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![Nano-Transistor
• Semiconductor industry can manufacture logic that incorporates more than
40 million MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors) into
a single circuit. Supposedly, within the next ten years at the same cost the
semiconductor industry will manufacture logic chips that will nearly a half
billion nanometer-scale MOSFETs (nano-transistors). The nano-transistors[3]
structure can be seen in Figure 1. are expected to have a gate or control
electrode as short as 70 nm and a gate oxide separates the control electrode
about 1nm from the current-carrying channel.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/presentation1vipulveryimpo-240601195524-c12358ec/75/Presentation1-vipul-very-impo-pptx-bjbjjj-11-2048.jpg)
![NON TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS
• In this section, we will discuss different applications of nanotechnology in the areas of ICT, energy and
environment.
A. Information and Communication Technologies
• New discoveries in materials on the nanometer-length scale are expected to play an important role in
addressing ongoing and future challenges in the field of information communication and technology. For
future nanoscale materials and devices[6] which will be used for computing and communication are
nanoantenna, memristor, nanotransistor, molecular scale switching junction CMOS integrated nano wire
interconnects, nano camera, nano-routers, nano-micro interface device.
B. ENVIRONMENT SENSING
• The Protection of human health and the environment needs rapid, detection of pollutant particles and
pathogens with molecular precision. Nanotechnologies[9] can improve current sensing technology in
various ways. By using nonmaterial’s with specific chemical and biological properties, the sensor selectivity
can be improved and nanosensors are generally faster, as they can detect the targeted e.g.bacteria.
1.Air Monitoring
• Solid state gas sensors (SGS) based on nano crystalline metal oxide thin film, provide faster response with
real time analysis capability, higher resolution, simplifies operation and low cost. SGS are traditionally
made of one or more metal oxide of the transition metals tin, zinc, aluminum etc .the advantage of using
nano material in the construction of SGS are better selectivity ,higher sensitivity and shorter response
time. The nano-fabricated SGS are very flexible to use due to their light weight and small;l size which make
them to be fitted anywhere.
•](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/presentation1vipulveryimpo-240601195524-c12358ec/75/Presentation1-vipul-very-impo-pptx-bjbjjj-12-2048.jpg)
![II. Water Monitoring, Purification and Treatment
• Water monitoring task[10] is done by automated water analyzer computer supported system. AWACSS has a small size
like suitcase and it simultaneously test several samples and results to the center server. The device utilisers an
integrated an integrated optical nano-chip and it uses an immunoassay techniques to capture the containment
molecules. Through this method of nanofiltration, the removal of most organic molecules, all viruses, natural organic
matter, salts, divalent ions which make water hard. So, nanofilteration is often used to soften hard water. The process
can be seen in Figure 3. Nanocomposite membranes and filters combine separation and other functions to improve life
and efficiency, and this method can be reused a number of times.
C. ENERGY
• Nanotechnology can also benefit the energy sector in term of efficient energy absorbing, storage and producing
devices in small size and effective devices After nanotechnology revolution all energy producing devices can be made
to be more effective with this technology. Nanotechnologies offer the possibility to introduce alternative materials and
fabrication methods to produce cells with tailored absorption characteristics in order to absorb a larger portion of the
solar energy spectrum. In order to meet the ‘energy challenge’ through solar energy many Dye-sensitized solar cell,
Quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells, Solar heating, hydrogen fuel cell, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell,
Thermoelectricity, Rechargeable batteries, Artificial photo-synthesis, etc.
I. Nanocrystals
• The optical properties of silicon can be improved by adding nanocrystals. One such example is silicon-based tandem
solar cells, where the top cell of tandem solar cell is based on nanocrystals and the bottom cell is based on standard
silicon cell. The limitation of silicon is not only related to its processing cost. Due to its indirect band gap, only fraction
of solar spectrum is absorbed because silicon is weak in absorbing. After nanotechnology, nanocrystals exists inside the
solar cell are used to increase the current. As a result, the band gap becomes is resemble, which gives rise to strong
light absorption.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/presentation1vipulveryimpo-240601195524-c12358ec/75/Presentation1-vipul-very-impo-pptx-bjbjjj-13-2048.jpg)
Presentation1 vipul very impo.pptx bjbjjj
- 2. CONTENT 1ABSTRACT 2 INTRODUCTION 3 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 4 APPLICATIONS 5 SUMMARY OF APPLICATIONS 6 COMPLICATIONS 7 RISK 8 SAFETY 9 FUTURE 10 CONCLUSION 11 BIBLIOGRAPHY
- 3. ABSTRACT • ABSTRACTNanotechnology, the short gun marriage of chemistry and engineering in molecular manufacturing or more simply, building things one atom or molecule at a time with programmed nanoscopic robot arms Carbon tubes, which are the heart for this technology, is highlighted which possesses extraordinary physical and chemical properties because of which it is possible to make incredible components. The importance of nanotube transistors in making new class of smaller, faster and lower power consumed computer chips is illustrated. In this text proofs for the existence of nanotechnology in the present world are given. It is clearly described with neat and realistic figures how this technology has been a break through in all fields especially in computers and electronics. Finally, the latest developments taken place in the world are exemplified, ending with an interesting conclusion about the performance of this technology in the future.
- 4. INTRODUCTION • Nanotechnology refersto the branch of science and engineering devoted to designing, producing, and using structures, devices, and systems by manipulating atoms and molecules at nanoscale • The electronic components like • nano-sensors, • nano-transistors, • nano-antennas, • nano-batteries …...etc .
- 7. SUMMARY Of APPLICATIONS FieldsApplications of Nanotechnology Medical Science Cancer Treatment Drug Delivery Imaging Tools and Equipment Tissue Engineering Gene Therapy Treating Wound Injuries Textiles Making anti-bacterial, stain-resistant, wrinkle and fuzz resistant textiles Material Science Flexible Materials Lightweight Armours Stealth Materials Wear-Resistant Coatings Anti-Corrosive Paints Masks Devices Glucose Sensors Lithium-Ion Batteries Thin Film Solar Panels High-Efficiency Sensors Sports Lightweight Bats, Racquets, Hockey Sticks, Bicycles, etc Environment Conservation Water and Air Purification Membranes Detection of Harmful Chemicals Oil Spills
- 8. Important features ofa nano-machine • Some important features of a nano-machine are as follows: • 1. Self-Contained: Nano-machine will contain a set of instructions or code to realize the intended task. These instructions or sequence of operations can be embedded in the molecular structure of nano-machines. • 2. Self-Assembly: At nano-level, self-assembly is naturally driven by molecular affinities between two different elements. Self-assembly will leverage the development of nano-machines and will allow them to interact with external molecules in an autonomous way. • 3. Self-Replication: Self-replication is defined as the process in which a device makes a copy of itself using external elements. This potential process will enable the creation of large number of nano-machines to realize macroscopic tasks in an inexpensive way. • 4. Locomotion: Locomotion is the ability to move from one place to another. Nano-machines are aimed to accomplish specific tasks, which are usually described by a spatial-temporal actuation. This means that a nano-machine should be located in the right place at the right time to accomplish the task. However, no single nano-machine is able to move towards a previously identified target. More complex systems could use embedded nano-sensors and nano-propellers to detect and follow specific traces of the target. Locomotion will enable the use of nanomachines in applications where mobile actors are needed, e.g., nano-robots for disease treatments. • 5. Communication: Communication between nano-machines is needed to allow them to realize more complex tasks in a cooperative manner. The most promising technique is based on molecular communication. Further advances in nano-sensors and nano-actuators are expected to enable the integration of molecular transceivers into nano-machines.
- 9. APPLICATIONS • NanochipCurrently available microprocessors use resolutions as small as 32 nm Houses up to a billion transistors in a single chip MEMS based nanochips have future capability of 2 nm cell leading to 1TB memory per chip AMEMS based nanochip – Nanochip Inc., 2006Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection ANEMS bacteria sensor • Lab on Chip A lab on chip integrates one or more laboratory operation on a single chip Provides fast result and easy operation Applications: Biochemical analysis (DNA/protein/cell analysis) and bio- defense Lab on chip gene analysis device – IBN Singapore, 2008Drug Delivery Systems Impact of nanotechnology on drug delivery systems : Targeted drug delivery Improved delivery of poorly water soluble drugs Co-delivery of two or more drugs Imaging of drug delivery sites using imaging modalities Targeted drug delivery
- 10. Nanosensors • A nanosensor is a device merely reduced in size to a few nanometers along with this it makes use of the unique properties of nano materials and nano particles to detect and measure new types of events in the nanoscale. Nanosensors can detect chemical compounds in concentrations as low as one part per billion or the presence of different infectious agents such as virus or harmful bacteria. A network of nano sensors will be able to cover larger areas and perform additional in-network processing. Along this many existing nanoscale sensing technologies require the use of external excitation and measurement equipment to operate. Wireless communication between nano sensors and micro- and macro devices will eliminate this need. There are different types of nanosensors, listed as follows: • • 1. Physical Nano sensors • They are used to measure magnitudes such as mass, pressure, force, or displacement. • • 2. Chemical Nano sensors • They are used to measure magnitudes i.e. concentration of a gas. The functioning of chemical nanosensors is based on the fact that the electronic properties of CNTs and GNRs change when different types of molecules are adsorbed on top of them, which cab increase or decrease the number of electrons able to move through the carbon lattice. • 3. Biological Nano sensors • These nano sensors are used to monitor bio molecular processes such as antigen interactions, DNA interactions, enzymatic interactions or cellular communication processes, amongst others. These nano sensors can able to detect asthma attacks, different common virus such as the influenza virus, parasite responsible for malaria, lung cancer, etc
- 11. Nano-Transistor • Semiconductor industrycan manufacture logic that incorporates more than 40 million MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors) into a single circuit. Supposedly, within the next ten years at the same cost the semiconductor industry will manufacture logic chips that will nearly a half billion nanometer-scale MOSFETs (nano-transistors). The nano-transistors[3] structure can be seen in Figure 1. are expected to have a gate or control electrode as short as 70 nm and a gate oxide separates the control electrode about 1nm from the current-carrying channel.
- 12. NON TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS •In this section, we will discuss different applications of nanotechnology in the areas of ICT, energy and environment. A. Information and Communication Technologies • New discoveries in materials on the nanometer-length scale are expected to play an important role in addressing ongoing and future challenges in the field of information communication and technology. For future nanoscale materials and devices[6] which will be used for computing and communication are nanoantenna, memristor, nanotransistor, molecular scale switching junction CMOS integrated nano wire interconnects, nano camera, nano-routers, nano-micro interface device. B. ENVIRONMENT SENSING • The Protection of human health and the environment needs rapid, detection of pollutant particles and pathogens with molecular precision. Nanotechnologies[9] can improve current sensing technology in various ways. By using nonmaterial’s with specific chemical and biological properties, the sensor selectivity can be improved and nanosensors are generally faster, as they can detect the targeted e.g.bacteria. 1.Air Monitoring • Solid state gas sensors (SGS) based on nano crystalline metal oxide thin film, provide faster response with real time analysis capability, higher resolution, simplifies operation and low cost. SGS are traditionally made of one or more metal oxide of the transition metals tin, zinc, aluminum etc .the advantage of using nano material in the construction of SGS are better selectivity ,higher sensitivity and shorter response time. The nano-fabricated SGS are very flexible to use due to their light weight and small;l size which make them to be fitted anywhere. •
- 13. II. Water Monitoring,Purification and Treatment • Water monitoring task[10] is done by automated water analyzer computer supported system. AWACSS has a small size like suitcase and it simultaneously test several samples and results to the center server. The device utilisers an integrated an integrated optical nano-chip and it uses an immunoassay techniques to capture the containment molecules. Through this method of nanofiltration, the removal of most organic molecules, all viruses, natural organic matter, salts, divalent ions which make water hard. So, nanofilteration is often used to soften hard water. The process can be seen in Figure 3. Nanocomposite membranes and filters combine separation and other functions to improve life and efficiency, and this method can be reused a number of times. C. ENERGY • Nanotechnology can also benefit the energy sector in term of efficient energy absorbing, storage and producing devices in small size and effective devices After nanotechnology revolution all energy producing devices can be made to be more effective with this technology. Nanotechnologies offer the possibility to introduce alternative materials and fabrication methods to produce cells with tailored absorption characteristics in order to absorb a larger portion of the solar energy spectrum. In order to meet the ‘energy challenge’ through solar energy many Dye-sensitized solar cell, Quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells, Solar heating, hydrogen fuel cell, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell, Thermoelectricity, Rechargeable batteries, Artificial photo-synthesis, etc. I. Nanocrystals • The optical properties of silicon can be improved by adding nanocrystals. One such example is silicon-based tandem solar cells, where the top cell of tandem solar cell is based on nanocrystals and the bottom cell is based on standard silicon cell. The limitation of silicon is not only related to its processing cost. Due to its indirect band gap, only fraction of solar spectrum is absorbed because silicon is weak in absorbing. After nanotechnology, nanocrystals exists inside the solar cell are used to increase the current. As a result, the band gap becomes is resemble, which gives rise to strong light absorption.
- 14. II. Solar Heating •Solar energy can also be used as a heating source to produce hot water, and heat homes and offices. Current systems are able to convert 25–40% solar radiation into heat. Nanomaterials have enhanced surface area and alos absorption properties that can improve this technique. Nanotechnologies can be used to fabricate complex nano-structured mirrors and lenses to optimise solar thermal collection. Furthermore, aerogels with nanopores are used as transparent and thermally isolating materials for the cover material of solar collectors. III. Nanotechnologies for Improving Photoinduced Water Splitting • Nanotechnology is leading the way in solving some of the problems associated with solar energy conversion with the introduction of nanostructured materials that have high solar energy absorption rates. After the development of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube array having modified band gap for generating hydrogen by splitting water using sunlight. • IV. Super Capacitors • In nanotechnology, super capacitors will be used to store electricity. They are needed in devices that require rapid storage and release of energy, for instance hybrid-electric and fuel cell-powered vehicles. The development of these devices has been on achieving high surface area with low matrix resistivity. It has high power density, about ten times that of a secondary battery. The maximum power density of a super capacitor is proportional to the reciprocal of its internal resistance. To increase the power density nanotube can be used.
- 15. COMPLICATIONS 1. Stability ofnanoclusters and surface reconstruction. 2. Thermal noise, Brownian motion and tolerance 3. Friction and energy dissipation. 4. Design for a motor. 5. The eutactic environment and the feed- through problem. 6. Implementation path.
- 16. RISK Nanoparticlesare likely to be dangerous for three main reasons: • Nanoparticles may damage the lungs. We know that 'ultra fine' particles from diesel machines, power plants and incinerators can cause considerable damage to human lungs. This is both because of their size (as they can get deep into the lungs) and also because they carry other chemicals including metals and hydrocarbons in with them. • Nanoparticles can get into the body through the skin, lungs and digestive system. This may help create 'free radicals' which can cause cell damage and damage to the DNA. There is also concern that once nanoparticles are in the bloodstream they will be able to cross the blood-brain barrier. • The human body has developed a tolerance to most naturally occurring elements and molecules that it has contact with. It has no natural immunity to new substances and is more likely to find them toxic.
- 17.
- 18. FUTURE • Nanotechnology ishelping to considerably improve, even revolutionize, many technology and industry sectors: information technology, homeland security, medicine, transportation, energy, food safety, and environmental science, among many others. • In the future, nanotechnology might help us make electrical lines, solar cells, and biofuels more efficient, and make nuclear reactors safer. Nanotechnology might lead to huge advances in health care, improving methods for detecting and treating diseases like cancer. • Nanotechnology can change dental medicine, healthcare, and human life more profoundly than several developments of the past. However, they even have the potential to evoke important advantages, like improved health, higher use of natural resources, and reduced environmental pollution.
- 19.
- 20. CONCLUSION • Nanotechnology ispredicted to be developed by 2035 but much depends on our commitment to its research. • Nanotechnology offers the ability to build large numbers of products that are incredibly powerful by today's standards. • The range of possible nanotechnology-built products is almost infinite. • Even if allowable products were restricted to a small subset of possible designs, it would still allow an explosion of creativity and functionality . • Hence we the common people should be well known about Nano Technology and make use of its outcome, and let us develop a new era on Nano Technology
- 21.