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REpresentation: Events and Issues in the Media
The document discusses representation and issues in media texts. It provides examples of political ideologies from socialist to nationalist that can influence media representations. It also discusses news values that influence what stories are covered, such as negativity, familiarity, and featuring elites. Modes of address are the ways media speaks to its target audience to encourage identification. Body image is given as an issue represented across media from magazines to documentaries, with unrealistic perfection portrayed in some outlets and awareness-raising in others. Events that could be analyzed include the 2014 UK floods and Oscar Pistorius murder trial coverage across different media texts.
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REpresentation: Events and Issues in the Media
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- 2. Events You will needTWO examples of events • Contemporary Events (within 18months) • Specifically discussing how different media texts (e.g. newspaper story/TV coverage) cover that same event
- 3. Events • How hasthe EVENT been REpresented – Language – Mode of address – Anchorage – Technical codes – Visual codes – Audio codes – Use of images
- 4. Events • The constructionof the representation – Whose viewpoint is being shown • The process of selection – What has been selected and why? • The audience who will consume the text – Some newspapers like particular celebrities
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- 6. Socialist/ Left-Wing Rights forworkers and minorities are key. Believe the rich benefit from exploiting the poor and that this system should end. Pro revolution. Liberal Pretty middle of the road. Tend to offer the most unbiased, objective perspective. Believe it is important to represent people from all minority groups and countries. Conservative / Right of middle Uphold traditional values about Britishness, class, gender etc.: anti- Labour and Lib Dems. Don’t like Britain being part of EU. Wary of immigration. Pro-Capitalist. Nationalist / Right- Wing Incredibly patriotic. Dislike change – highly supportive of traditional values: anti-abortion, anti- same sex marriage, heavily opposed to immigration. Believe Britain should be Britain for (White) British people. Socialist Worker Morning Star Daily Mail The Sun Daily Telegraph Financial Times The Voice Independent Guardian The Mirror The Metro Evening Standard Daily Stari The Times
- 7. News Values • In1965, media researchers Galtung & Ruge analysed international news stories to find common attributes. • They identified a list of news values common across news bulletins and newspapers.
- 8. News Values • Negativity– bad news is good news! • Familiarity – local news is most relevant! • Immediacy – new News is News! • Continuity – people want to find out more about things in the public eye. They want updates on existing News stories. • Amplification – Is it a big event? Involves lots of people? Plane crash kills one or Plane crash destroys city – what’s more exciting? • Unambiguity – Is it clear an definite? • Uniqueness - ‘Man Bites Dog’ is more exciting that ‘dog bites man’. • Simplicity – a simple story is easier to read. • Personalisation – human interest draws on heart-strings. • Predictability – did people think there would be a riot and there was? People love knowing they were right! • Unexpectedness – Surprise! • Elite Nations / People – Celebs, Royals, US and UK.
- 9. Task Look at thefollowing media texts in your groups and answer the following: Who is audience for each one? Who is in control of the text? Whose ideas and values are expressed through the representations? What mode of address is being used? What ideologies / messages might be contained within the representation? How does this event show NATIONAL IDENTITY?
- 10. Mode of Address •‘Mode of address’ refers to the way in which a media text ‘speaks’ to it’s target audience in order to encourage them to identify with it. • Newspapers often construct their presentation to reflect what they imagine is the typical identity of their readers.
- 11. Mode of Address •The way a media text ‘speaks to’ its audience can depend on various assumptions the producers make about the people watching; what type of people are they e.g. old, young, etc.? Who does the text want to attract? What is the relationship between the audience and text – e.g. is the programme intended to be funny, serious, informative, emotionally moving, etc.? Furthermore, the mode of address it uses may lead audience members to assume a particular attitude towards the text, such as paying attention, taking it seriously or light-hearted entertainment.
- 12. Mode of Address •What mode of address do you think The Sun uses? • Use the handout to help you to complete the next task.
- 13. Narrative • Construction • Structure •Key codes such as action and enigma
- 16. The Sun’s TargetAudience • Male - heavy coverage of sport, particularly football; page 3 and other “sexist” portrayals of women). There is some content that is ‘woman friendly’ (celebrity content). • 16+ - simplistic coverage, celebrity content, titillating stories. • White British– possible negative representations of ethnic minorities, xenophobic? or nationalistic attitude? Patriotic stories. • Working Class/C2DE – price (40p), very little serious political coverage, focus on show business/sensational stories, 20%of the paper about sport with an emphasis on football, the size is convenient. • Fairly right wing political views (political content). • Value and Attitudes: ‘Mainstreamers’, ‘Strugglers’ and ‘Resigned’. Illustrated through advertising.
- 19. Current Events • Whatevents have occurred over the last 18months that you could use as case studies in the exam?
- 20. Events 14 February 2013:Oscar Pistorius is charged with murder. The South African athlete is charged with the fatal shooting of his girlfriend, model Reeva Steenkamp, in an incident in his home in Pretoria. Murder trial in March 2014 8 April: Baroness Thatcher, prime minister from 1979 to 1990, dies aged 87 following a stroke. The UK’s only woman prime minister, Lady Thatcher won three general elections as Conservative leader. 22 May: Lee Rigby, a Drummer of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, is killed near the Royal Artillery Barracks in Woolwich, southeast London. He is knocked down with a car, then attacked with knives and cleavers in an attempt to decapitate him. His two assailants, Michael Adebolajo and Michael Adebowale, are wounded by police gunfire before being arrested. Murder trial in March 2014 28 October: The biggest trial into phone hacking allegedly conducted by the now-defunct News of the World begins at the Old Bailey in London. Rebekah Brooks and Andy Coulson, former editors of the tabloid, are among the eight defendants, who are charged with a range of offences including conspiring to access voicemail messages illegally. 2014 - Floods in Britain - Winter Olympics - Russia / Ukraine crisis
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- 22. TASK You will needTWO examples of Contemporary Events (within 18months) from different media texts (e.g. newspaper story/TV coverage) When discussing events in the exam you MUST use and reference SPECIFIC examples, e.g. The Sun represented the Royal wedding as…whereas PBS news… Find and comment on 2 examples of events on your blog. Discuss the following: • Who is audience for each one? • Who is in control of the text? Whose ideas and values are expressed through the representations? • What mode of address is being used? • What ideologies / messages might be contained within the representation?
- 23. Issues • The mediaconstruct representations of issues and indeed may be partly responsible for creating the issue itself.
- 24. Body image andbeauty • We have become a society obsessed with the way we look and what constitutes beauty. • The definition of what is considered beautiful has narrowed and focuses solely on being white, thin and perfectly formed. • The image of body image is represented across a range of media texts including.
- 25. Unrealistic images of perfectionfor both men and women in magazines
- 26. Gossip magazines where imperfections inthe bodies of celebrities are highlighted and ridiculed
- 27. Documentaries raising awarenessof the issue
- 28. Newspaper images of catwalkmodels that are a size zero
- 29. Media articles commenting onthe concern of the beauty cult that means only thin is beautiful
- 30. Advertisements for products that aimto make us more beautiful less wrinkled and more flawless
- 31. Body Image • Bodyimage as an issue is represented across a range of media texts • How the image is represented depends on the audience • In magazines women are sold an idealised version of themselves and aspire to attain the unobtainable
- 32. Body Image • Someprogrammes tackle the problem of body image from a range of points of view • It may be through plastic surgery or general dissatisfaction with body size • Most of these programmes are aimed at a female audience
- 35. Heat magazine Constant focuson body image Male gaze Women are judged by men Focuses on imperfections Questioning women to be unhappy Take heart that celebrities have similar issues
Editor's Notes
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