Presentation_Post Harvest Handling

Developed by:
Md. Aminul Moven
MVC Project
USC Canada Bangladesh
Post Harvest Management
Fruit and Vegetables

...Avcbvi cwiPq?
... GLv‡b ‡Kb G‡m‡Qb?
...wK wK welq Avcwb Rvb‡Z
Pvb?
2

kl¨ msMÖ‡nvËi n¨v‡ìwjs
• K…wl‡Z kl¨ msMÖ‡nvËi n¨v‡ìwjs GKwU
ch©vq ev wKQz Kvh©vejxi mgwó, hv kl¨
KvUvi ciciB ïiæ nq| kl¨ msMÖ‡nvËi
n¨v‡ìwjs Kvh©vejxi AšÍf‚©³ nj:
– evQvBKiY
– ‡kªYxKiY
– ‡gvoKxKiY
– cwienb
– msiÿb, BZ¨vw`

dmj msMÖ‡nvËi Kvh©vejx
evQvBKiY
• evQvBKiY n‡jv c‡Yï
AvKvi-AvK…wZ, KvuPv-
cvKv, †ivMvµvšÍ,
†cvKvµvšÍ, weKjv½
BZ¨vw` êwkó¨ we‡ePbv
K‡i cÖvK…wZK ev K…
wÎg Dcv‡q cY¨ Avjv`v
Kiv‡K evQvB KiY e‡j|
DcKvwiZvt
• evQvBKiY Ki‡j c‡Yï
msiÿY ¸Y †e‡o hvq|
• ‡ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv
ev‡o|
‡kÖYxKiY
• c‡bï AvKvi-AvK…wZ,
eY©, cyóZv BZ¨vw` ¸‡Yi
Dci wfwË K‡i wewfbœ
†kÖbx‡Z fvM Kiv‡K
‡kÖYxKiY ev †MÖwWs
e‡j| †hgb- G †KvqvwjwU,
we-‡KvqvwjwUi †e¸b ev
Avjy
DcKvwiZvt
• c‡Yï evwn¨K ¸bv¸b †e‡o
hvq, d‡j †µZv mn‡RB
AvK…ó nq|
• c‡Yï weµqg~j¨ †e‡o hvq|

†gvoKxKiY
• cY¨ cwienY ev ¯’vbvšÍi‡bi
myweavi Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e
c¨v‡KURvZ Kiv‡KB
†gvoKxKiY e‡j|
DcKvwiZvt
• cwien‡b myweav nq|
• Ab¨ Rv‡Zi c‡Yï mv‡_
wgkÖ‡Yi m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv|
• ‡µZvi AvKl©b ev‡o|
• c‡bï cÖwZ gvby‡li
wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv ev‡o|
• ‡gvoKxKi‡Yi d‡j Av`ª©Zv
eRvq _v‡K weavq IR‡b K‡g
bv|
cwienb
• weµ‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ K…wlcY¨
GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b
wewfbœ gva¨g eënvi K‡i
¯’vbvšÍi‡K cwienb e‡j|
DcKvwiZvt
• mwVK g~j¨ wbwðZ nq|
• evRvig~j¨ wbqš¿‡Y ivLv
hvq|
• ‡fv³vi Kv‡Q cY¨
†cŠQv‡bv hvq|

msiÿY
• Dchy³ cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii
gva¨‡g †fŠZ I cywógvb
eRvq †i‡L K…wl dmj‡K
`xN©w`b eënvi
Dc‡hvwM K‡i ivLv‡K
msiÿY e‡j|
DcKvwiZvt
• fvj `vg cvIqvi †ÿ‡Î
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L|
• msiwÿZ cY¨ wnmv‡e
`xN©w`b fÿY Kiv hvq|
• A‡gŠmy‡g cY¨ cvIqv hvq|
cÖwµqvRvZKiY
• c‡Yï AvKvi-AvK…wZ I
cÖK…wZ‡Z cwieZ©b
NwU‡q †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK
c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g
cY¨ msiÿY‡K
cÖwµqvRvZKiY e‡j|
DcKvwiZvt
• cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi d‡j
c‡Yï g~j¨ I ¸bv¸b †e‡o
hvq|
• c‡Yï msiÿY ¸b †e‡o hvq|

we‡eP¨ welq: cwic°Zv
• GK K_vq kvK I mewRi LvIqvi Dchy³ (dmj‡f‡`)
ch©vq‡K cwic°Zv e‡j|
• evwn¨K jÿb: AvKvi, MVb, is, dmj jvMv‡bv mgqKvj
• GQvov MÜ, im, `„pZv (d‡ji †ÿ‡Î) we‡eP¨ n‡Z cv‡i|

we‡eP¨ welq: dmj msMÖn-1
• evRvi Pvwn`vi Dci wfwË K‡i
dmj msMÖn Kiv DËg| we‡kl
K‡i d‡ji cwic°Zvi ‡ÿ‡Î wewfbœ
ch©vq cwijwÿZ nq| Kv‡RB
evRvi wK Pvq Zv RvbvUv
Avek¨K|
• A‡bK mgq dmj cwic°Zvi c~‡e©
msMÖn Ki‡j dmj wVKgZ cvK‡Z
cv‡i bv ev ¯^v` bó n‡Z cv‡i|
• A‡bK mgq AwZ cwic°Zv‡Z dmj
msMÖn K‡i evRv‡i wb‡q
hvIqvi ci dmj AwZwi³ ‡c‡K bó
nIqvi AvksKv _v‡K|

• wVKgZ dmj msMÖn Kiv bv n‡j
dm‡ji ÿwZ nevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
Dchy³ dmj msMÖ‡ni hš¿cvwZ
Ges hZœmnKv‡i n¨vÛwjs ÿwZ
Gov‡bv m¤¢e| aviv‡jv Qzwo,
wK¬cvi BZ¨vw` w`‡q dj ev mewR
msMÖn Kiv DËg|
• msM„nxZ dmj mivmwi msMÖncv‡Î
ev f‚wgZ‡j weQv‡bv cwi®‹vi
cwjw_b kxU ev cyiv‡bv Le‡ii
KvM‡Ri Dci ivL‡Z n‡e| mivmwi
gvwUi Dci ivL‡j dm‡j RxevYy
msµvg‡bi AvksKv †e‡o †h‡Z cv‡i|
• cøvw÷K ‡µ‡U dmj ivLvUv DËg|
ZiZvRv dm‡ji †ÿ‡Î P‡Ui e¯Ív
e¨envi bv Kiv fvj Kvib G‡Z dm‡j
ÿwZ (`vM, fv½v) nevi AvksKv

• dmj †K‡U ev wQu‡o msMÖn Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i| ‡Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e mewR
ev d‡ji †evUv wQu‡o bv hvq|
†evUv cP‡bi nvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i|
• ‡Kvb ai‡bi dmj cÖ‡qvRb Zv
wbw`©ó K‡i msMÖn Kiv DËg
Kvib G‡Z Kv‡Ri `ÿZv Ges ¸bvejx
fvj _v‡K|
• †d‡j w`‡q ev Qzu‡o †d‡j Rgv Kiv
wVK bq| dj †d‡U ev †_uZ‡j †M‡j
ev Z¡K †`‡e †M‡j evRvig~‡j¨ K‡g
hvq Ges ÿwZMÖ¯’ As‡k †ivM
msµvgb n‡q cPb a‡i I ¸‡b gv‡b bó
nq|
• dmj cwic~b© cøvwóK †µU ïKbv

we‡eP¨ welq: dmj msMÖ‡ni
mgq
• dmj msMÖ‡ni mgqKvj dm‡ji
¸bMZgvY mwVK ivL‡Z
f‚wgKv iv‡L| w`‡bi VvÛv mgq
we‡kl K‡i mKv‡ji w`K dmj
msMÖ‡ni Dc‡hvwM| Gmgq
ZvcgvÎv Kg I evZv‡mi Av`ªZv
†ekx _v‡K Ges d‡ji ZiZvRv
fve _v‡K weavq k¦mbRwbZ
ÿwZ Kg nq Ges msiÿb ¸b fvj
nq| e„wói mgq we‡kl K‡i Avg,
†cu‡c, gwiP, mvBUªvm dj
msMÖn bv Kiv DËg Kvib
AwZwi³ Av`ªZv dj b÷ ev

U‡g‡Uv
¸bMZgvb
wba©viK
cwi®‹vi
dvUjnxb Ges `„p
cwic° wKš‘ AwZwi³ cvKv bq
`vMgy³
jvj ev jvj‡P

U‡g‡Uv-msMÖ‡nvËi ÿwZ
mieivn ¯Íi cwigvb
(%)
aib KviY
Drcv`K 5.17
djZ¡‡K ÿZ I cPb,
Kv‡jv `vM, dvUv,
cvwLi LvIqv, †cvKvq
LvIqv, wQ`ª I
ÎæwUc~Y© dj,
wVKgZ bv cvKv
‡ivM I †cvKvi Avµgb, cvwLi
LvIqv, cywói Afve, dj mwVK
cwic°Zvq msMÖn bv Kiv,
msMÖn I ¯’vbvšÍiKvjxb
AmZK©Zv ev h‡Zœi Afve
msMÖvnK
(†ecvix)
6.12
`vM, cPv, evwn¨K ÿZ,
†_Zjv‡bv, djZ¡K †`‡e
hvIqv, dvUv
†iv‡Mi Avµgb, msMÖn I
¯’vbvšÍiKvjxb AmZK©Zv ev
h‡Zœi Afve
Avor`vi 6.55
wVKgZ/mylgfv‡e bv
cvKv, dvUv, `ªæZ
cvKv
Drc`K ev †ecvix KZ©„K
Acwic°, AwZc° I ÿqhy³ dj
mieivn, †iv‡Mi Avµgb Ges
Dchy³ msiÿb e¨e¯’vcbvi Afve
(Avor ev ¸`v‡gi D”P ZvcgvÎv I
Abychy³ Av`ª©Zv)
LyPiv we‡µZv 5.79
dvUv, cPv,
wVKgZ/mylgfv‡e bv
cvKv
cÖ‡hvR¨Zv Abyhvqx DcwiD³
GK ev GKvwaK KviYmg~n
Ges AwewµZ ev wejw¤^Z
weµq

U‡g‡
Uv-
cwic°Z
v
wbiƒcY
Avf¨šÍixY MVb †`‡L
ch©vq 1 U‡g‡Uv KvU‡j Gi cÖ‡Kv‡ói †fZi †Rjxi gZ †Kvb
Zij cvIqv hvq bv| ex‡Ri is mv`v _v‡K, exR big
_v‡K, evwn¨K is meyR _v‡K
ch©vq 2 U‡g‡Uvi cÖ‡Kvó¸‡jvi AšÍZt 2wU‡Z †Rjxi gZ Zij
_v‡K| ex‡R Zvgv‡U fv‡ei is †`Lv hvq|
ch©vq 3 U‡g‡Uvi me cÖ‡Kvó¸‡jv‡Z †Rjxi gZ Zij _v‡K|
U‡g‡Uv KvUvi mgq exR wcQwj‡q c‡o hvq|
ch©vq 4 U‡g‡Uvi cÖ‡Kvó¸‡jvi †Rjxi g‡a¨ jvj i‡Oi
Dcw¯’wZ cvIqv hvq| Gmgq U‡g‡Uvi Z¡KI jvj‡P
eY© avib K‡i|
U‡g‡Uv Z¡‡Ki is †`‡L
MÖxb
ch©vq
djZ¡K cwic° meyR
‡eªKvi
ch©vq
djZ¡K 90% meyR: GK wPgwU is
Uvwb©s
ch©vq
djZ¡K 70-90% meyR
wcsK
ch©vq
djZ¡K 40-70% meyR-wmwK cvKv

• eënv‡ii D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx Dchy³ cwic°Zv Ae¯’vq U‡g‡Uv
msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e|
• mKv‡ji w`‡K U‡g‡Uv msMÖn Kiv fvj| Gmgq ZvcgvÎv Kg I
evZv‡mi Av`ªZv †ekx _v‡K Ges d‡ji ZiZvRv fve _v‡K weavq
k¦mbRwbZ ÿwZ Kg nq Ges msiÿb ¸b fvj nq|
• ZR©bx ev e„×v½y‡ji mvnv‡h¨ MvQ †_‡K †evUv wew”Qbœ
K‡i U‡g‡Uv msMÖn Kiv hvq| aviv‡jv Qzwi w`‡q †evUv
†K‡U U‡g‡Uv msMÖn Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| msMÖn Kivi mgq
†Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb b‡Li AvuP‡o Z¡K ÿwZMÖ¯Í bv nq|
• msM„nxZ U‡g‡Uv mivmwi msMÖncv‡Î ev f‚wgZ‡j weQv‡bv
cwi®‹vi cwjw_b kxU ev cyiv‡bv Le‡ii KvM‡Ri Dci ivL‡Z n‡e|
†d‡j w`‡q ev Qzu‡o †d‡j Rgv Kiv wVK bq| dj †d‡U ev
†_uZ‡j †M‡j ev Z¡K †`‡e †M‡j evRvig~‡j¨ K‡g hvq Ges
ÿwZMÖ¯’ As‡k †ivM msµvgb n‡q cPb a‡i I ¸‡b gv‡b bó nq|
Ab¨w`‡K mivmwi gvwUi Dci ivL‡j U‡g‡Uv‡Z RxevYy
• gvV †_‡K U‡g‡Uv msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ msMÖncvÎ wn‡m‡e
cøvw÷K †µU Av cøvw÷‡Ki evjwZ eënvi Kiv DËg| weK‡í
gm„b evu‡ki Szwo eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
U‡g‡
Uv:
msM
Ön
†KŠ
kj

U‡g‡Uv
cÖv_wgK VvÛvKiY
(wcÖKzwjs)
• gvV †_‡K Avbvi ci
U‡g‡Uv h_vm¤¢e `ªæZ
VvÛv Ki‡Z n‡e| hvwš¿K
e¨e¯’v bv _vK‡j, U‡g‡Uv
gvV †_‡K msMÖ‡ni ci
¸`vg ev Avo‡Z †bIqvi
c~‡e© Qvqvq †i‡L w`‡Z
n‡e|
¯’vbxq cwienb
• cøvwóK †µU ev evjwZ‡Z
gm„b Kv‡Vi ev‡· msM„nxZ
U‡g‡Uv ¯’vbxq myweav
Abyhvqx nv‡Z a‡i wKsev
f¨v‡b ev Ab¨‡Kvb
myweavRbK Dcv‡q
wbKUeZ©x c¨vwKs †kW,
¸`vg ev ¯’vbxq evRv‡i wb‡q
hvIqv hvq|
• cwienb cv‡Î U‡g‡Uv ivLv I
hvbevn‡b cwienb cÖvÎ
mvRv‡bvi mgq †Lqvj ivL‡Z
n‡e †hb AwZwi³ PvcvPvwc
bv nq, G‡Z U‡g‡Uv †_Z‡j
†h‡Z cv‡i ev djZ¡K
ÿwZMÖ¯’ n‡Z cv‡i|

U‡g‡Uv-evQvB I †kÖYxKiY
• ‡ivM I †cvKvµvšÍ, cPv, ÿZhy³ I
ÎæwUc~Y© U‡g‡Uv †e‡Q
Avjv`v Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖv_wgK
evQvB Gi KvRwU c¨vwKs
nvDR, Avor ev ¸`v‡g †bIqvi
c~‡e©B †m‡i †djv fvj| GZ
†ivM we¯Ívi cÖwZ‡iva mnvqK
nq|
• Avo‡Z ev ¸`v‡g †bIqvi ci
P‚ovšÍ evQvB Ki‡Z n‡e|
• evQvBK…Z fvj U‡g‡Uv
cwic°Zv Ae¯’v, AvKvi ev IRb
Abyhvqx ‡MÖwWs ev
†kªYxKiY Ki‡Z n‡e| Pvwn`v
AbyhvqxI †kªYxKiY Kiv †h‡Z

U‡g‡Uv-‡aŠZKiY, c¨vwKs,
cwienb
• ‡aŠZKiY: evQvB I †kÖbxK…Z U‡g‡Uv
†K¬vwib `ªe‡b Wzwe‡q †aŠZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
†K¬vwib Øviv †aŠZ Ki‡j U‡g‡Uvi Mv‡q †j‡M
_vKv †ivMRxevYy `~i nq, GZ U‡g‡Uvi msiÿbKvj
†ekx nq| (200 wcwcGg †K¬vwib `ªeb ˆZixi Rb¨
evRv‡i cÖvc¨ 5% gvÎvi †mvwWqvg
nvB‡cv‡K¬vivBW wjUvicÖwZ 40 wgwjwjUvi
nv‡i cvwb‡Z †gkv‡Z n‡e)
• c¨vwKs: †aŠZ U‡g‡Uv evZv‡m ïKv‡bvi ci
cøvw÷K †µU, †ccvi e· ev Kv‡Vi ev‡· mvwR‡q
weµq GjvKvq mieivn Kiv hvq|
• cwienb: †h cwienb e¨envi Kiv †nvK bv †Kb
cwienb cvÎ¸‡jv‡K G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e bv mvwR‡q
¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i mvRv‡bv DËg| memgq †Lqvj ivL‡Z

‡e¸b
¸bMZgvb
wba©viK
cwi®‹vi
fv½vnxb Ges `„p
gm„b Ges PKP‡K
‡cvKvµvšÍ bq
`vMgy³

‡eMyb-msMÖ‡nvËi ÿwZ
mieivn
¯Íi
cwigvb
(%)
aib KviY
Drcv`K 6.34
djZ¡‡K †cvKvq LvIqv wQ`ª I
weôvmn ÿZ, ev`vgx ev
Kv‡jv`vM I cPb, †duvUv
†duvUv `vM, dvUv, weK…Z
AvK…wZi ev ÎywUhy³ dj Ges
AwZc°Zv
‡ivM I †cvKvi Avµgb, cywói
Afve, msMÖn I ¯’vbvšÍiKvjxb
AmZK©Zv ev h‡Zœi Afve, †e¸b
mwVK cwic°Zvq msMÖn bv Kiv
msMÖvn
K
(†ecvix)
5.26
djZ¡K †`‡e hvIqv, evwn¨K ÿZ.
†_Zjv‡bv, dvUv, djZ¡‡K
†cvKvq LvIqv wQ`ª I ÿZ,
ev`vgx ev Kv‡jv `vM I cPb
AwZwi³ †evSvB I cwienb, †e¸b
evQvB bv Kiv, Dchy³ msMÖn
e¨e¯’vi Afve
Avor`vi 5.02
ev`vgx ev Kv‡jv `vM I cPb
Drc`K ev †ecvix KZ©„K Acwic°,
AwZc° I ÿqhy³ dj mieivn, †iv‡Mi
Avµgb Ges Dchy³ msiÿb
e¨e¯’vcbvi Afve (Avor ev ¸`v‡gi
D”P ZvcgvÎv I Abychy³ Av`ª©Zv)
LyPiv
we‡µZv
5.53
ev`vgx ev Kv‡jv `vM I cPb,
cÖ‡hvR¨Zv Abyhvqx DcwiD³ GK
ev GKvwaK KviYmg~n Ges
AwewµZ ev wejw¤^Z weµq,

‡e¸b-cwic°Zv wbiƒcY
• ‡e¸b Ggb ch©v‡q msMÖn
Kiv DwPZ hLb exR c° I k³
nIqv ïiæ K‡iwb A_P dj
h‡_ó eo n‡q‡Q I djZ¡K
†Kvgj n‡q‡Q| gvbm¤úbœ
†e¸‡bi Z¡K G mgq PKP‡K
nq| AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K RvZ
Abyhvqx d‡ji AvKvi I
†Pnviv ‡`‡L †e¸b
msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ wbe©vPb
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

‡e¸b-msMÖn †KŠkj
• ‡e¸b Mv‡Q µgvbœ‡q dzj Av‡m Ges Mv‡Qi wewfbœ As‡ki dj wewfbœ
mg‡q msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| GKUv my¯’, m‡ZR, djevb MvQ †_‡K †ek
wKQzKvj a‡i K‡qKevi dj msMÖn Kiv hvq| myZivs d‡ji e„w×i Ae¯’v
†`‡L †m Abyhvqx †e¸b msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e|
• mKv‡ji w`‡K †e¸b msMÖn Kiv fvj| Gmgq ZvcgvÎv Kg I evZv‡mi Av`ªZv
†ekx _v‡K Ges d‡ji ZiZvRv fve _v‡K weavq k¦mbRwbZ ÿwZ Kg nq
Ges msiÿb ¸b fvj nq|
• aviv‡jv Qzwi w`‡q †euvUv †K‡U †e¸b msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e| MvQ †_‡K
†euvUv †U‡b ev wQu‡o msMÖn Kiv wVK bq| †euvUv Ges Mv‡Qi
ms‡hvM¯’‡j ÿZ m„w÷ n‡j Mv‡Q †ivM msµvg‡bi AvksKv †e‡o hvq|
• msM„nxZ ‡e¸b mivmwi msMÖncv‡Î ev f‚wgZ‡j weQv‡bv cwi®‹vi
cwjw_b kxU ev cyiv‡bv Le‡ii KvM‡Ri Dci ivL‡Z n‡e| †d‡j w`‡q ev
Qzu‡o †d‡j Rgv Kiv wVK bq| dj †d‡U ev †_uZ‡j †M‡j ev Z¡K †`‡e
†M‡j evRvig~‡j¨ K‡g hvq Ges ÿwZMÖ¯’ As‡k †ivM msµvgb n‡q cPb
a‡i I ¸‡b gv‡b bó nq| Ab¨w`‡K mivmwi gvwUi Dci ivL‡j ‡e¸‡b RxevYy
• gvV †_‡K ‡e¸b msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ msMÖncvÎ wn‡m‡e cøvw÷K †µU Av
cøvw÷‡Ki evjwZ e¨envi Kiv DËg| weK‡í gm„b evu‡ki Szwo e¨envi Kiv

‡e¸b-evQvB I †kÖYxKiY
• ‡ivM I †cvKvµvšÍ, we‡klZ KvÛ I dj wQ`ªKvix
†cvKvi wQ`ª I ÿZhy³ Ges ev`vgx, Kv‡jv ev
Ab¨ †Kvb `vMhy³ cPv, dvUv, †e¸b †e‡Q
Avjv`v Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖv_wgK evQvB Gi KvRwU
c¨vwKs nvDR, Avor ev ¸`v‡g †bIqvi c~‡e©B
†m‡i †djv fvj| GZ †ivM we¯Ívi cÖwZ‡iva
mnvqK nq|
• Avo‡Z ev ¸`v‡g †bIqvi ci P‚ovšÍ evQvB Ki‡Z
n‡e|
• evQvBK…Z fvj ‡e¸b cwic°Zvi Ae¯’v, AvKvi ev
IRb Abyhvqx ‡MÖwWs ev †kªYxKiY Ki‡Z
n‡e| Pvwn`v Abyhvqx †kªYxKiY Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i| †kÖYxKiY Ki‡j evRvi e¨e¯’v myóz nq, fvj

‡e¸b
cÖv_wgK VvÛvKiY
(wcÖKzwjs)
• gvV †_‡K Avbvi ci ‡e¸b
h_vm¤¢e `ªæZ VvÛv
Ki‡Z n‡e| hvwš¿K e¨e¯’v
bv _vK‡j, †e¸b gvV †_‡K
msMÖ‡ni ci ¸`vg ev
Avo‡Z †bIqvi c~‡e©
Qvqvq †i‡L w`‡Z n‡e|
¯’vbxq cwienb
msM„nxZ ‡e¸b ¯’vbxq
myweav Abyhvqx nv‡Z a‡i
wKsev f¨v‡b ev Ab¨‡Kvb
myweavRbK Dcv‡q
wbKUeZ©x c¨vwKs †kW,
¸`vg ev ¯’vbxq evRv‡i wb‡q
hvIqv hvq|
• cwienb cv‡Î ‡e¸b ivLv I
bv nq, G‡Z ‡e¸b †_uZ‡j
†h‡Z cv‡i ev djZ¡K ‡`e †fZ‡i
Xz‡K †h‡Z cv‡i|

‡e¸b-‡aŠZKiY, c¨vwKs, cwienb
• ‡aŠZKiY: evQvB I †kÖbxK…Z ‡e¸b †K¬vwib `ªe‡b
Wzwe‡q †aŠZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †K¬vwib Øviv †aŠZ Ki‡j
‡e¸‡bi Mv‡q †j‡M _vKv †ivMRxevYy `~i nq, GZ ‡e¸‡bi
msiÿbKvj †ekx nq| (200 wcwcGg †K¬vwib `ªeb ˆZixi Rb¨
evRv‡i cÖvc¨ 5% gvÎvi †mvwWqvg nvB‡cv‡K¬vivBW
wjUvicÖwZ 40 wgwjwjUvi nv‡i cvwb‡Z †gkv‡Z n‡e)
• c¨vwKs: †aŠZ ‡e¸b evZv‡m ïKv‡bvi ci cøvw÷K †µU ev
Kv‡Vi ev‡· mvwR‡q weµq GjvKvq mieivn Kiv hvq| Z‡e,
e¯Ívq †e¸b †ekx bv fiv fvj Ges e¯Ívq †e¸b fivi Av‡M
cwi®‹vi cvwb‡Z nvjKvfv‡e wfwR‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
• cwienb: †h cwienb e¨envi Kiv †nvK bv †Kb cwienb
cvÎ¸‡jv‡K G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e bv mvwR‡q ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i mvRv‡bv
DËg| memgq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb AwZwi³ †evSvB ev
PvcvPvwc bv nq| Z‡e cøvw÷K †µU e¨envi me‡P‡q DËg|

kmv
¸bMZgvb wba©viK
cwi®‹vi
D¾¡j meyR Ges `„p
m‡ZR I PKP‡K
‡QvU Ges big exR
¯^vfvweK MVb

kmv-msMÖ‡nvËi ÿwZ
mieivn
¯Íi
cwigvb
(%)
aib KviY
Drcv`K 4.02
kmvi Z¡‡K bvbvwea `vM,
KuyP‡K hvIqv, njy` n‡q
hvIqv, AvKvi †QvU nIqv
msMÖnc~e© gv‡V _vKve¯’vq
†ivM I †cvKvi Avµgb, cywói
Afve, cwi”Qbœ Pvlvev` I mwVK
msMÖn †KŠk‡ji Afve, mwVK
cwic°Zvq kmv msMÖn bv Kiv,
msM„nxZ kmv h_vh_fv‡e evQvB
I †kÖYxKiY bv Kiv
msMÖvn
K
(†ecvix)
5.02
evwn¨K AvNv‡Z dvUv I ÿZ,
hvIqv
‡evSvBc~e© †ivM I †cvKvµvšÍ
kmv evQvB I †kÖbxKiY bv Kiv,
eo AvKv‡ii e¯Ívq AwaK msL¨K
kmv †evSvB, Dchy³ c¨v‡KwRs
`ªe¨vw`I Afve ev e¨envi bv Kiv,
¯’vbv¯Íi ev cwienbKvjxb
Avor`vi 4.17
evwn¨K AvNv‡Z dvUv I ÿZ,
hvIqv
evQvB I †kÖYxKi‡Yi Afve,
†ivMvµvšÍ I ÿZhy³ kmv mieivn,
¯’vbv¯Íi ev cwienbKvjxb
kmvi Z¡‡K bvbvwea `vM, cÖ‡hvR¨Zv Abyhvqx DcwiD³ GK

kmv-cwic°Zv wbiƒcY
• kmv Ggb ch©v‡q msMÖn Kiv
DwPZ hLb exR c° I k³ nIqv
ïiæ K‡iwb A_P dj h‡_ó eo
n‡q‡Q I djZ¡K †Kvgj n‡q‡Q|
kni ev †fv³v GjvKvq fvj g~‡j¨
cvIqv †M‡j KwP kmv msMÖn
Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i| AwfÁZv I
evRvi Av‡jv‡K RvZ Abyhvqx
d‡ji AvKvi, †Pnviv I cwic°Zv
‡`‡L kmv msMÖ‡ni Rb¨
wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq|

kmv-msMÖn †KŠkj
• kmv Kzgov cwiev‡ii mewR Ges jZv RvZxq Dw™¢`| jZvi wewfbœ As‡k
wewfbœ mg‡q kmv msMÖ‡ni Dc‡hvMx nq| my¯’, m‡ZR, djevb MvQ
†_‡K †ek wKQzKvj a‡i K‡qKevi dj msMÖn Kiv hvq| myZivs d‡ji e„w×i
Ae¯’v †`‡L †m Abyhvqx kmv msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e|
• mKv‡ji w`‡K kmv msMÖn Kiv fvj| Gmgq ZvcgvÎv Kg I evZv‡mi Av`ªZv
†ekx _v‡K Ges d‡ji ZiZvRv fve _v‡K weavq k¦mbRwbZ ÿwZ Kg nq
Ges msiÿb ¸b fvj nq|
• aviv‡jv Qzwi w`‡q wKQzUv †euvUv †i‡L kmv msMÖn Kiv DËg| MvQ
†_‡K †euvUv †U‡b ev wQu‡o msMÖn Kiv wVK bq| †evUv Ges Mv‡Qi
ms‡hvM¯’‡j ÿZ m„w÷ n‡j Mv‡Q †ivM msµvg‡bi AvksKv †e‡o hvq|
• msM„nxZ kmv mivmwi msMÖncv‡Î ev f‚wgZ‡j weQv‡bv cwi®‹vi
cwjw_b kxU ev cyiv‡bv Le‡ii KvM‡Ri Dci ivL‡Z n‡e| †d‡j w`‡q ev
Qzu‡o †d‡j Rgv Kiv wVK bq| dj †d‡U ev †_uZ‡j †M‡j ev Z¡K †`‡e
†M‡j evRvig~‡j¨ K‡g hvq Ges ÿwZMÖ¯’ As‡k †ivM msµvgb n‡q cPb
a‡i I ¸‡b gv‡b bó nq| Ab¨w`‡K mivmwi gvwUi Dci ivL‡j kmv‡Z RxevYy
• gvV †_‡K kmv msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ msMÖncvÎ wn‡m‡e cøvw÷K †µU ev

kmv-evQvB I †kÖYxKiY
• ‡ivM I †cvKvµvšÍ, ev`vgx, Kv‡jv ev Ab¨
†Kvb `vMhy³ cPv, dvUv, kmv †e‡Q Avjv`v
Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖv_wgK evQvB Gi KvRwU
c¨vwKs nvDR, Avor ev ¸`v‡g †bIqvi c~‡e©B
†m‡i †djv fvj| GZ †ivM we¯Ívi cÖwZ‡iva
mnvqK nq|
n‡e|
• evQvBK…Z fvj kmv cwic°Zvi Ae¯’v, AvKvi
ev IRb Abyhvqx ‡MÖwWs ev †kªYxKiY
Ki‡Z n‡e| Pvwn`v Abyhvqx †kªYxKiY Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i| †kÖYxKiY Ki‡j evRvi e¨e¯’v

kmv
cÖv_wgK VvÛvKiY
(wcÖKzwjs)
• gvV †_‡K Avbvi ci
U‡g‡Uv h_vm¤¢e `ªæZ
VvÛv Ki‡Z n‡e| hvwš¿K
e¨e¯’v bv _vK‡j, kmv gvV
†_‡K msMÖ‡ni ci ¸`vg ev
¯’vbxq cwienb
msM„nxZ kmv ¯’vbxq
myweav Abyhvqx nv‡Z
a‡i wKsev f¨v‡b ev
Ab¨‡Kvb myweavRbK
Dcv‡q wbKUeZ©x
c¨vwKs †kW, ¸`vg ev
¯’vbxq evRv‡i wb‡q hvIqv
hvq|
• cwienb cv‡Î kmv ivLv I
mvRv‡bvi mgq †Lqvj
ivL‡Z n‡e †hb AwZwi³
PvcvPvwc bv nq, G‡Z
kmv †_uZ‡j †h‡Z cv‡i ev

kmv-‡aŠZKiY, c¨vwKs, cwienb
• ‡aŠZKiY: evQvB I †kÖbxK…Z kmv †K¬vwib `ªe‡b
Wzwe‡q †aŠZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †K¬vwib Øviv †aŠZ
Ki‡j kmvi Mv‡q †j‡M _vKv †ivMRxevYy `~i nq, GZ
kmvi msiÿbKvj †ekx nq| (200 wcwcGg †K¬vwib `ªeb
ˆZixi Rb¨ evRv‡i cÖvc¨ 5% gvÎvi †mvwWqvg
nvB‡cv‡K¬vivBW wjUvicÖwZ 40 wgwjwjUvi nv‡i
cvwb‡Z †gkv‡Z n‡e)
• c¨vwKs: †aŠZ kmv evZv‡m ïKv‡bvi ci cøvw÷K †µU,
†ccvi e·, cøvw÷‡Ki e¯Ívq ev‡· mvwR‡q weµq GjvKvq
mieivn Kiv hvq| Z‡e, e¯Ívq kmv †ekx bv fiv fvj|
• cwienb: †h cwienb e¨envi Kiv †nvK bv †Kb cwienb
cvÎ¸‡jv‡K G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e bv mvwR‡q ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i
mvRv‡bv DËg| memgq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb AwZwi³
†evSvB ev PvcvPvwc bv nq| Z‡e cøvw÷K †µU
e¨envi me‡P‡q DËg| kmv `~ieZ©x evRv‡I iv‡Z

mxg
• cwic°Zv: c‡Wi iO,
AvKvi, Avf¨šÍixb ex‡Ri
cyóZv
• msMÖn: cÖwZw`b,
wKQzw`b AšÍi, nvZ w`‡q
†QvU †evUvi KvQ †_‡K
wQu‡o msMÖn Kiv|
• msMÖ‡ni ci gvwUi
ms¯ú‡k© bv ivLv,
m~h©v‡jvK †_‡K `y‡i
ivLv, ‡ivMvµvšÍ I bó
cW¸‡jv Avjv`v K‡i †djv|
• gm„b cv‡Î mxg ivLv Ges

kvK
• msMÖn: cvZv RvZxq mâxi cwic°Zv
G‡KK iKg| †hgb- jvjkvK KwP Ae¯’vq,
evwU kvK KwP Ae¯’vq Avevi
evuavKwc GKUz †ewk cwic° Ae¯’vq
• evQvBKiY: kvK gvV †_‡K msMÖ‡ni
c‡i †cvKvµvšÍ, †ivMvµvšÍ, weKjv½
BZ¨vw` ˆewkó¨ †`‡L evQvB Ki‡Z n‡e|
• ‡kÖYxKiY : kvK gvV †_‡K msMÖ‡ni
c‡i cvZvi AvKvi-AvK…wZ, †QvU-eo
BZ¨vw` ¸Y †`‡L †kÖYxKiY Kiv nq|
• cwi®‹viKiY: kv‡Ki AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ask
†d‡j w`‡q ay‡jv-evwj `~i Kivi Rb¨ mâxi
MÖnY‡cv‡hvwM Ask cwi®‹vi cvwb‡Z
ay‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
• cwienb: nvjKv cvwb wQwU‡q w`‡q

kvK I mewR msiÿY
• Avgv‡`i †`‡ki AvenvIqvq
Drcvw`Z AwaKvsk mewR I kvK
gvV †_‡K msMÖ‡ni ci
¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎvq mvavibZ 2-
3 w`‡bi †ekx m‡ZR I Lvevi
Dc‡hvMx _v‡K bv| gvV †_‡K
msMÖ‡ni ci 200
wcwcGg/wjUvi †K¬viv· `ªeb
(2/3 wU cvwb weï×KiY
U¨ve‡jU) w`‡q †aŠZ Kivi ci
wkg I cvjs kvK gyLeÜ
cwjcÖcvBwjb c¨v‡K‡U 6 w`b,
0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%
wQ`ªhy³ I gyLeÜ cwjcÖcvBwjb
c¨v‡K‡U cyuB kvK, KuvPv
gwiP, †Xok I jvj kvK h_vµ‡g 8

‡cu‡c
¸bMZgvb
wba©viK
KvPv ‡cu‡c cvKv ‡cu‡c
D¾¡j meyR Ges
`„p
nj‡` Ges `„p
m‡ZR cvwLi bv LvIqv
Pvgov gm„b mylgfv‡e cvKv
evwn¨K ÿZwenxb ÿZnxb

‡cu‡c-msMÖ‡nvËi ÿwZ
mieivn ¯Íi cwigvb
(%)
aib KviY
Drcv`K 4.28
djZ¡‡K RgvUe× mv`v
†cvKv †j‡M _vKv, ÿZ I
cPb, Kv‡jv `vM, dvUv,
cvwLi LvIqv,
ÎæwUc~Y©,
Ge‡ov‡_e‡ov ev
weK…Z dj, wVKgZ bv
cvKv
‡cvKv I †iv‡Mi Avµgb, cvwLi
LvIqv, ‡evi‡bi Afve, dj mwVK
cwic°Zvq msMÖn bv Kiv,
msMÖn I ¯’vbvšÍiKvjxb
msMÖvnK
(†ecvix)
9.05
`vM, cuPv, evwn¨K
ÿZ, †_Zjv‡bv, djZ¡K
†`‡e hvIqv
†iv‡Mi Avµgb, msMÖn I
¯’vbvšÍiKvjxb AmZK©Zv ev
h‡Zœi Afve
Avor`vi 13.27
wVKgZ/mylgfv‡e bv
cvKv, `ªæZ cvKv
Drc`K ev †ecvix KZ©„K
Acwic°, AwZc° I ÿZhy³ dj
mieivn, †iv‡Mi Avµgb Ges
Dchy³ msiÿb e¨e¯’vcbvi Afve
(Avor ev ¸`v‡gi D”P ZvcgvÎv I
Abychy³ Av`ª©Zv)
dvUv, cPv, cÖ‡hvR¨Zv Abyhvqx DcwiD³
GK ev GKvwaK KviYmg~n

‡cu‡c-cwic°Zv wbiƒcY
• mewR wn‡m‡e: AvKv‡i eo A_P kv‡mi iO
mv`v i‡q‡Q
• dj wn‡m‡e: djZ¡K wKwÂZ njy` ev jvj‡P iO
†`Lv w`‡j eyS‡Z d‡ji Af¨šÍ‡i kvm njy` ev mv`v
nIqv ïiæ K‡i‡Q Ges †cu‡c msMÖ‡ni Dc‡hvMx
cwic°Zv AR©b K‡i‡Q|
– `~ieZ©x evRv‡ii Rb¨ 5% njy` ev jvj‡P iO †`Lv w`‡j
msMÖn Kiv fvj|
– Kv‡Qi evRv‡ii Rb¨ 5-25% njy` ev jvj‡P iO †`Lv w`‡j
msMÖn Kiv fvj|
– cwiev‡ii LvIqvi Rb¨ 50% ev Zvi †P‡q †ekx njy` ev
jvj‡P iO †`Lv w`‡j msMÖn Kiv fvj|

‡cu‡c-msMÖn †KŠkj
• e¨env‡ii D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx Dchy³ cwic°Zv Ae¯’vq †cu‡c
• aviv‡jv Qzwi w`‡q MvQ I †evUvi ms‡hvM¯’j †_‡K
Avav BwÂ cwigvb †i‡L †evUv †K‡U †cu‡c msMÖn
Kiv fvj| †evUv gyPwo‡q †f‡½ Zzj‡j Mv‡Q ÿZ †ekx
n‡Z cv‡i Ges †ivM msµvg‡bi my‡hvM †e‡o †h‡Z
cv‡i| †evUv †ekx eo ivL‡j cieZ©x †Kvb n¨v‡Ûwjs Gi
mg‡q †h †Kvb ¯’vb †_‡K †f‡½ †h‡Z cv‡i Ges
AbvKvw•LZ ÿZ ˆZix n‡Z cv‡i|
• msM„nxZ ‡cu‡c mivmwi msMÖncv‡Î ev f‚wgZ‡j
weQv‡bv cwi®‹vi cwjw_b kxU ev cyiv‡bv Le‡ii
KvM‡Ri Dci ivL‡Z n‡e| †d‡j w`‡q ev Qzu‡o †d‡j Rgv
Kiv wVK bq| dj †d‡U ev †_uZ‡j †M‡j ev Z¡K †`‡e
†M‡j evRvig~‡j¨ K‡g hvq Ges ÿwZMÖ¯’ As‡k †ivM
msµvgb n‡q cPb a‡i I ¸‡b gv‡b bó nq| Ab¨w`‡K
mivmwi gvwUi Dci ivL‡j ‡cu‡c‡Z RxevYy msµvg‡bi
AvksKv †e‡o †h‡Z cv‡i|

‡cu‡c-evQvB I †kÖYxKiY
• ‡ivM I †cvKvµvšÍ, `vMhy³, cPv, dvUv †cu‡c
†e‡Q Avjv`v Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖv_wgK evQvB Gi
KvRwU c¨vwKs nvDR, Avor ev ¸`v‡g †bIqvi
c~‡e©B †m‡i †djv fvj| GZ †ivM we¯Ívi
cÖwZ‡iva mnvqK nq|
n‡e|
• evQvBK…Z fvj ‡cu‡c cwic°Zvi Ae¯’v, AvKvi
ev IRb Abyhvqx ‡MÖwWs ev †kªYxKiY
Ki‡Z n‡e| Pvwn`v Abyhvqx †kªYxKiY Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i| †kÖYxKiY Ki‡j evRvi e¨e¯’v
myóz nq, fvj g~‡j¨ cvIqv hvq Ges †cu‡ci ¸b I

‡cu‡c
cÖv_wgK VvÛvKiY
(wcÖKzwjs)
• gvV †_‡K Avbvi ci ‡cu‡c
h_vm¤¢e `ªæZ VvÛv
Ki‡Z n‡e| hvwš¿K e¨e¯’v
bv _vK‡j, ‡cu‡c gvV
†_‡K msMÖ‡ni ci ¸`vg ev
¯’vbxq cwienb
• cøvwóK †µU ev ev‡kui
Szwo‡Z msM„nxZ ‡cu‡c
¯’vbxq myweav Abyhvqx
nv‡Z a‡i wKsev f¨v‡b ev
Ab¨‡Kvb myweavRbK
Dcv‡q wbKUeZ©x c¨vwKs
†kW, ¸`vg ev ¯’vbxq evRv‡i
wb‡q hvIqv hvq|
• cwienb cv‡Î ‡cu‡c ivLv I
bv nq, G‡Z ‡cu‡c †_uZ‡j
†h‡Z cv‡i ev djZ¡K ‡`e †fZ‡i
Xz‡K †h‡Z cv‡i|

Kjv-msMÖ‡nvËi cwiPh©v
• MvQ †_‡K Kjv msMÖ‡ni ci h_vm¤¢e hZœmnKv‡i
n¨v‡Ûwjs Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Kjv AvNvZcÖvß bv nq|
• MvQ †_‡K Kjv msMÖ‡ni ci nvjKv Mig cvwb w`‡q
gy‡Q w`‡j fvj nq|
• Kvuw` †_‡K Kjv †K‡U Aek¨B †MÖwWs K‡i wb‡Z
n‡e| Kvib Kvuw`i Dc‡ii w`‡Ki Kjv¸‡jv GKUz eo nq
Ges bx‡Pi w`‡Ki Kjv¸‡jv GKUz †QvU nq|
• Kjvi Kvuw` hZœmnKv‡i msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z
Kjvi Mv‡q †KvbiKg AvPi ev AvNvZ bv jv‡M ev
†_Zwj‡q bv hvq|
• ‡Kvb Kvi‡b Kjv‡Z KvuwPi AvPi jv‡M Z‡e Zv c„_K

Kjv-c¨v‡KwRs I cwienb
• ‡`‡k †h‡nZz gvbm¤úbœ c¨v‡KwRs Gi
e¨e¯’v bvB, ZvB cwien‡bi mgq †ekx hZœ
†bqv cÖ‡qvRb|
• evZvm PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb wQ`ªhy³ KvM‡Ri
ev Kv‡Vi ev‡· Ggbfv‡e Kjv mvRv‡Z n‡e
hv‡Z Kjv I ev· mivmwi m¤ú‡K© G‡m
ÿwZMÖ¯’ bv nq A_ev cwien‡Yi mgq
Kvuw`¸‡jv‡K Ggbfv‡e mvRv‡Z n‡e hv‡Z
evZvm PjvPj Kivi my‡hvM _v‡K Ges
cwien‡Yi mgq bx‡Pi ¯Íi¸‡jvi †Kvb ÿwZ bv nq|

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