![2 Vineeta Singh & Vandana Dixit Kaushik
2 RELATED WORK
Data is the main essence in data mining and process mining. Both utilize many com-
mon mathematical techniques as well as schemes. Data mining mainly functions
with the data, whereas process mining utilizes event data, including information for
processes [1].
2.1 DATA MINING SCHEMES
A data mining scheme with a multidisciplinary approach has evolved out of the many
scientifc felds, for example, artifcial intelligence, machine learning, applied statis-
tics, database theory, pattern recognition, algorithms and so on (see Figure 1.1). Data
mining steps (see Figure 1.2) may comprise following:
• To identify associations as well as patterns, i.e. free search.
• Utilization of association schemes for guessing unknown values, i.e. predic-
tive analytics.
• Detecting as well analyzing the exceptions associated with identifed
schemes i.e. detection of anomaly.
Defnition provided by the Gartner Group:
The method of identifying meaningful correlations, patterns as well as trends via shift-
ing through huge amounts of data stored in repositories. Data mining involves pattern
recognition technologies, along with statistical as well as mathematical schemes [2].
FIGURE 1.1 Data mining strategies along with allied scientifc felds.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/19125676-250517232059-d7b84b3f/85/Process-Mining-Techniques-For-Pattern-Recognition-Concepts-Theory-And-Practice-Taylor-Francis-Group-19-320.jpg)
![3
Concepts of Data Mining and Process Mining
FIGURE 1.2 Data mining steps.
Defnition provided by SAS Institute:
Data mining is a methodology to discover anomalies, patterns as well as correlations
among huge datasets for estimating outcomes/results. With a utilization of many
schemes, this information may be further utilized to magnify revenues, cost cutting,
for improvement of customer relationships, to minimize risks/dangers and so on [3].
Data mining may be considered as the computational methodology to identify pat-
terns in huge data sets by including techniques of machine learning, statistics and
artifcial intelligence as well as database systems [4]. Data mining techniques as
well as algorithms are composed of Bayesian networks, cluster analysis, nearest
neighbor strategy, artifcial neural networks, i.e. ANN, data visualization strategies,
genetic algorithms as well as evolutionary programming, decision trees, support
vector machine, decision trees, regression analysis, symbolic rules, linear regres-
sion and so on. Mainly mathematical models are the main constituent in analysis
with the data mining concept. There is a possibility to utilize these strategies further
to resolve different concrete issues as a result of suitable presence of software as
well as hardware.
2.2 BASIC RULES AND TECHNIQUES FOR PROCESS MINING
Research in process mining is in its early stage at the present time. The basic theme
behind the concept of process mining is identifcation, controlling as well as improve-
ment in real executing processes present in the advanced information systems via](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/19125676-250517232059-d7b84b3f/85/Process-Mining-Techniques-For-Pattern-Recognition-Concepts-Theory-And-Practice-Taylor-Francis-Group-20-320.jpg)
![4 Vineeta Singh & Vandana Dixit Kaushik
extraction of meaningful information taken from logs of events [5]. Big data as well
as data mining involves a space in between that’s flled by process mining, while at
another place, it is situated in between business process modeling as well as analysis.
There is a great opportunity for further theoretical as well as practical research and
development in this feld via the presence of huge data volume generated by busi-
ness as well as business logic deployment at the each business level. Data science
principles involvement at many aspects in the business processes depicts a novel way
for management as well as modeling. With the help of information systems, a large
amount of data for business processes is recorded in the name of event records, i.e.
event logs, which can be further utilized in the form of source information in the
context of retrieval of business process methodologies. Most of the time, event data
present in the various organizations suffers from the issue of absence of their real-
life process understanding. There is a possibility of conversion of hidden information
about event logs to useful knowledge.
Process mining involves identifcation of automated processes, i.e. to extract pro-
cess models out of event logs, checking of conformance, i.e. to monitor deviations
via comparison of models as well as logs of events, describing the structure of orga-
nization, simulation models building in an automated manner, extension of models
as well as retrieval, to forecast the behavior of a process so that a suggestion list may
be built on the behalf of history of processes (see Figure 1.3). This technology is ver-
satile in nature and can be incorporated upon any kind of operation process in vari-
ous systems as well as organizations, although it is a recently developed technique.
Process mining methodologies yield different ways to identify and supervise as well
as improve the processes in different application areas; apart from this, it also pro-
vides ways to strict conformance evaluation, testing and credibility of information
FIGURE 1.3 Process mining, a sample illustration diagram.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/19125676-250517232059-d7b84b3f/85/Process-Mining-Techniques-For-Pattern-Recognition-Concepts-Theory-And-Practice-Taylor-Francis-Group-21-320.jpg)
![6 Vineeta Singh & Vandana Dixit Kaushik
FIGURE 1.5 Educational data mining (EDM): Illustration diagram.
as quiz systems, hypermedia systems and many more [6–10]. Every model out of
them delivers various data sources to be processed in a variety of ways that rely on
the existing data type as well as special issues and tasks which need to be resolved
via data mining strategies. Consumption of educational model data takes place by
the researchers in educational data mining, for example, training/learning fulflled
with the help of intelligent computer systems, online classes, school information
systems, electronic manuals, distance learning systems, computer-based testing
systems, online tutorials, online educational forums, online educational modules,
discussion forums, etc. [11].
Data possess special features/characteristics like hierarchy at several levels, for
example at the level of grade system, at the level for query and at the level for subject;
next is context, i.e. about a specifc scenario like a particular student responds to a
particular query at a particular date and time; next is duration data, i.e. recording of
data for various resolutions to perform different analysis, such as recording of data
at an interval of 20 seconds; the next one is long-duration-of-time data, i.e. a large
amount data to be recorded for various sessions for an extended duration such as to
cover year-long courses as well as semester-duration courses [12].
Analysis with the help of EDM is accompanied via any kind of information
system abbreviated as IS. IS may be there to facilitate learning/training or edu-
cation, for example, schools, universities, colleges, academic institutions, train-
ing institutions, professional education institutions, delivering training sessions
via traditional or advanced/modern methodologies/techniques, informal train-
ing and so on. All this data is not only accompanied at individual-level student
interactions to the educational institutions (data entry during tests, monitoring/
navigating over the training/learning as well as testing modules, exercises in an
interactive way) but also involves data related to coordination/cooperation among
the students, for example, text chatting; data related to administrative tasks, i.e.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/19125676-250517232059-d7b84b3f/85/Process-Mining-Techniques-For-Pattern-Recognition-Concepts-Theory-And-Practice-Taylor-Francis-Group-23-320.jpg)
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- 8. Process Mining Techniques forPattern Recognition Concepts, Theory, and Practice Edited by Vikash Yadav Anil Kumar Dubey Harivans Pratap Singh Gaurav Dubey Erma Suryani
- 9. First edition published2022 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487–2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Vikash Yadav, Anil Kumar Dubey, Harivans Pratap Singh, Gaurav Dubey, and Erma Suryani; individual chapters, the contributors CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microflming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www. copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978–750–8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identifcation and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Names: Yadav, Vikash, editor. Title: Process mining techniques for pattern recognition : concepts, theory, and practice / edited by Vikash Yadav, Anil Kumar Dubey, Gaurav Dubey, Harivans Pratap Singh, and Erma Suryani. Description: First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifers: LCCN 2021043562 (print) | LCCN 2021043563 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367770495 (hbk) | ISBN 9780367770501 (pbk) | ISBN 9781003169550 (ebk) Subjects: LCSH: Systems engineering. | Pattern recognition. | Data mining. Classifcation: LCC TA168 .P68 2022 (print) | LCC TA168 (ebook) | DDC 620.001/171—dc23/ eng/20211118 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021043562 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021043563 ISBN: 978-0-367-77049-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-77050-1 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-16955-0 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003169550 Typeset in Times by Apex CoVantage, LLC
- 10. v Contents Preface......................................................................................................................vii Editors....................................................................................................................... ix Contributors ..............................................................................................................xi Chapter 1 Concepts of Data Mining and Process Mining.................................... 1 Vineeta Singh & Vandana Dixit Kaushik Chapter 2 Optimizing Web Page Ranks Using Query Independent Indexing Algorithm.............................................................................19 Shivi Panwar & Vimal Kumar Chapter 3 Design and Implementation of Novel Techniques for Content-Based Ranking of Web Documents.......................................35 Ayushi Prakash, Sandeep Kumar Gupta, & Mukesh Rawat Chapter 4 Web-Based Credit Card Allocation System Using Machine Learning..............................................................................................47 Vipul Shahi, Yashasvi Srivastava, Utkarsh Sangam, Akarshit Rai, & Mala Saraswat Chapter 5 Pattern Recognition.............................................................................57 Akanksha Toshniwal Chapter 6 Automated Pattern Analysis and Curated Sack Count Leveraging Video Analysis on Moving Objects ................................ 69 Ritin Behl, Harsh Khatter, & Prabhat Singh Chapter 7 DBSU: A New Fusion Algorithm for Clustering of Diabetic Retinopathy Disease........................................................................... 83 Sanjay Kumar Dubey, Tanvi Anand, & Rekha Pal Chapter 8 Dynamic Simulation Model to Increase the Use of Public Transportation Using Transit-Oriented Development........................ 97 Rizki Wahyunuari Ningrum, Erma Suryani, & Rully Agus Hendrawan Chapter 9 Text Summarization Using Extractive Techniques...........................107 Mukesh Rawat, Mohd Hamzah Siddiqui, Mohd Anas Maan, Shashaank Dhiman, & Mohd Asad
- 11. vi Contents Chapter 10An Effcient Deep Neural Network with Adaptive Galactic Swarm Optimization for Complex Image Text Extraction ...............121 Digvijay Pandey & Binay Kumar Pandey Chapter 11 Diet Recommendation Model of Quality Nutrition for Cardiovascular Patients.....................................................................139 Surbhi Vijh & Sanjay Kumar Dubey Chapter 12 Dynamic Simulation Model to Improve Travel Time Effciency (Case Study: Surabaya City).............................................153 Shabrina Luthfani Khanza, Erma Suryani, & Rully Agus Hendrawan Index.......................................................................................................................165
- 12. vii Preface Process mining primarilyinvolves extracting process models from the event logs. The process in real life is more fexible and contains less structure. The older algorithms for process mining have issues in facing processes which are unstructured. The pro- cess models are spaghetti-like, which are quite diffcult to comprehend. Construction of process models via raw traces, when done without any preprocessing, can be attributed as one of the reasons that lead to such an outcome. There are certain times when the system faces very similar behaviour or patterns while executing in an event log. The discovery of such process models can be improved by taking into consid- eration certain common patterns while invocating activities in traces. It can aid in explaining the concepts of relationships that exist between tasks. A lot of mining techniques are explained through the medium of this book, which will help orga- nizations in unleashing and discovering their actual business processes. Of course, process mining goes beyond process discovery. It is plausible to fnd deviations, sup- port decision-making, check conformance, predict delays, and recommend certain process redesigns by tightly coupling process models and data of an event. The text characterises and explors certain common model constructs in the event log. In order to give a defnition and meaning to the results of these patterns, we adopt pattern defnitions to capture these manifestations. This book provides an overview of the state of the art in process mining. It’s mainly aimed to give an introduction to stu- dents, academics, and practitioners. This book, though meant for people who want to learn the basics and are new to these concepts, it also explains certain important concepts very rigorously. It is self-contained and covers the whole spectrum of pro- cess mining from process discovery to operational support. Those who have to deal with BI or BPM on an everyday basis can also refer to it. Because the techniques are very practical, pattern recognition and process mining can be put to use by utilizing the process mining software and event data in today’s information systems. We hope that you fnd the book helpful and practically use the process mining practices which are available today.
- 14. ix Editors Vikash Yadav receivedBTech degree from Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow, India, in 2009 and MTech degree from Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Prayagraj, Allahabad, India, in 2013. He obtained a PhD degree from Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, India, in 2017. Dr. Yadav is currently working as a Lecturer in the Department of Technical Education, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has published more than 50 articles in reputed SCIE and Scopus index journals. His research inter- ests include image processing, data mining and machine learning. Dr. Yadav is a member of various technical research societies such as IEEE, ACM, CSI, IAENG, and so on. Anil Kumar Dubey received a BTech degree from Uttar Pradesh Technical University Lucknow, India, in 2008 and MTech degree from Rajasthan Technical University Kota, India, in 2010. He obtained a PhD degree from the Career Point University Kota, India, in 2015. Dr. Dubey is an Assistant Professor (Selection Grade) in the CSE Department at ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad, India. He has published several articles in reputed SCIE and Scopus index journals. His research interests include: human computer interaction, software engineering and artifcial intelligence. Dr. Dubey is a member of various technical research societies, such as SMIEEE, MACM, IEEE CS, LMISTE, CSTA, and so on. Harivans Pratap Singh received a BTech degree from Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow, India, in 2008 and an MTech degree from Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, India, in 2013. He has a total of 12 years of experi- ence in IT industry and teaching altogether. He has worked as a corporate trainer in Tech Mahindra for software engi- neering and software testing (manual and automation). His research work includes latent fngerprint indexing, their seg- mentation and identifcation effciency. Other areas of interest are software testing, RPA (robotics process automation) on UiPath Studio, UML et Design Patterns.
- 15. x Editors Gaurav Dubeyhas a total academic and research experience of 20 years; currently he is a Professor in the CSE Department at ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad, U.P., since January 2018. He served as Assistant Professor (ASET CSE) at Amity University Noida campus for 15 years (2002–2017). He has published 6 patents and 33 research papers (02 SCI, 31 SCOPUS) in various international journals, conferences and book chapters. He completed his PhD in 2017 from Amity University, Noida, in CSE domain (research specialization machine learning). He has various professional memberships like IEEE, ACM, IETE. Erma Suryani received her BSc and MT degrees from the Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Indonesia, in 1994 and 2001, respectively. She obtained her PhD degree from the National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST), Taiwan, in 2010. She has been work- ing as a Professor at the Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Indonesia, since 2005. Her current research interests are model-driven decision support systems, supply chain management, operation research, system dynamics with their applications in food security and sustainable transport.
- 16. xi Contributors Tanvi Anand Amity Schoolof Engineering and Technology Amity University Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India Email: [email protected] Mohd Asad Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology Meerut, U.P., India Email: [email protected] Ritin Behl ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad, India Email: [email protected] Shashaank Dhiman Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology Meerut, U.P., India Email: shashaank.dhiman.cse.2017@ miet.ac.in Sanjay Kumar Dubey Amity School of Engineering and Technology Amity University Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India Email: [email protected] Sandeep Kumar Gupta Dr. K.N. Modi University Rajasthan, India Email: [email protected] Rully Agus Hendrawan Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia Email: [email protected] Vandana Dixit Kaushik Harcourt Butler Technical University Kanpur, India Email: [email protected] Shabrina Luthfani Khanza Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Indonesia Email: [email protected] Harsh Khatter KIET Group of Institutions Delhi NCR, Ghaziabad, India Email: [email protected] Vimal Kumar Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology Meerut, U.P., India Email: [email protected] Mohd Anas Maan Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology Meerut, U.P., India Email: [email protected] Rizki Wahyunuari Ningrum Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia Email: [email protected] Rekha Pal Amity School of Engineering and Technology Amity University Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India Email: [email protected]
- 17. xii Contributors Binay KumarPandey G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, India Email: [email protected] Digvijay Pandey Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University Lucknow, Uttar, India Email: [email protected] Shivi Panwar Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology Meerut, U.P., India Email: [email protected] Ayushi Prakash Dr. K.N. Modi University Rajasthan, India Email: [email protected] Akarshit Rai ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad, India Email: [email protected] Mukesh Rawat Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology Meerut, U.P., India Email: [email protected] Utkarsh Sangam ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad, India Email: [email protected] Mala Saraswat ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad Email: [email protected] Vipul Shahi ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad, India Email: [email protected] Mohd Hamzah Siddiqui Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology Meerut, U.P., India Email: [email protected] Prabhat Singh ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad, India Email: [email protected] Vineeta Singh Harcourt Butler Technical University Kanpur, India Email: [email protected] Yashasvi Srivastava ABES Engineering College Ghaziabad, India Email: [email protected] Erma Suryani Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia Email: [email protected] Akanksha Toshniwal PES University Bangalore, India Email: [email protected] Surbhi Vijh KIET Group of Institutions Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India Email: [email protected]
- 18. Concepts of DataMining 1 and Process Mining Vineeta Singh & Vandana Dixit Kaushik CONTENTS 1 Data Mining and Process Mining: An Overview.............................................. 1 1.1 Introduction........................................................................................... 1 2 Related Work .................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Data Mining Schemes........................................................................... 2 2.2 Basic Rules and Techniques for Process Mining.................................. 3 3 Data and Issues in Educational Data Mining.................................................... 5 4 Strategies That Rely on Data Mining and Process Mining in e-Learning Systems and EDM.......................................................................... 8 5 Data Mining and Process Mining Strategies–Based Software Products ........ 11 6 Some EDM Conferences and Journals ........................................................... 12 7 Conclusion...................................................................................................... 14 References................................................................................................................ 15 1 DATA MINING AND PROCESS MINING: AN OVERVIEW 1.1 INTRODUCTION In many areas, there is a large amount of data about various processes involved in many modern information systems. For example, if we consider an e-learning system, a modern information system, it also accumulates as well as stores event data happen- ing in the event logs. With the utilization of schemes such as data mining as well as process mining, event log data is consumed for performing better as well as analyzing the processes. Data gained via real processes is tested better by advanced software utilized for data mining as well as process mining. Due to immense increment in the amount of recorded data and event data in information systems, a keen interest in data mining as well as process mining has been developed. Here event data elucidates about information in detail processes history. Urge of improvement and to support business processes is also a root cause of developing keen interest in data mining as well as process mining, since improvement and enhancement of business processes in a dynamically changing scenario, which is competitive as well, is not easy. Data min- ing and process mining are complementary schemes to each other. Identifed process models as well as aligned along with event log data assures the data analysis value and further yields a support for developing data mining and process mining schemes. DOI: 10.1201/9781003169550-1 1
- 19. 2 Vineeta Singh& Vandana Dixit Kaushik 2 RELATED WORK Data is the main essence in data mining and process mining. Both utilize many com- mon mathematical techniques as well as schemes. Data mining mainly functions with the data, whereas process mining utilizes event data, including information for processes [1]. 2.1 DATA MINING SCHEMES A data mining scheme with a multidisciplinary approach has evolved out of the many scientifc felds, for example, artifcial intelligence, machine learning, applied statis- tics, database theory, pattern recognition, algorithms and so on (see Figure 1.1). Data mining steps (see Figure 1.2) may comprise following: • To identify associations as well as patterns, i.e. free search. • Utilization of association schemes for guessing unknown values, i.e. predic- tive analytics. • Detecting as well analyzing the exceptions associated with identifed schemes i.e. detection of anomaly. Defnition provided by the Gartner Group: The method of identifying meaningful correlations, patterns as well as trends via shift- ing through huge amounts of data stored in repositories. Data mining involves pattern recognition technologies, along with statistical as well as mathematical schemes [2]. FIGURE 1.1 Data mining strategies along with allied scientifc felds.
- 20. 3 Concepts of DataMining and Process Mining FIGURE 1.2 Data mining steps. Defnition provided by SAS Institute: Data mining is a methodology to discover anomalies, patterns as well as correlations among huge datasets for estimating outcomes/results. With a utilization of many schemes, this information may be further utilized to magnify revenues, cost cutting, for improvement of customer relationships, to minimize risks/dangers and so on [3]. Data mining may be considered as the computational methodology to identify pat- terns in huge data sets by including techniques of machine learning, statistics and artifcial intelligence as well as database systems [4]. Data mining techniques as well as algorithms are composed of Bayesian networks, cluster analysis, nearest neighbor strategy, artifcial neural networks, i.e. ANN, data visualization strategies, genetic algorithms as well as evolutionary programming, decision trees, support vector machine, decision trees, regression analysis, symbolic rules, linear regres- sion and so on. Mainly mathematical models are the main constituent in analysis with the data mining concept. There is a possibility to utilize these strategies further to resolve different concrete issues as a result of suitable presence of software as well as hardware. 2.2 BASIC RULES AND TECHNIQUES FOR PROCESS MINING Research in process mining is in its early stage at the present time. The basic theme behind the concept of process mining is identifcation, controlling as well as improve- ment in real executing processes present in the advanced information systems via
- 21. 4 Vineeta Singh& Vandana Dixit Kaushik extraction of meaningful information taken from logs of events [5]. Big data as well as data mining involves a space in between that’s flled by process mining, while at another place, it is situated in between business process modeling as well as analysis. There is a great opportunity for further theoretical as well as practical research and development in this feld via the presence of huge data volume generated by busi- ness as well as business logic deployment at the each business level. Data science principles involvement at many aspects in the business processes depicts a novel way for management as well as modeling. With the help of information systems, a large amount of data for business processes is recorded in the name of event records, i.e. event logs, which can be further utilized in the form of source information in the context of retrieval of business process methodologies. Most of the time, event data present in the various organizations suffers from the issue of absence of their real- life process understanding. There is a possibility of conversion of hidden information about event logs to useful knowledge. Process mining involves identifcation of automated processes, i.e. to extract pro- cess models out of event logs, checking of conformance, i.e. to monitor deviations via comparison of models as well as logs of events, describing the structure of orga- nization, simulation models building in an automated manner, extension of models as well as retrieval, to forecast the behavior of a process so that a suggestion list may be built on the behalf of history of processes (see Figure 1.3). This technology is ver- satile in nature and can be incorporated upon any kind of operation process in vari- ous systems as well as organizations, although it is a recently developed technique. Process mining methodologies yield different ways to identify and supervise as well as improve the processes in different application areas; apart from this, it also pro- vides ways to strict conformance evaluation, testing and credibility of information FIGURE 1.3 Process mining, a sample illustration diagram.
- 22. 5 Concepts of DataMining and Process Mining FIGURE 1.4 Data mining and process mining. for fundamental organization processes. There are two points of concern in the con- text of any organization in the modern era: at one side, event data is growing tre- mendously; at another side, there should be proper alignment as per requirement of the perfect customer service. Thus this becomes a very pertinent methodology for current-time modernized organizations to handle the management of non-trivial functionary processes (see Figure 1.4). Educational data mining, abbreviated as EDM, is in the essential application area in the feld of data mining methodologies. Here the basic aim of the educational data mining concept is the utilization of large amounts data for educational processes, generated via various sources with varying formats at different stages of detail. The utilization of data is done in representation of information for different educational processes as well as for creating a more evident grasp of learning methodology and further enhancing its result outcomes. 3 DATA AND ISSUES IN EDUCATIONAL DATA MINING There are various variations in the information systems as well environments in EDM pertaining to the issues and data (see Figure 1.7). Computer-based education involves utilization of computers in the feld of education for delivering controlling instructions as well as education to the student. Computer-based education models/ systems function on a stand-alone basis, i.e. these computer-based education models function on the computer without utilizing artifcial intelligence in adaptation or student modeling as well as personalization and many more (see Figure 1.5). The internet is utilized globally, as a result of which so many educational system models have been devised that rely on the web, for example, online training models, dis- tance learning models, e-learning models etc. On the other hand, development of artifcial intelligence–based techniques and advancement has facilitated the evolu- tion of smart/intelligent as well as adaptive educational models. Some of them are named adaptive intelligent hypermedia systems or AIHS, learning management sys- tems or LMS, test/examination systems, intelligent tutoring systems or ITS as well
- 23. 6 Vineeta Singh& Vandana Dixit Kaushik FIGURE 1.5 Educational data mining (EDM): Illustration diagram. as quiz systems, hypermedia systems and many more [6–10]. Every model out of them delivers various data sources to be processed in a variety of ways that rely on the existing data type as well as special issues and tasks which need to be resolved via data mining strategies. Consumption of educational model data takes place by the researchers in educational data mining, for example, training/learning fulflled with the help of intelligent computer systems, online classes, school information systems, electronic manuals, distance learning systems, computer-based testing systems, online tutorials, online educational forums, online educational modules, discussion forums, etc. [11]. Data possess special features/characteristics like hierarchy at several levels, for example at the level of grade system, at the level for query and at the level for subject; next is context, i.e. about a specifc scenario like a particular student responds to a particular query at a particular date and time; next is duration data, i.e. recording of data for various resolutions to perform different analysis, such as recording of data at an interval of 20 seconds; the next one is long-duration-of-time data, i.e. a large amount data to be recorded for various sessions for an extended duration such as to cover year-long courses as well as semester-duration courses [12]. Analysis with the help of EDM is accompanied via any kind of information system abbreviated as IS. IS may be there to facilitate learning/training or edu- cation, for example, schools, universities, colleges, academic institutions, train- ing institutions, professional education institutions, delivering training sessions via traditional or advanced/modern methodologies/techniques, informal train- ing and so on. All this data is not only accompanied at individual-level student interactions to the educational institutions (data entry during tests, monitoring/ navigating over the training/learning as well as testing modules, exercises in an interactive way) but also involves data related to coordination/cooperation among the students, for example, text chatting; data related to administrative tasks, i.e.
- 24. Another Random ScribdDocument with Unrelated Content
- 25. The old scout,who did not in the least approve of poor scholars of Paul's becoming the intimate friends of dukes, withdrew with a somewhat grim smile. "What is it, Burnside?" the duke said. "You seem excited. Good news, I hope?" "Tremendously good!" said the young man in the black clothes, his keen, intellectual face lit up like a lamp. "An uncle of mine, who emigrated to Canada many years ago as quite a poor labourer, has died and left a fortune of over three hundred thousand pounds. I never knew him, and so I can't pretend to feel sorry for his death. To cut a long story short, however, I must tell you that I am the only surviving heir, and that I have heard this morning from solicitors in London that all this money is absolutely mine!" The duke's face became animated, he was tremendously pleased. "I'm so glad," he said. "I can't tell you how glad I am, Burnside. Now you will be quite safe. You will be able to complete your destiny unhampered by squalid worries. And you won't owe your good fortune to any one." "I'm so glad that you see it in that way," Burnside replied. "Three hundred thousand pounds! Think of it, if money means anything to a man of millions, like you. Why, it will mean everything to the cause of Socialism. Fabian Rose will go mad with excitement when I put the whole lot into his hands to be spent for the cause!"
- 26. CHAPTER XX THE DUKEKNOWS AT LAST The duke went to the theatre early. The play was announced for nine o'clock, but he was in his box, the stage box on a level with the stalls, by half-past eight. A whole carriage had been reserved for him from Oxford to London, and a dinner basket had been put in for him. He wished to be entirely alone, to think, to adjust his ideas at a time of crisis unparalleled in his life before. A motor-brougham had met him at Paddington and taken him swiftly down to the Ritz in Piccadilly. There he had bathed and changed into evening clothes, and now, as the clock was striking eight, he sat down in his box. The curtains were partially drawn and he could not be seen from the auditorium, though he knew that when the theatre filled all Society would know where he was, even though he was not actually visible. At present the beautiful little theatre was but half lit. There was no pit, and the vista of red-leather armchairs which made the stalls was almost bare of people. There was a sprinkling of folk in the dress- circle, but the upper circle, which took the place of gallery and stretched up to the roof, was packed with people. It was the only part of the aristocratic Park Lane Theatre that was unreserved. The fire-proof curtain was down, hiding the act-drop, the orchestra was a wilderness of empty chairs, and none of the electric footlights were turned on. Now and again some muffled noises came from the stage, where, probably, the carpenters were putting the finishing touches to the first scene, and a continuous hum of talk fell from the
- 27. upper circle, soundinglike bees swarming in a garden to one who sits in his library with an open window upon a summer day. The duke sat alone. He was in a curious mood. The perplexity and irritation with life and circumstance which had been so poignant during the afternoon at Oxford had quite left him. He was quite placid now. His nerves were stilled, he remained quietly expectant. Yet he was sad also, and he had many reasons for sadness. The old life was over, the old ideas had gone, the future, which had seemed so irrevocably ordered, so settled and secure for him, was now a mist, an unknown country full of perils and alarms. The duke was a young man who was always completely honest with himself. As he sat alone in the box waiting for what was to ensue he knew three things. He knew that something of tremendous importance was going to happen to him on that night. He knew that he could no longer regard his enormous wealth and high rank from the individualistic point of view. And he knew that he had made a horrible, ghastly, and irremediable mistake in asking Lady Constance Camborne to be his wife. It was the most hideous of all possible mistakes. It was a mistake for which there was no remedy. Carried away by a sudden gust of passion, he had done what was irrevocable. He had found almost at once that he did not love her, that he had been possessed by the power of her beauty and charm for a moment; but never, under any circumstances could he feel a real and abiding love for her. A knock came at the door of the box, and a second afterwards James Fabian Rose entered. The gleaming expanse of shirt-front only accentuated the extreme pallor of his face, and beneath the thatch of mustard-coloured hair his eyes shone like lamps. Rose was nervous and somewhat unlike his usual self. He was always nervous on the first nights of his plays, and lost his cool
- 28. assurance and readinessof manner. To-night he was particularly so. "I thought I would just come in and say 'how-do-you-do,'" he said, shaking the duke heartily by the hand. "They told me that you were in the house." The duke was genuinely glad to see his celebrated friend, and his face reflected the pleasure that he felt. The visit broke in upon sad thoughts and the ever-growing sensation of loneliness. "Oh! do sit down for a minute or two," he said. "It's most kind of you to look me up. I suppose you're frightfully busy, though?" "On the contrary," Rose replied, "I have nothing on earth to do. Everything is finished and out of my hands now. If you had said that you supposed I was frightfully nervous, you would have been far more correct." The duke nodded sympathetically. "I know," he said. "I'm sure it must be awful." "It is; and, of course, it's worse to-night than ever before. I am flying right in the face of Society and all convention. I'm putting on a play which will rouse the fierce antagonism of all the society people, who will be here in a few minutes. I'm going tooth-and-nail for your order. And, finally, I am introducing an unknown actress to the London stage. It's enough to make any one nervous. I'm trying to preach a sermon and produce a work of art at one and the same moment, and I'm afraid the result will be absolute failure." The duke, for his part, had never expected anything else but failure for the venture until this very evening. But to-night, for some reason or other, he had a curious certainty that the play, would not fail. It was an intuition without reason, but he would have staked anything upon the event. His strange certainty and confidence was in his voice as he answered the Socialist.
- 29. "No," he said,"it is going to be a gigantic success. I am quite definitely sure of it. It is going to be the success of your life. And more than that, it is not only going to be an artistic triumph, but it will be the strongest blow you have ever struck for Socialism!" Rose looked at the young man with keen scrutiny. Then a little colour came into the linen-white cheeks, and he held out his hand with a sudden and impulsive gesture. "You put new confidence into me," he said, "and the generosity of your words makes me ashamed. Here I am attacking all that you hold dear, attacking you, indeed, in a public way! And you can say that. I know, moreover, from your tone, that it isn't mere Olympian indifference to anything I and my socialistic brethren can do against any one so fortified and entrenched, so highly placed as you are. It is fine of you to say what you have said. It is fine of you to be present here to-night. And it is finer still of you to remain friends with me and to shake me by the hand." The duke smiled rather sadly and shook his head. "No," he said; "there is nothing fine in it at all, Rose. You say that I am fortified and entrenched. So I was, fortified with ignorance and indifference, entrenched by selfishness and convention. But the castle has been undermined though it has not fallen yet. Already I can hear the muffled sound of the engineers in the cellars! I am not what I used to be. I do not think as I used to think. You are responsible, in the first instance, for far more than you know or suspect." Rose had listened with strange attention. The colour had gone again from his face, his eyes blazed with excitement. The lips beneath the mustard-coloured moustache were slightly parted. When he replied it was in a voice which he vainly tried to steady. "This is absolutely new to me," he said. "It moves me very deeply. It is startling but it is splendid! What you have said fills me with hope. Do you care to tell me more—not now, because I see the theatre is
- 30. filling up—but afterwards?We are having a supper on the stage when the show is over—success or not—and we might have a talk later. I didn't like to ask you before." "I shall be delighted to come," the duke answered. "I have spoken of these things to a few people only. Arthur Burnside has been my chief confidant." "Splendid fellow, Burnside!" Rose said, with enthusiasm. "A brilliant intellect! He will be a power in England some day." "He is already," said the duke, with a smile. "He has inherited three hundred thousand pounds from a distant relative, who made a fortune in Canada, and has died intestate. He tells me he is going to devote the whole of it to the socialistic cause." Rose gasped. "Three hundred thousand pounds!" he said. "Why it will convert half England! You spring surprise after surprise upon me. My brain is beginning to reel. Upon my word, I do believe that this night will prove to be the crowning night of my career!" "I'm sure I hope so," the duke answered warmly. "But isn't it fine of Burnside! To give up everything like that." "It is fine," Rose answered; "but there are many Socialists who would do it—just as there are, of course, plenty of Socialists who would become individualists within five minutes of inheriting a quarter of a million! But Burnside will not give it all up; I shall see to that." "But I thought——" "Many people fail to understand that we don't want, at any rate, in the present state of things and probably not for hundreds of years, to abolish private property. We want to regulate it. We want to abolish poverty entirely, but we don't say yet that a man shall not have a fair income, and one in excess of others. I shall advise Burnside, for he will come to me, to retain a sufficient capital to bring him in an income of a thousand pounds a year. If the
- 31. possession of capitalwas limited to, say, thirty thousand pounds in each individual case, the economic problem would be solved. But I must go. The world arrives, the individualists and aristocrats muster in force!" "What are you going to do? Why not sit here with me?" Rose smiled. "I never watch one of my plays on the first night," he said. "It would be torture to the nerves. I am going to forget all about the play and go to a concert at the Queen's Hall. I shall come back before the curtain is rung down—in case the audience want to throw things at me! Au revoir, until supper—you've given me a great deal to think about." With a wave of his hand, Rose hurried away, and the duke was once more alone. The theatre was filling up rapidly as the duke moved a little to the front of the box and peeped round the curtains. Party after party of well-dressed people were pouring into the stalls. Diamonds shimmered upon necks and arms which were like columns of ivory, there was a sudden infusion of colour, pinks and blues, greens and greys, wonderfully accentuated and set off by the sombre black and white of the men's clothes. A subtle perfume began to fill the air, the blending of many essences ravished from the flowers of the Côte d'Azur. The lights in the roof suddenly jumped up, and the electric candelabra round the circle became brilliant. There was a hum of talk, a cadence of cultured and modulated voices. The whole theatre had become alive, vivid, full of colour and movement. And, in some electric fashion, the duke was aware that every one was expecting—even as he was expecting—the coming of great things. There was a subtle sense of stifled excitement— apprehension was it?—that was perfectly patent and real.
- 32. Everybody felt thatsomething was going to happen. It was not an ordinary first night. Even the critics, who sat more or less together, were talking eagerly among themselves and had lost their somewhat exaggerated air of nonchalance and boredom. The duke saw many people that he knew. Every one who was not upon the Riviera was there. Great ladies nodded and whispered, celebrated men whispered and nodded. A curious blend of amusement and anxiety was the keynote of the expression upon many faces. To-night, indeed, was a night of nights! The duke had not written to Lady Constance Camborne to say that he was going to be present at the first night of The Socialist. She had made some joking reference to the coming production in one of her letters but he had not replied to it. He had kept all his new mental development from her—locked up in his heart. From the very first he had never known real intimacy with her. As Society took its seats he was certain that every one was talking about him. Sooner or later some one or other would see him, and there would be a sensation. He was sure of it. It would create a sensation. For many reasons the duke was glad that neither Lord Hayle, the bishop, nor Constance were in the theatre. Gerald, of course, was in hospital at Oxford, the earl and Constance were down at Carlton. Even as the thought came to his mind, and he watched the stalls cautiously from the back of the darkened box, he started and became rigid. Something seemed to rattle in his head, there was a sensation as if cold water had been poured down his spine. The Earl of Camborne and his daughter had entered the opposite box upon the grand circle tier. The duke shrank back into the box, asking himself with fierce insistence why he felt thus—guilty, found out, ashamed?
- 33. At that momentthe overture ended and the curtain rose upon the play. Then the duke knew.
- 34. CHAPTER XXI IN THESTAGE BOX AT THE PARK LANE THEATRE The curtain rose upon a drawing-room scene, perfectly conceived and carried out, an illusion of solid reality, immense and satisfying to eye and intelligence alike. Here was a silver table, covered with those charming toys, modern and antique, which fashionable women collect and display. There was a revolving book-shelf of ebony and lapis lazuli which held —so those members of the audience who were near could see—the actual novels and volumes of belles lettres of the moment; the things they had in their own drawing-rooms. The whole scheme was wonderfully done. It was a room such as Waring and Liberty, assisted by the individual taste of its owner, carry out. Up to a certain height the walls—and how real and solid they appeared!—were of pale grey, then came a black picture rail, and above it a frieze of deep orange colour. Black, orange, and grey, these were the colour notes of all the scene, and upon the expanses of grey were rows of old Japanese prints, or, rather, the skilful imitation of them, framed in gold. The carpet was of orange, carrying a serpentine design of dead black, two heavy curtains of black velvet hung on either side of a door leading into a conservatory, softly lit by electric lights concealed amid the massed blossoms, for it was a night scene that opened the play.
- 35. There was alow murmur of applause and pleasure from the crowded theatre, for here was a picture as complete and beautiful as any hardened playgoers had seen for many years. Then the sound died away. The new actress was upon the stage, the unknown Mary Marriott; there was a great hush of curiosity and interest. As the curtain rose the girl had been sitting upon a Chesterfield sofa of blue linen at the "O. P." side of the stage. For a moment or two she had remained quite motionless, a part of the picture, and, with a handkerchief held to her face, her shoulders shaking convulsively. She was dressed in an evening gown of flame-colour and black. In front of her, and in the centre of the stage, two odd and incongruous figures were standing. One was a shabby, middle-aged woman, pale, shrinking, and a little furtive among all the splendours in which she found herself. She wore a rusty bonnet and a black cape scantily trimmed with jet. By the woman's side stood a tall girl in a hat and a cheap, fawn- coloured jacket. The girl held a soiled boa of white imitation fur in one restless hand. She was beautiful, but sullen and hard of face. Not a word was spoken. It might have been a minute and a half before a word was said. The only sound was that of the sobbing from the richly-dressed woman upon the couch and the timid, shuffling feet of the two humble people—mother and daughter evidently—who stood before her. Yet, curiously enough—and, indeed, it was unprecedented—not a sigh nor sound of impatience escaped the audience. One and all were as still as death. Some extraordinary influence was already flowing over the footlights to capture their imaginations and their nerves. As yet they hadn't seen the face of the new actress, of whom they had heard so much in general talk and read so much in the
- 36. newspapers. A minute anda half had gone by and not a word had been spoken. They all sat silent and motionless. Suddenly Mary jumped up from the sofa and threw her handkerchief away. They saw her for the first time; her marvellous beauty sent a flutter through the boxes and the stalls, her voice struck upon their ears almost like a blow. Never was a play started thus before. Mary—upon the programme she was Lady Augusta Decies, a young widow—leapt up and faced the two motionless figures before her. Tears were splashing down her cheeks, her lovely mouth quivered with pain, her arms were outstretched, and her perfect hands were spread in sympathy and entreaty. "Oh, but it shan't be, Mrs. Dobson! It can't be! I will stop it! I will alter it for you and Helen and all of you!" These were the first words of the play. They poured out with a music that was terribly compelling. There was a cry of agony, a hymn of sympathy, and a stern resolve. An audible sigh and shudder went round the theatre as that perfect voice swept round it. "What was this play to be? Who was this girl? What did it all mean?" Some such thought was in the mind of every one. Such a voice had not been heard in a London theatre for long. Sarah Bernhardt had a voice like that, Duse had a voice like that—a voice like liquid silver, a voice like a fairy waterfall falling into a lake of dreamland. Most of the people there had heard the loveliest speaking voices of the modern world. But this was as lovely and
- 37. compelling as anyof them, and yet it had something more. It had one supreme quality—the quality of absolute conviction. The new player—this unknown Mary Marriott—was hardly acting. It was a real cry of anguish straight from the heart itself. Every one there felt it, though in different ways and according to the measure of their understanding. To one man it came as a double revelation; it came with the force and power of a mighty avalanche that rushes down the sides of a high Alp, sweeping forests and villages away in its tremendous course. The duke knew that here was one of the very greatest artists who had ever come upon the boards, and he knew also—oh, sweet misery and sudden shame!—that this was the woman he had loved from their first meeting—had loved, loved now, hopelessly, for ever and a day! In that moment he lowered his head and prayed. He sent up an inarticulate prayer to God, a wild, despairing ejaculation, that he might be given power to bear the burden, that he might be a man, a gentleman, and keep these things hid. From where he sat in the shadow of the box he could see Lady Constance Camborne opposite. Both she and the bishop were leaning forward with polite attention stamped upon their faces. There was the girl who was to be his wife. He was bound to her for always, but she didn't know—she never should know! Above all, he must be a gentleman! Never did play have such an extraordinary beginning, one only possible to an artist of consummate ability and knowledge, to a playwright of absolute unconventionality and daring in art. In ten minutes the whole attention of the house was engrossed, after the first quarter of an hour the audience was perfectly still.
- 38. But this wascurious. Throughout the whole of the first act there was hardly any applause—until the fall of the curtain. What little clapping of hands there was came from the huge upper circle, which combined in itself the functions of pit, upper circle, and gallery in the Park Lane Theatre. But it was not a chilling silence; it was by no means the silence of indifference, of boredom. It was a silence of astonishment at the daring of the play. It was also a silence of wonder at, and appreciation of, the supreme talent of the writer, and the players who interpreted him. There were many Socialists in the house, more especially in the upper tiers, but these were in a large minority. Rose and Flood had allowed but few tickets to be sold to the libraries and theatre agents for the first three nights. They had laid their plans well; they wanted Society to see the play before other classes of the community did so. The "boom" which had been worked up in the general Press of London, more especially owing to the skilful direction of it by that astute editor, Mr. Goodrick, of the Daily Wire, had been quite sufficient to ensure an enormous demand for seats. The manager of the box office had his instructions, and as a result the theatre was crammed with people to whom socialistic doctrines were anathema, and who sat angry at the doctrine which was being pumped into their brains from the other side of the footlights, but spellbound by the genius that was doing it. Yet the plot of the play was quite simple. It seemed fresh and new because of the subtlety of its treatment, yet, nevertheless, it was but a peg on which to hang an object lesson. Mary, the heroine, represented a woman of the wealthy class which controls the "high finance." Her late husband had left her millions. As a girl she was brought up in the usual life of her class, shielded
- 39. from all trueknowledge of human want, the younger daughter of an earl, married at twenty to a gentlemanly high priest of the god Mammon, who had died five years after the marriage, leaving her with one child, a boy, and mistress of his vast fortune. At the period when the play opened she was engaged to the young Marquis of Wigan, a peer, also immensely wealthy. She was deeply in love with him—real love had come to her for the first time in her life—and he adored her. They were soon to be married. They lived in a rosy dream. They knew nothing of the outside world. It was at her first real contact with the outside world, at terrible, stinging, and bitter truths, which were told her by an ex-kitchenmaid whom she had employed in the past but never seen, which struck the keynote of the play. It was a play of black and white, of yellow and violet—of incredible contrasts. No such brutal and poignant thing had been seen upon the stage of a West End theatre before. In all its shifting scenes and changes there was a hideous alternation. The perfection of cultured luxury, of environment and thought, was shown with the most lavish detail and fidelity. No scenes in the lives of wealthy and celebrated people had ever been presented with such entire disregard of cost before. The pictures were perfect. They were recognized by every one there —they lived in just such a way themselves. But the other scenes?—the hideously sombre pictures—these struck into the heart with chilling horror and dismay. Every one knew in a vague sort of way that such things went on. They had always known it, but they had put the facts away from themselves and refused to recognize them. They were trapped now.
- 40. They had tosit and watch a supremely skilful imitation of real life in the malign slums of London. They had to sit and listen to dialogue which burnt and blistered, which seared even the most callous heart, truths from the hell of London forced into their ears, phrases which lashed their soft complacency like burning whips. The act-drop came down in absolute silence after the last scene of the first act, a scene in an East-End sweater's den, so cruel and relentless in its realism that dainty women held handkerchiefs of filmy lace to their nostrils as if the very foul odour and miasma of the place might reach them. There was a long sigh of relief as the horror was shut out. The dead, funereal silence was continued for a moment, and then everybody suddenly realized something. The whole audience realized that they had been witnessing an artistic triumph that would always be historic in the annals of the stage. Mary Marriott had done this thing. The fire of her incarnate pity and sorrow had played upon their heart-strings till all of them—wishful, greedy, worldly, sensual—were caught up into an extraordinary emotion of gratitude and sympathy. A burst of cheering, a thunder of applause absolutely without precedent, rang and echoed in the theatre. The evening pedestrians upon the pavements of Oxford Street heard it and halted in wonder before the façade of the theatre. High up in the "grid" the distant stage carpenters heard it and looked at each other in amazement. Up stone flights of stairs in far- away dressing-rooms members of the company heard it and gasped. Mary Marriott and Aubrey Flood came before the curtain and bowed. The full-handed thunder rose to a terrifying volume of sound, and the Duke of Paddington, forgetful of all else, leaned forward in his box and shouted with the rest.
- 41. The tears werefalling down his cheeks, his voice was choked and hoarse. As she retired Mary Marriott looked at him and smiled a welcome! * * * * * * There were only three acts. In the course of the plot, simply but ingeniously construed, the Marquis of Wigan and Lady Augusta Decies were taken into the most awful and hopeless places of London. There was a third principal character, a cynical cicerone with a ruthless and bitter tongue, who explained everything to them and was the chorus of their progression. In Doctor Davidson, a prominent socialistic leader, every one recognized a caricature of James Fabian Rose by himself, put before them to ram the message home! The struggle in the woman's mind and heart was manifested with supreme art. Piece by piece the audience saw the old barriers of caste and prejudice crumbling away, until the culminating moment arrived when the young marquis must choose between the loss of her and the abandonment of all his life theories and the prejudices of race. The end came swiftly and inevitably. There was a great culminating scene, in which the girl appealed to her lover to give up almost everything—as she herself was about to do—for the cause of the people, for the cause of brotherhood and humanity. He hesitates and wavers. He is kindly and good-hearted, he wants her more than anything else, but in him caste and long training triumphs. There is a final moment in which he confesses that he cannot do this thing.
- 42. With pain andanguish he renounces his love for her in favour of his order, the order to which she also belongs. Even for her he cannot do it. He must remain as he has always been; he must say good-bye. The last scene is the same as the first—it is Lady Augusta's drawing- room. Everything is over; they say farewell at the parting of the ways. But she holds the little son by her first husband up to him. "Good-bye, dear Charles!" she says. "You and I go different ways for ever and a day. God bless you! But this little fellow, with the blood of our own class in his veins, shall do what you cannot do. Good-bye!" As the last curtain fell a tall and portly figure came into the Duke of Paddington's box. "John," said the Earl of Camborne and Bishop of Carlton, "I have known that you were here for the last hour. Constance has gone back to Grosvenor Street, but I want to speak to you very seriously indeed." The duke looked up quickly, his voice was decisive. "I didn't know that either you or Connie were in London," he said. "I understood from Gerald that you were both down at the palace. I'm very sorry, but I'm afraid we shall have to postpone our talk until to- morrow morning. I'll turn up at Grosvenor Street at whatever time you wish. To-night, however, now, as a matter of fact, I am very particularly engaged indeed."
- 43. CHAPTER XXII THE SUPPERON THE STAGE The success of the play was beyond all question. It was stupendous, overwhelming and complete. For ten minutes the house shouted itself hoarse and Mary Marriott was recalled over and over again. Great baskets of flowers had made their appearance as she stood bowing for the tenth time, and were handed up to her till she stood surrounded by a mass of blossom. Hundreds of opera glasses were levelled at her, eager, critical and admiring faces watched this lovely and graceful girl who stood before them, quietly and modestly, and with a great joy shining in her eyes. For she had stirred them, stirred them by the depths of her art and the passion of her playing. They knew that in one night a great artist had suddenly appeared. However much they might disagree and dislike the doctrines preached in The Socialist they knew that the play was a work of genius, and had been interpreted with supreme talent. Aubrey Flood they were fond of. He was a popular favourite, he had acquitted himself well upon this eventful night. He had received his meed of praise. But for Mary Marriott there was a reception so whole-hearted and magnificent that the tears might well come into the young girl's eyes and the slim, flower-laden hands tremble with emotion as she bowed her gratitude. James Fabian Rose had to make a little speech.
- 44. He did itwith extraordinary assurance and aplomb, and he was received with shouts of applause and good-natured laughter. He had amused and pleased society, and that was enough. The few mocking and brilliant epigrams he flung at them were taken in good part. The deep undercurrent of seriousness seemed but to harmonise with the electric, emotional influences of the moment. For a minute or two—until they should be seated at supper in the smart restaurants, clubs, and houses—they were all Socialists! And the fact that their convictions of the truth would vanish with the first plover's egg and glass at Pol Roger, by no means affected their butterfly enthusiasm as the famous author talked to and at them. The Duke of Paddington watched it all with a strange sense of exhilaration and joy. Lord Camborne had given him an appointment in Grosvenor Street for the morrow, and had hurried away in the most marked perplexity and annoyance. Lord Hayle had been writing to his father, the duke saw that at once, but he was not perturbed. He had made his resolve. He was master of his own fate, captain of his own soul—what did anything else matter? What was to be done was to be done, come what might. One must be true to oneself! As the weary, excited audience began at last to press out of the stalls and boxes, there was a tap upon the door of the duke's, and Mr. Goodrick, the editor of the Daily Wire, entered. The little man's face was flushed with excitement, and he was smiling with pleasure. Yet even under these conditions of animation he still seemed a quiet, insignificant little person, and did not in any way suggest the keen, sword-like intellect, the controller of a vast mass of public opinion that he was. "Rose has sent me to say that supper will be ready in ten minutes," he began, "and Mary Marriott especially charged me to tell you how grateful she is that you have come here to-night. What a success!
- 45. There has neverbeen anything like it! All London will go mad about the thing to-morrow! I had three members of the staff here to-night —Masterman, who does the dramatic criticism, purely from the standpoint of dramatic art, don't you know; William Conrad, the parson's younger brother, who is one of our political people; and old Miss Saurin, who does the society and dress. They're all three gone down to the office in cabs in a state of lambent enthusiasm and excitement. We shall have a fine paper to-morrow morning!" "I'm sure you will, Mr. Goodrick," the duke answered. "Perhaps finer than you know." The little man laughed as he lit a cigarette and offered the case to his companion. "Yes," he said, "but this time it won't be a 'scoop' as it was when I first had the pleasure of meeting you. Good heavens! what a boom that was for the Wire. I shall never forget it as long as I live! We were absolutely the only paper in the kingdom to publish the full details of your disappearance and recovery. You don't know how much we owe you, your Grace, from the journalistic point of view. Such things don't come twice, more's the pity!" "I'm not so sure of that, Mr. Goodrick," the duke replied slowly. "Perhaps to-night, within an hour or so, I am going to provide you with a 'scoop' as you call it, to which the first was a mere nothing!" The editor stiffened as a setter stiffens in the stubble when the birds are near. "Your voice has no joking in it," he said. "There is meaning in your Grace's words—what is it?" As he spoke a waiter came into the box. "Supper is prepared upon the stage, your Grace," he said. "Miss Marriott, Mr. Rose, and Mr. Aubrey Flood request the honour of your Grace's presence." "Come along, Mr. Goodrick," the duke said, laughing a little. "You see you will have to wait an event like any one else in this world! But I promise you the 'scoop' all the same!"
- 46. They went outof the box, the waiter leading the way to the sliding iron "pass door," which led directly on to the stage. For the first few steps they were in semi-darkness, for a boxed-in screen had been hurriedly set by the carpenters to make a supper-room. Then, pushing open a canvas door, they came out into the improvised supper-room. Some forty people were standing upon the stage in groups, talking animatedly to each other. In the background were flower-covered tables gleaming with glass and silver and covered with flowers, among which many tiny electric lights were hidden. Mary Marriott stood in the centre of a laughing happy group of men and women. She wore a long tea-gown of dark red, made of some Indian fabric, and edged with a narrow band of green embroidery upon a biscuit-coloured ground. She wore dark-red roses in the coiled masses of her marvellous black hair, the paint of the theatre had been washed from her face, and her eyes were brighter, her cheeks more lovely, than any art could make them. She was a queen come into her own on that night! An empress of her art, throned, acknowledged, and wonderful. To her came the duke. It was a strange and almost symbolic meeting to some of the quick- wits and artists' brains there. Here was a real prince of this world, a prince who had suffered the hours of a keen and bitter attack with fine dignity and chivalry—James Fabian Rose had not spared words— and there was a princess of art, who from nothing had made a more enduring kingdom, a more splendid realm, than even the long line of peers, statesmen, and warriors had bestowed upon the young man before her. Yet they were both royal, they looked royal, there was an emanation of royalty as the duke bowed over the hand of the actress and touched it with his lips.
- 47. "Hommage au vraiArt," he murmured, quoting the words which a king had once used as he kissed the hand of the greatest French actress of his time. "It was so good of you to come," she said, and he thought that her voice sounded like a flute. "It is kinder still of you to be here now. But they are sitting down to supper. I believe we are placed together; shall we go?" She took his arm, and his whole being thrilled as the little white hand touched his sleeve and her gracious presence was so near. They sat down together in the centre of one of the long tables. The duke sat on one side of Mary, James Fabian Rose upon the other. The waiters began to serve the clear amber consommé in little porcelain bowls; the champagne, cream and amber, flowed into the glasses. Every one was in the highest spirits—actors, authors, journalists, socialistic leaders—every one. It was an odd gathering enough to the casual eye. The ladies of the stage were radiant in their evening gowns and flowers, some of the ladies in the ranks—or rather upon the staff—of the Socialist army were in evening frocks also, others, hard-featured, earnest-eyed women, with short hair and serviceable coats and skirts, were scattered among them, grubs among the butterflies, scorning gay attire. The men were the same, though the majority of them were in conventional evening clothes. Yet, sitting by Mrs. Rose, charming in pale blue, and with sapphires upon her neck, sat a man in a brown suit with a turn-down collar of blue linen, a grey flannel shirt, and a red tie. It was Mr. William Butterworth, the great Socialist M.P. for one of the Lancashire manufacturing towns, who had never worn a dress suit in his life, and never meant to, on principle. Such contrasts
- 48. were everywhere apparent,but to-night they were mere superficial accidents. Every one was rejoicing at the immense success of The Socialist, every one realised that to-night a new and hitherto undreamed of weapon had been forged. An artery was beating in the duke's head—or was it his heart?— beating with the sound of distant drums. He was speaking to Mary in a low voice, and she was bending a little towards him. "Oh, it was far more wonderful and moving than you yourself can ever know!" he said. "I have seen all the great players of our day. But you are queen of them all! There has never been any one like you. There never will be any one like you." He stopped, unable to say more. The drumming within gathered power and sound, became imminent, near, a mighty crescendo, a tide! a flood! "It is sweet of you to say such things," she answered in her low, flute-like voice, "but of course they are not true. I am only a very humble artist indeed. And no one could have helped playing fairly well in such a play as this, especially when the cause it advocates has become very dear to me. I am a Socialist heart and soul now, you know." She sighed, hesitated for a moment, and then went on: "I hope you were not hurt to-night by anything upon the stage. I could not help thinking of you. I knew you were in the box, and it was, by the very nature of it, aimed so directly at you, or rather the class to which you belong and lead. Since I have been converted to Socialism I have tried to put myself into the place of other people— to imagine how they see things. And I know how subversive and outrageous all our ideas must seem to you." "Then you were really sorry for me?" "Really and truly sorry." Perhaps the lovely girl's voice betrayed her a little, its note was so strangely intimate and tender.
- 49. He started violently,and a joyful, wonderful, and yet despairing thought flashed into his mind. He was silent for some seconds before he replied. "No, I wasn't hurt a bit," he said at length. "Not in the very least. I have something to tell you, Mary"—he was quite unconscious that he had called her by her Christian name. She saw it instantly, and now it was her turn to feel the sudden, overwhelming stab of joy and wonder—and despair! "Tell me," she said softly. "I was not hurt," he answered, "because all my ideas are changed also. I, too, have seen the light. The mists of selfishness and individualism have vanished from around me. The process has been gradual. It has been terribly hard. But it has been inevitable and sure, and it dates from the day on which I first saw you by my bedside in the house of James Fabian Rose. To-night you and he together have completed my conversion. With a full knowledge of all that this means to me, I still say to you that from to-night onwards I am a Socialist heart and soul!" She looked at him, and the colour faded out of her flower-like face, and her great eyes grew wide with wonder. Then the colour came stealing back, pink, like the delicate inside of a shell, crimson with realisation and gladness. "Then——" she began. "You will hear to-night," he answered, and even as he did so Aubrey Flood, flushed with excitement, and his voice trembling with emotion, rose, and in a few broken, heart-felt words proposed the health of Mary Marriott and James Fabian Rose. The toast was drunk with indescribable enthusiasm and verve. The high grid of the stage above echoed with the cheers. The very waiters, forgetting their duties, were caught up in the swing and excitement of it and shouted with the rest.
- 50. It was someminutes before the pale man with the yellow beard could obtain a hearing. He stood there smiling and bowing and patting Mary upon the shoulder. Then he began. He acknowledged the honour they had done Mary and himself in a few brief words of deep feeling. Then, taking a wider course, he told them what he believed this would mean for Socialism, how that the theatre, a huge educational machine with far more power and appeal than a thousand books, a hundred lectures, was now their own. A new era was opening for them, and it dated from this night. Everything had been leading up to it for years, now the hour of fulfilment had come. He took a letter from his pocket. It was from Arthur Burnside, and had arrived from Oxford, during the course of the play. He had found it waiting for him when he returned to the theatre as the curtain fell on the last act. He told them the great news in short, sharp sentences of triumph, how that on this very night of huge success a great fortune was placed in their hands for the furtherance of the great work of humanity. When the second prolonged burst of applause and cheering was over Rose concluded his speech with a sympathetic reference to the duke's presence among them. As he concluded the duke leaned behind Mary's chair and whispered a word to him. Immediately afterwards the leader rose and said that the Duke of Paddington asked permission to speak to them for a moment. There was a second's silence of surprise, a burst of generous cheers, and the duke was speaking in grave, quiet tones the few sentences
- 51. which were toagitate all England on the morrow and alter the whole course of his life for ever and a day. Mr. Goodrick had a notebook before him and a pencil poised in his right hand. "Ladies and gentlemen," said the duke, "what I have to say shall be said in the very fewest words possible. My friend Mr. Rose has said in his kind remarks about my presence here that to-night I must have felt like a Daniel in a den of lions, or a lion in a den of Daniels —he was not sure which. I felt like neither one nor the other. Miss Marriott said to me just now that she hoped I was not hurt by the attack upon that class of the community which I may be thought to represent. Miss Marriott was wrong also. I have gone through experiences and learnt lessons which I need not trouble you with now. There stands my master in chief"—he pointed to Mr. Rose —"and there have been many others. I came to the theatre to-night as nearly a Socialist in heart and mental conviction as any man could be without an actual declaration. At this moment I announce and avow myself a true and convinced Socialist. I am with you all heart and soul! Allow me a personal reference. I am extremely wealthy. I have great estates in London and other parts of England. Some of these are entailed upon my heirs, and I only enjoy the emoluments during my own lifetime. The rest—and owing to past circumstances and my long minority the more considerable part—are mine to do with as I will. They are mine no longer. I give them freely to the Cause and to England. I join with my friend, Arthur Burnside, in renouncing a vast property in favour of the people. I shall retain only a sufficient sum to provide for me in reasonable comfort. All the details will be settled by the Central Committee of our party—it will take many months to arrange them, but that is by the way. And I offer myself and my work, for what they are worth, to the Cause also. I have no more to say, ladies and gentlemen." He sat down in his chair, swayed a little, and as Mary bent over him and every one present rose to their feet, he swooned away.
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