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Principles of Learning
The principles of learning provide insight into how people learn most effectively. Edward Thorndike developed the first three laws of readiness, exercise, and effect. Three additional laws were later established: primacy, recency, and intensity. There are three major theories of learning: behavioral theory focuses on changes in behavior; field and gestalt theory examines observational learning and imitation; and cognitive theory looks at learning through thinking and reasoning. Educational implications include learning by doing, reinforcing students based on their needs, and providing opportunities for meaningful practice and transfer of learning.
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Explains principles of learning developed by Thorndike and additional laws that aid retention.
Discusses three major schools of learning: Behavioral, Field and Gestalt, and Cognitive theories.
Highlights educational implications such as learning by doing, transfer of learning, and metacognition.
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Principles of Learning
- 1. Principles of LearningAlvinZalzosIII-19 BSE Social Science
- 2. Principles of LearningTheprinciples of learning provide additional insight into what makes people learn most effectively.The principles have been discovered, tested, and used in practical situations.Edward Thorndike has developed the first three laws and three more had been added ever since.
- 3. Thorndike’s First ThreeLawsLaw of readiness – implies the degree of preparedness and eagerness to learn.Law of exercise – things that are most often repeated are best remembered.Law of effect – based on the emotional reaction and motivation of the student. Learning is strengthened with pleasant or satisfying feeling while unpleasant feelings tend to do otherwise.
- 4. The Additional ThreeLawsLaw of primacy – learning should be done correctly for the first time since it is difficult to “unlearn” or change an incorrectly learned material.Law of recency – things that are most recently learned are often best remembered.Law of intensity – the more intense something is taught, the more likely it will be retained.
- 5. Three Major Schoolsof LearningBehavioral TheoryLearning takes place when there is a change in behavior.Field and Gestalt TheoryObservational learning, imitation and modeling.Cognitive TheoryLearning by thinking, reasoning and transferring.
- 6. Educational ImplicationsLearning bydoing is a good advice.One learns to do what one does.The amount of reinforcement necessary for learning is relative to the students’ needs and abilities.The principle of readiness is related to the learners’ stage of development and their previous learning.The students’ self-concept and beliefs about their abilities are essentially important.Teachers should provide opportunities for meaning and appropriate practice.
- 7. Educational ImplicationsTransfer oflearning to new situations can be horizontal (across subject matter) or vertical (increased complexity of the same subject).Learning should be goal-directed and focused.Positive feedback, realistic praise, and encouragement are motivating to the teaching learning process.Metacognition is an advanced cognitive process whereby students apply learning strategies and also helps them sense if they are learning or not.