution (2024) – Global vs Bangladesh
Table 2: Sector-wise consumption and fossil fuel dependency in 2024 (Global vs Bangladesh)
Sources:
International Energy Agency (IEA), Electricity Market Report 2024, World Bank Data – Electricity Access & CO₂ Emissions, BP Energy Economics Review
2024, Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) Annual Report, Ministry of Planning, Bangladesh – Sector-wise Energy Use

Advantages and Disadvantages of renewable energy resources
Advantages Disadvantages
Renewable energy won’t run
out
Renewable energy has high
upfront costs
It leads to cleaner air and
water
Renewables have limited
storage capabilities
Renewable energy can cut
down on waste
Renewable energy resources
have geographic limitations
Renewable energy has lower
maintenance requirements
Renewables aren’t always 100%
carbon- free
06/27/2025 28
Energy for all

Advantages and Disadvantages of non-renewable energy
resources
Advantages Disadvantages
High in energy density It consumes a lot of time and it
takes a lot of effort.
Huge profits can be generated. Slowly vanishing from the earth.
Non-renewable resources can be
easily used
Non-renewable energy causes
pollution and also, they can cause
respiratory problems in humans.
Most significantly, non-renewable
resources are helpful in generating
employment.
Transportation of non-renewable
sources is a very risky process
Solar Surge
06/27/2025 29

Challenges of renewable resources
(Bangladesh Perspective)
Eco Energy
06/27/2025 30

Impacts of Energy Sources on Climate Change
 How energy sources impact climate change?
 Energy sources produce greenhouse gases
like CO , CH , N O, fluorinated gases like
₂ ₄ ₂
HFCs, PFCs, SF .
₆
 These greenhouse gases deviates global
temperature abnormally.
 This unusual atmospheric temperature
causes unusual climate conditions.
 Also, deforestation due to the construction
of energy plants releases stored CO .
₂
 Nuclear power plants, coal and oil energy
sources cause more climate change globally as
they emit greenhouse gases mostly.
 Sadly, use of most of these resources are
increasing day by day.
 Effect of solar, hydro and wind energy on the
environment and climate change is low.
Figure: Effects of energy sources on climate
change globally (Karaoğlan & Durukan, n.d.)
Figure: World Energy Consumption (“Environmental
Impact of the Energy Industry,” 2025)

How Energy Sources Produce GHG?
Burning of Fossil Fuels
 Coal, oil, and natural gas are burned to
produce electricity and heat.
 This combustion releases CO , the most
₂
common GHG.
Methane (CH ) Leaks
₄
 During extraction of natural gas, methane
can escape.
Oil and Diesel Use in Transport & Industry
 Burning petrol, diesel emits CO and N O.
₂ ₂
Coal Combustion
 Burning coal emits large amounts of CO₂
and also SO and particulates.
₂
 It is the major contributor of global GHG
emission.
Biomass and Wood Burning
Burning organic material like wood or crop
waste releases CO .
₂
Figure: Global net anthropogenic GHG emission (File, 2020)
Figure: GHG Emissions by Country in 2020 (US EPA, 2016)

Impacts of GHG on Climate
Change
Global Warming
 GHGs trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere
 CO , CH , and N O are the major
₂ ₄ ₂
contributors.
Rising Sea Levels
 Warmer temperatures cause glaciers and
polar ice caps to melt.
 Thermal expansion of seawater adds to rising
sea levels.
 Coastal areas (like Bangladesh) face
increased flooding and salinity intrusion.
Extreme Weather Events
 More frequent and intense Heatwaves,
Floods, Droughts, Cyclones and hurricanes
 These events threaten agriculture,
infrastructure, and human lives.
FIGURE: Simplified scheme showing the impacts
of Greenhouse Gases on Climate Change and
Environment (How We Are Affecting Climate
Change, n.d.)

How the Energy Sources in Bangladesh affect
Climate Change
• Energy sources in Bangladesh are significant
contributors of greenhouse gases (GHG)
• Fossil CO2 emissions in Bangladesh
were 109,075,300 tons in 2022, which is a share of
0.28% of world’s CO2 emissions.
• Natural Gas (~50% of power generation)
 Dominant energy source, emits CO .
₂
 Methane leakage during extraction is also a
potent GHG.
 Causes heating, poor air quality.
• Transport Sector Emissions
 Most run on diesel and petrol CO , N O.
₂ ₂
 Causes urban heat
• Coal-Based Power Plants (Growing rapidly)
 Example: Payra, Rampal, Barapukuria coal
plants.
 Emit large volumes of CO , SO , and particulate
₂ ₂
matter.
Figure: Bangladesh CO2 emissions by Year and
Sector (Bangladesh CO2 Emissions, n.d.)

 Key Impacts of Climate Change on Energy Sources
 Disruptions to Energy Supply
• Hurricanes, droughts, and floods damage
infrastructure.
• Thawing permafrost harms pipelines (e.g., Alaska).
• Water shortages reduce power plant and
hydropower efficiency.
 Interruptions to Transmission
• Heat, wildfires, storms damage power lines and
storage.
• High temperatures reduce transmission capacity.
• Wildfires both damage and are triggered by
transmission systems.
 Strain on Energy System
• Rising temperatures → higher demand for cooling.
• Increased risk of blackouts, especially in summer.
The Relationship Between Energy Sources and Climate
Change is Truly Vice Versa!
Figure: Warmer, drier conditions caused by climate
change are expected to make wildfires more frequent
and intense. When a tree came in contact with
electrical distribution lines, it sparked the largest wildfire
in California’s history, the 2021 Dixie Fire. (US EPA, 2022)
Figure: Hurricanes and extreme weather threats dozens of
power plants and refineries on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts,
Rising sea levels will expose even more facilities to risk during
extreme weather events (US EPA, 2022)

Earth's Energy Budget:
Our Planet's Climate
Engine
• Earth's energy budget describes the balance between
incoming solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial
radiation.
• It essentially tracks how energy from the sun enters,
moves through, and exits the Earth system.
• This balance is crucial for maintaining a stable climate, as
any imbalance can lead to global warming or cooling.

Understanding Earth's Energy Flow
Incoming Solar Radiation
100% reaches Earth's atmosphere.
Reflected (Albedo)
About 30% bounces back to space.
Absorbed Energy
Roughly 70% warms surface and
atmosphere.
Outgoing Longwave
Earth emits infrared heat to space.
Back Radiation
Greenhouse gases re-radiate heat back.
Source: (NASA, 2023)

Components of Energy Flow
Incoming Solar Radiation
(Insolation)
Energy absorbed by atmosphere
and surface.
Reflected Solar Radiation
(Albedo)
Energy bounced back into
space by bright surfaces.
Emitted Longwave Radiation
Infrared heat radiated from Earth.
Back Radiation
(Greenhouse Effect)
Atmospheric gases trap and
re-emit heat.

Incoming Solar Radiation: The Sun's Power
Solar Constant
Approximately 1,361 W/m² at the top of Earth's atmosphere.
Earth's Interception
Our planet intercepts an average of about 340 W/m² globally.
Shortwave Radiation
This includes UV, visible light, and near-infrared wavelengths.
Atmospheric Absorption
About 23% is absorbed by atmospheric gases, clouds, and aerosols.
Surface Absorption
A significant 47% is absorbed directly by Earth's oceans and land surfaces.

Outgoing Radiation and Albedo: Earth's Reflection and
Re-emission
Albedo Effect
Earth's average albedo is about 30%,
reflecting roughly 100 W/m² back to space.
Cloud Reflection
Clouds reflect 23% of incoming solar radiation.
Surface Reflection
The Earth's surface reflects 7% of the solar radiation.
Longwave Re-emission
Absorbed energy is re-emitted as longwave (infrared
radiation.
Greenhouse Effect
Atmospheric gases trap approximately 155
W/m², warming the surface by about 33°C
(59°F).
Source:(IPCC, 2021)

Albedo Effect: Earth's Reflectivity
What is Albedo?
Albedo is the measure of how much solar radiation is
reflected by a surface. It's crucial for Earth's
temperature regulation.
Earth's Average Albedo
Globally, Earth reflects about 30% of incoming
solar radiation.
High Albedo: Snow & Ice
Bright surfaces reflect more
sunlight, keeping areas cooler.
Low Albedo: Forests &
Oceans
Dark surfaces absorb more
sunlight, leading to warming.
Climate Impact
Changes in albedo, like
melting ice, accelerate
warming.

The Greenhouse Effect
Natural Greenhouse Effect
Vital for life, traps heat, maintains Earth's temperature.
Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
Human activities increase heat-
trapping gases, causing warming.
Carbon Dioxide (CO )
₂
Major contributor from fossil fuels.
Methane (CH )
₄
Potent gas from agriculture and landfills.
Water Vapor (H O)
₂
Most abundant greenhouse gas.

• Researchers have found that Earth’s
energy imbalance approximately
doubled during the 14-year period from
2005 to 2019.
• The doubling of the imbalance is
partially the result of
-an increase in greenhouse
gases due to human activity
(anthropogenic forcing)
-increase in water vapor
trapping -the related decrease in clouds
and sea ice lead to more
absorption of solar energy.
The Global Energy Imbalance
Source: (NASA, 2021)

Human Impact on Earth's Energy Budget
Fossil Fuels
Burning releases CO , trapping heat.
₂
Aerosols
Some industrial aerosols can
have a temporary cooling
effect.
Urban Heat Islands
Cities absorb and re-emit more heat.
Land Use Change
Deforestation alters surface
albedo and carbon cycles.
Agriculture
Contributes methane and
nitrous oxide emissions.

Restoring Balance: Mitigating Imbalance
Renewable Energy
Transition to solar, wind, and hydro power sources.
Reforestation
Planting trees absorbs CO2, helping rebalance.
Emission Reduction
Adhering to IPCC goals and Paris Agreement targets.
Geoengineering
Exploring carbon capture and albedo
modification technologies.

Net Zero
GlobalEnergyChallenges
Energy is vital for economic growth, human
health, education, and poverty reduction. Clean,
affordable, and reliable energy access is
essential to achieve SDGs and climate goals.
🔌 Electricity Access:~750 million people lack
access to electricity (IEA, 2024).1.18 billion are
“energy poor” – connected but without
meaningful use.
🍳 Clean Cooking Access:~2.3 billion people rely
on traditional fuels like wood and dung. Causes
~3.8 million premature deaths per year (WHO,
2024).Sub-Saharan Africa may still have 940
million without clean cooking by 2030.
06/27/2025 46
Source:
http://dx.doi.org/10.32933/ActaInnovations.32.6
Fig: Levels of the global energy problem

Green Energy
EnergyforFuture:ARenewableTransition
 The global shift from fossil fuels to renewables is
accelerating due to the impacts of climate
change.
 Renewables are projected to grow by ~60%
across the power, heat, and transport sectors
during 2025–2030.
Global Drivers of Renewable Energy:
🌍 International Energy Agency (IEA): Data + Clean
energy policy
🌱 🌱 International Renewable Energy Agency
(IRENA): Tech + global renewable adoption
🎯 UN: SDG 7 – Energy for all by 2030
📊 Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st
Century (REN21): Policy + global status tracking
06/27/2025 47
Source:
https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2024/global-
Fig: Renewable energy demand growth by sector, main case,
2023-2030

48
RenewableEnergy:WhatDoestheFutureHold?
Renewable sources like wind, solar, geothermal,
and tidal energy are becoming essential, not
optional.
According to IRENA, costs of wind and solar have
dropped, making them more affordable.
Energy Efficiency Trends
Despite progress, the world faces an energy crisis
(WEO 2022).
Rising fossil fuel prices caused 90% of electricity
cost increases.
Russia–Ukraine war pushed Europe’s renewable
capacity up by 40% in 2024.
By 2030, nearly 100 million homes will use rooftop
solar PV.
06/27/2025 48

 Artificial Intelligence in Energy:
AI optimizes grid management, forecasts
renewable output, and supports preventive
maintenance.
Helps locate ideal wind/solar sites, improve
biodiversity protection, and reduce waste in
hydropower.
 Smart Grids & Energy:
EfficiencySmart grids use real-time data for
efficient distribution and less energy loss.
AI helps balance demand and renewables,
avoiding overloads and improving reliability.
06/27/2025 49
EnergyforFuture:ARenewableTransition
 Emphasizing Energy
Storage:
New battery tech (e.g., flow & solid-state)
allows solar/wind energy storage for later
use.
Thermal Energy Storage (TES) preserves heat
from renewables.
Pumped Hydroelectric Storage (PHS) stores
excess energy as elevated water, releasing it
when needed.
 Decentralization of Energy
Systems:
Local energy generation (e.g., rooftop solar,
microgrids) reduces transmission loss and
increases user control.
Promotes community-based energy
solutions.

Bangladesh aims for 10%
renewable energy by 2030,
expanding solar, wind, and
smart energy solutions.
Global trends like AI, energy
storage, and electrification are
shaping the future of
sustainable power.
Key challenges remain: fossil
fuel reliance, grid inefficiency,
and financing for clean energy
growth.
06/27/2025 50
EnergyFutureandBangladesh
https://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/100-renewable-energy-bangladesh/
Fig: Renewable energy use by sector in Bangladesh

 Emphasizing Hydrogen Use
Hydrogen is a promising clean fuel for
hard-to-electrify sectors like transport.
Over 1,000 hydrogen projects
involving US$320B launched as of May
2023.
McKinsey estimates hydrogen could
cut global emissions by 20% by 2050.
However, an additional $460B
investment is needed to scale up.
The energy future is renewable,
efficient, and intelligent, but achieving
it requires coordinated efforts from
governments, industries, and
individuals. With continued innovation,
investment, and policy support, a
sustainable, low-carbon future is within
reach
06/27/2025 51
Source:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969724037690

• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2021). Chapter 7: The Earth’s energy budget, climate
feedbacks, and climate sensitivity. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Working
Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (pp.923–1054). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.009
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