Process management in os
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1. Process management is an integral part of operating systems for allocating resources, enabling information sharing, and protecting processes. The OS maintains data structures describing each process's state and resource ownership. 2. Processes go through discrete states and events can cause state changes. Scheduling selects processes to run from ready, device, and job queues using algorithms like round robin, shortest job first, and priority scheduling. 3. CPU scheduling aims to maximize utilization and throughput while minimizing waiting times using criteria like response time, turnaround time, and fairness between processes.
Process management in os
- 1. Process Management
- 2. Process management is an integral part of any modern day operating system. The OS must allocate resources to processes, enable processes to share and exchange information, protect the resources of each process from other processes and enable synchronization among processes.
- 3. To meet these requirements, the OS must maintain a data structure for each process, which describes the state and resource ownership of that process and which enables the OS to exert control over each process.
- 4. A process goes through a series of discrete process states. Various events can cause a process to change states. Submit state Hold state Ready state Running state Wait state Complete state
- 5. Process scheduling is one of the most important functions of an operating system that supports multiprogramming. This function is heavily dependent on queues . There are three types of queues that are used in process scheduling:
- 6. Job Queue - Contains all processes that have been introduced into the system Ready Queue - Contains processes that are waiting for CPU time, and can be selected to run at any time Device Queue - Contains processes waiting on a certain device. Each device has its own queue for processes that need input/output from it.
- 7. Different algorithms used for handling processes 1. Deterministic Scheduling An algorithm wherein all characteristics of a process are known in advance or before execution. 2. Non- Deterministic Scheduling An algorithm wherein characteristics of processes are not known in advance.
- 8. Types of Queue being used 1. Single Queuing - All process arrives at the same time with their corresponding burst time. 2.Multiple Queuing – Each process has its own arrival time in the processor.
- 9. CPU Scheduling Basic Concepts Scheduling Criteria Scheduling Algorithms Multiple-Processor Scheduling Thread Scheduling
- 10. Basic Concepts Maximum CPU utilization obtained with multiprogramming CPU–I/O Burst Cycle – Process execution consists of a cycle of CPU execution and I/O wait CPU times are generally much shorter than I/O times.
- 11. CPU-I/O Burst Cycle Process A Process B
- 12. Histogram of CPU-burst Times
- 13. Schedulers Process migrates among several queues Device queue, job queue, ready queue Scheduler selects a process to run from these queues Long-term scheduler: load a job in memory Runs infrequently Short-term scheduler: Select ready process to run on CPU Should be fast Middle-term scheduler Reduce multiprogramming or memory consumption
- 14. CPU Scheduler CPU scheduling decisions may take place when a process: 1. Switches from running to waiting state (by sleep). 2. Switches from running to ready state (by yield). 3. Switches from waiting to ready (by an interrupt). Terminates (by exit). Scheduling under 1 and 4 is nonpreemptive . All other scheduling is preemptive .
- 15. Dispatcher Dispatcher module gives control of the CPU to the process selected by the short-term scheduler; this involves: switching context switching to user mode jumping to the proper location in the user program to restart that program Dispatch latency – time it takes for the dispatcher to stop one process and start another running
- 16. Scheduling Criteria CPU utilization – keep the CPU as busy as possible Throughput – # of processes that complete their execution per time unit Turnaround time ( TAT ) – amount of time to execute a particular process Waiting time – amount of time a process has been waiting in the ready queue Response time – amount of time it takes from when a request was submitted until the first response is produced, not output (for time-sharing environment)
- 17. “ The perfect CPU scheduler” Minimize latency: response or job completion time Maximize throughput: Maximize jobs / time. Maximize utilization: keep I/O devices busy. Recurring theme with OS scheduling Fairness: everyone makes progress, no one starves
- 18. Algorithms
- 19. Scheduling Algorithms FCFS First-come First-served (FCFS) (FIFO) Jobs are scheduled in order of arrival Non-preemptive Problem: Average waiting time depends on arrival order Troublesome for time-sharing systems Convoy effect short process behind long process Advantage: really simple!
- 20. First Come First Served Scheduling Example: Process Burst Time P 1 24 P 2 3 P 3 3 Suppose that the processes arrive in the order: P 1 , P 2 , P 3 Suppose that the processes arrive in the order: P 2 , P 3 , P 1 . Waiting time for P 1 = 0; P 2 = 24; P 3 = 27 Average waiting time: (0 + 24 + 27)/3 = 17 Waiting time for P 1 = 6 ; P 2 = 0 ; P 3 = 3 Average waiting time: (6 + 0 + 3)/3 = 3 P 1 P 3 P 2 6 3 30 0 P 1 P 2 P 3 24 27 30 0
- 21. Shortest-Job-First (SJR) Scheduling Associate with each process the length of its next CPU burst. Use these lengths to schedule the process with the shortest time Two schemes: nonpreemptive – once CPU given to the process it cannot be preempted until completes its CPU burst preemptive – if a new process arrives with CPU burst length less than remaining time of current executing process, preempt. This scheme is know as the Shortest-Remaining-Time-First (SRTF) SJF is optimal – gives minimum average waiting time for a given set of processes
- 22. Shortest Job First Scheduling Example: Process Arrival Time Burst Time P 1 0 7 P 2 2 4 P 3 4 1 P 4 5 4 Non preemptive SJF P 1 P 3 P 2 7 P 1 (7) 16 0 P 4 8 12 Average waiting time = (0 + 6 + 3 + 7)/4 = 4 2 4 5 P 2 (4) P 3 (1) P 4 (4) P 1 ‘s wating time = 0 P 2 ‘s wating time = 6 P 3 ‘s wating time = 3 P 4 ‘s wating time = 7
- 23. Shortest Job First Scheduling Cont’d Example: Process Arrival Time Burst Time P 1 0 7 P 2 2 4 P 3 4 1 P 4 5 4 Preemptive SJF Average waiting time = (9 + 1 + 0 +2)/4 = 3 P 1 (7) P 2 (4) P 3 (1) P 4 (4) P 1 ‘s wating time = 9 P 2 ‘s wating time = 1 P 3 ‘s wating time = 0 P 4 ‘s wating time = 2 P 1 (5) P 2 (2) P 1 P 3 P 2 4 2 11 0 P 4 5 7 P 2 P 1 16
- 24. Shortest Job First Scheduling Cont’d Optimal scheduling However, there are no accurate estimations to know the length of the next CPU burst
- 25. Optimal for minimizing queueing time, but impossible to implement. Tries to predict the process to schedule based on previous history. Predicting the time the process will use on its next schedule: t( n+1 ) = w * t( n ) + ( 1 - w ) * T( n ) Here: t(n+1) is time of next burst. t(n) is time of current burst. T(n) is average of all previous bursts . W is a weighting factor emphasizing current or previous bursts. Shortest Job First Scheduling Cont’d
- 26. A priority number (integer) is associated with each process The CPU is allocated to the process with the highest priority (smallest integer highest priority in Unix but lowest in Java). Preemptive Non-preemptive SJF is a priority scheduling where priority is the predicted next CPU burst time. Problem Starvation – low priority processes may never execute. Solution Aging – as time progresses increase the priority of the process. Priority Scheduling
- 27. Round Robin (RR) Each process gets a small unit of CPU time ( time quantum ), usually 10-100 milliseconds . After this time has elapsed, the process is preempted and added to the end of the ready queue. If there are n processes in the ready queue and the time quantum is q , then each process gets 1/ n of the CPU time in chunks of at most q time units at once. No process waits more than ( n -1) q time units.
- 28. time quantum = 20 Process Burst Time Wait Time P 1 53 57 +24 = 81 P 2 17 20 P 3 68 37 + 40 + 17= 94 P 4 24 57 + 40 = 97 Round Robin Scheduling Average wait time = (81+20+94+97)/4 = 73 57 20 37 57 24 40 40 17 P 1 (53) P 2 (17) P 3 (68) P 4 (24) P 1 (33) P 1 (13) P 3 (48) P 3 (28) P 3 (8) P 4 (4) P 1 P 2 P 3 P 4 P 1 P 3 P 4 P 1 P 3 P 3 0 20 37 57 77 97 117 121 134 154 162
- 29. Typically, higher average turnaround than SJF, but better response . Performance q large FCFS q small q must be large with respect to context switch, otherwise overhead is too high. Round Robin Scheduling
- 30. Turnaround Time Varies With The Time Quantum TAT can be improved if most process finish their next CPU burst in a single time quantum.
- 31. Multilevel Queue Ready queue is partitioned into separate queues: EX: foreground (interactive) background (batch) Each queue has its own scheduling algorithm EX foreground – RR background – FCFS Scheduling must be done between the queues Fixed priority scheduling; (i.e., serve all from foreground then from background). Possibility of starvation . Time slice – each queue gets a certain amount of CPU time which it can schedule amongst its processes; EX 80% to foreground in RR 20% to background in FCFS
- 33. Multi-level Feedback Queues Implement multiple ready queues Different queues may be scheduled using different algorithms Just like multilevel queue scheduling, but assignments are not static Jobs move from queue to queue based on feedback Feedback = The behavior of the job, EX does it require the full quantum for computation, or does it perform frequent I/O ? Need to select parameters for: Number of queues Scheduling algorithm within each queue When to upgrade and downgrade a job
- 34. Example of Multilevel Feedback Queue Three queues: Q 0 – RR with time quantum 8 milliseconds Q 1 – RR time quantum 16 milliseconds Q 2 – FCFS Scheduling A new job enters queue Q 0 which is served FCFS. When it gains CPU, job receives 8 milliseconds (RR). If it does not finish in 8 milliseconds, job is moved to queue Q 1 . At Q 1 job is again served FCFS and receives 16 additional milliseconds (RR). If it still does not complete, it is preempted and moved to queue Q 2 . AT Q 2 job is served FCFS
- 36. Multiple-Processor Scheduling CPU scheduling more complex when multiple CPUs are available Different rules for homogeneous or heterogeneous processors. Load sharing in the distribution of work, such that all processors have an equal amount to do. Asymmetric multiprocessing – only one processor accesses the system data structures, alleviating the need for data sharing Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) – each processor is self-scheduling Each processor can schedule from a common ready queue OR each one can use a separate ready queue.
- 37. Thread Scheduling On operating system that support threads the kernel-threads (not processes) that are being scheduled by the operating system. Local Scheduling (process-contention-scope PCS )– How the threads library decides which thread to put onto an available LWP PTHREAD_SCOPE_PROCESS Global Scheduling (system-contention-scope SCS )– How the kernel decides which kernel thread to run next PTHREAD_SCOPE_PROCESS
- 38. End Submitted to : Sir. M. Laureta Submitted by: Lazaro, Orven