principle & maximum of teaching

Principal & Maxims Of
Teaching
Love Your Parents & Profession
V.SURESH KUMAR
Assistant professor of mathematics
Rajalakshmi college of education
Thoothukudi.

Purposeful Based Teaching
Data –informed learning &
teaching plans are developed to provide
differentiated focused teaching & open-
ended learning challenges for all students.

Purposeful Teaching
Involves
* Efficient Organisation.
* Clarity of Purpose.
* Structured Lesson.
* Adaptive Practice

Purposeful Teaching is in
Evidence
Make systematic use of literacy
transition data to monitor & plan for student
progress over time.
Establish professional learning teams to
plan, implement & evaluate comprehensive
literacy programs for students identified as having
potential to achieve at a higher standard.

Con/-
Discuss with teachers & students
preferred optimal times for time tabling of
literacy intervention to maximize learning
time for improving student literacy outcomes.
Time table provision for at least
three to five weekly sessions of explicit,
intensive, literacy instruction.

Activity
* Bring out students existing ideas.
* Challenge some existing ideas.
* Shared intellectual control.
* Focus students attention on overlooked detail.
* Helping students workout some of the
“scientific” explanations for themselves.
* Collecting evidence/data for analysis.
* Open discussion via a shared experience.

Child Centered Teaching
Active learning , student engagement & other
strategies that involve students & mention learning are
called learner-centered.
Teaching should be child centered .
Interest & liking of students given priority while
teaching.
Subject taught to the child as per this liking.
An intelligent teacher is able to deal with this type
of teaching very wisely.

Experience-Based
“The process where by knowledge is created through
the transformation of experience knowledge results
from the combination of grasping & transforming
experience”.

Elements
* Concrete Experience.
* Reflective Observation.
* Abstract Conceptualization.
* Achieve Experimentation.

Essential Components
* Involves something personally significant
or meaningful to the students .
* Students should be personally engaged .
* Reflective thought & opportunities for
students to write or discuss their experiences
should be on going learning they bring into the
process .

Con/-
* Students should be recognized for prior
learning they bring into the process .
* Teachers need to establish a sense of trust ,
respect , openness,& concern for the well-being of
the students.

Principle of Activity (or)Learning
by Doing
Teacher should produce activity in each type
of lesson.
Types:
Activity
Physical Mental

Physical Activity
To produce activity in the body organs
of the pupils.
Mental activity:
To activate the sense organs of the
pupils.

* Every child has in born instinct of
construction.
* For successful teaching the teacher should
make use of the pupils instinct of construction &
senses to the maximum.
* Pupils mind & body work together. They
shows more interest in learning.
For Effective Teaching

Methods based on learning by
doing
* Montessori method.
* Kindergarten method.
* Heuristic method.
* Dalton method.
* Project method .
* Basic method etc.

School council.
Declamations contest.
Various societies.
Meetings.
Conference.
Club.
Games etc.

Evaluation is a wider concept than testing
& measurement.
Evaluation is a continuous assessment of the
pupils day-to-day progress in all spheres.
Helps in determining the potentialities &
interest of the students.
Provides information essential for an effective
guidance programme.

Methods of Teaching
Objectives of Teaching
Curriculum Tools & Techniques
of Evaluation

Purpose of Evaluation
Educational Purpose Administrative Purpose
Learning Curriculum
Teaching
Parents Society
Education system

Diagnostic Evaluation.
Formative Evaluation.
Summative Evaluation.

This Evaluation in done in the beginning of the
teaching learning process.
Formative evaluation
Decision –Making process.
Help in making changes in the curriculum,
teaching strategies & the learning environment.
Summative Evaluation
Judgement – Making process.
Terminal(Final) Examination.

Evaluation Techniques
Quantitative Techniques Qualitative Techniques
Oral
Written
Practical
Observation
Anecdotal
Records
Check list
Rating
Scale
Cumulative
Records

Tools & Technique Of Evaluation
Testing Procedures
Self – Reporting
Techniques
Observational Methods
Projective Measures

1. Written Tests.
2. Verbal Tests.
3. Practical Tests.
4. Performance Tests.

1. Questionnaire.
2. Autobiography.
3. Interview.
4. Personal Diary.

1. Anecdotal Record.
2. Check-list.
3. Rating scale.
4. Sociometry.

1. Association Test.
2. Sentence Completion Test- SCT
3. Word Association Test -WAT
4. Thematic Apperception Test –TAT
5. Rorschach Ink –Blot Test –RIBT

1. For the assessment of students performance &
academic achievement.
2. For the teachers for judging the achievement of
objective.
3. For guidance workers.
4. For Educational administrations.
5. For improving schools activities.
6. For improving schools activities.
7. For promoting co-curricular activities.

Education has transformed itself into child-
oriented education .
The concept of child-oriented education is
the gift of psychology.
Important to students abilities , capabilities ,
mental level , interests & age.

1. Principle of activity or learning by doing.
2. Principle of play-way.
3. Principle of motivation.
4. Principle of self education.
5. Principle of individual difference.
6. Principle of goal setting.
7. Principle of simulation.
8. Principle of association.

Con/-
9. Principle of readiness.
10. Principle of effect.
11. Principle of exercise & repetition.
12. Principle of change or rest.
13. Principle of feedback & reinforcement.
14. Principle of training of senses.
15.Principle of group dynamics.
16. Principle of creativity.

1.Child as a “Hero” in the drama of
education.
2. Teaching is to keep the children active
in the class.

Related to principle of learning by doing.
Play is the chief activity of childhood-
Froebel.
It gives joy ,freedom ,contentment , inner ,
outer peace.

1. Satisfying the curiosity of children.
2. Utilizing all the senses of children.
3. Relating closely bogy & mind .
4. Linking teaching-learning with life.

1.Best teaching is enabling the child learn by
this own efforts.
2. Teaching enable the child to work
independently & without the teacher at a later
stage.
3.Encourage students in the development of
their natural desire to work .

1. No two children are alike.
2. Teaching to be effective must cater
to individual difference of children.

1.Definite goal according to the standard of the
each students.
2. Short term of immediate goals should be set
before small children .
3. Goals should be very clear & definite &
understand by children.

Teaching is the stimulation , guidance ,
direction & encouragement of learning –Burton.

If wants to go together should be put
together.
Discuss at various places ideas & thing
associated in a number of ways.

1. Prepare for action.
2. Make the mind to participate in the teaching –
learning process.
3. Teacher must be alive to this principle.

Response is strengthened if it followed by
pleasure.
Response is weakened if it followed by
displeasure.

Exercise strengthens the bond between situation
& response.
Two subparts
(i) . Principle of use.
(ii). Principle of disuse.

Fatigue, lack of attention overcome by
providing change, rest & recreation.
While framing the time table that the students
do not experience boredom & fatigue.
Two consecutive periods of a subjects are not
provided in a class.

Praise, grade, certificate, token
money & other to incentives make the
learning joy able.

Senses are gateways of knowledge .
The power of observation discrimination ,
identification ,generalization & application are
developed through the effective functioning of
senses.

1.Group behavior , changes the behavior of the
members of the group.
2. A suitable climate for group to be created in
the classroom.

1. Provide opportunities to the students to
explore things events & find cause-effect
relationship .
2. Creativity explored & developed to the
maximum extend.

Distribution of the knowledge & the teacher
ability , both are separate
Teacher needs two things
(i). The complete knowledge of the subject
matters.
(ii). The scientific knowledge of the teaching
styles for disseminating the knowledge to the pupils.

Meaning
Psychologist introduced the laws of
learning , Educationists have presented their
experience & decision in the form of maxims
considering their laws & elements as the basis of
teaching.
Experience & decision ,performed in the
form of maxims have been named as “Maxims of
teaching”.

(i). From simple to Complex.
(ii). From known to Unknown.
(iii). From seen to Unseen.
(iv). From concrete to Abstract.
(v). From particular to General.
(iv). From whole to Part.
(vii). From indefinite to Definite.
(viii). From psychological to Logical.
(ix). From Empirical to Rational

Con/-
(x). From Analysis to Synthesis.
(xi). Follow nature.
(xii). Training of Senses.
(xiii). Encouragement to self- study.

From Simple to Complex
Teaching is to be made successful & essential
by using a maxim called “ From simple to
complex”.
Teacher should be divided the subject- matter
into simple aspects & complex aspect.
Teacher should tell simple concept first
&difficult concepts latter.

Con/-
Example:
(i). Drawing a straight line simple to teacher but
difficult to pupils.
(ii). Drawing an animals picture may be viewed by
the teacher as the difficult task while it is very easy
for pupils.

From Known to Unknown
A good teacher bases this new knowledge on
previous knowledge of students.
Example:
Profit or Loss - taught to the pupils by
referring to the shopkeepers.

From Concrete to Abstract
The mental development of the pupils
begins with the concrete objects & afterwards the
gains micro words for them.
Example:
While teaching geography , the
knowledge of mountains , lakes , rivers, & oceans
or perceptual things or through their models,
pictures & lines.

Gestalt :
Perceive the object as a whole & then its parts,
we gain knowledge about the “whole” first & then
its “parts”
When we see some tree, our attention goes on
the entire tree , then on its stem , branches &
leaves etc – “Gestalt Theory”

Psychological order:
Knowledge should be presented according to the age of
pupils, cursorily, needs & acquiring power.
Logical order:
Knowledge before the pupils dividing , it logically into
various units.

Con/-
In order words , we should proceed from
psychological order to the logical order.
Presenting the knowledge logically , the pupils
interest, age & acquiring –power are over –looked .
The presentation of the knowledge in psychological
order is definitely better & useful instead of teaching in a
logical manner. In lower –classes teach by using
psychological order but logical order must be adopted as
the pupils enters higher classes along with mental
development.

This maxim means to make the pupils
empirical knowledge more rational , so that it becomes
valid & definite.
Empirical knowledge is gain by the pupil
through this own observations.
Examples:
Freezing of water in winter & converting
water into steam in summer.
similarly pupils looks everyday rising up &
setting down the sun.

Con/-
If the question rises to the pupil about the
freezing & steaming of water, they will not able to
answer scientifically & logically.
It is necessary for a teacher to make the pupils
empirical knowledge more rational, it makes the
pupils knowledge more true & definite.

Analysis means to divide a problem into such
components which on assembly them may solve the
problem.
Synthesis means to understand by connecting the
knowledge acquired from the analyzed & living
components of a problem.
Analysis & synthesis are supplementary to each
other.
If we want to provide clear, definite & well –
organized knowledge of various subject to the “Analysis –
Synthetic” method is best.

Follow nature
Follow the nature of the pupil.
Sources of education should be based upon the
principles of physical & mental development of
the pupil.

Training of senses
Pupils sense organs are 1. An Eye, 2. Nose,
3.Taste, 4.Smell, 5.Touch.
Senses organs are gateways of knowledge.
help of sense organs the pupil forms concepts in his
mind about sizes in this universe, types, colours,
weight, quantity, density, area & temperature etc.
If the sense organs are trained properly, concept
of each object form correctly in students mind.

Encouragement to self - study
The actual teacher remains hidden in the pupil, if
he/she emphasized self – study.
Rousseau & Dalton’s give important to self –
study.
The pupils should be motivated, assisted &
encouraged for self – study.
The pupil – teachers want success in the teaching
task, the knowledge about the interests, attitudes ,
abilities, capacities & various levels of development of
the pupil is very essential fro the pupil – teachers.

principle & maximum of teaching

principle & maximum of teaching

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