Processor types

The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
or the processor

Is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a
computer program, and is the primary element carrying out the computer's
functions. This term has been in use in the computer industry at least since
the early 1960s [1]. The form, design and implementation of CPUs have
changed dramatically since the earliest examples, but their fundamental
operation remains much the same.

Discrete transistor and Integrated
Circuit CPUs:
integrated circuit (IC) allowed a large number of transistors to be
manufactured on a single semiconductor -based die, or "chip." At first only
very basic non -specialized digital circuits such as NOR gates were
miniaturized into ICs. CPUs based upon these "building block" ICs are
generally referred to as "small-scale integration" (SSI) devices. SSI ICs, such
as
the ones used in the Apollo guidance computer

microelectronic technology

advanced, an increasing number of transistors were placed on ICs, thus
decreasing the quantity of individual ICs needed for a complete CPU.
MSI and LSI (medium- and large-scale integration) ICs increased transistor
counts to hundreds, and then thousands

Processor register
In computer architecture , a processor register (or general purpose register ) is a small
amount of storage available on the CPU whose contents can be accessed more quickly than
storage available elsewhere.

Most, but not all, modern computers adopt the so-called load-store architecture

. A common property of computer programs is locality of reference: the same values are
often accessed repeatedly; and holding these frequently used values in registers improves
program execution performance.

Processor registers are at the top of the memory hierarchy, and provide the fastest way for
a CPU to access data. The term is often used to refer only to the group of registers that are
directly encoded as part of an instruction, as defined by the instruction set.

The table shows the number of
registers of several mainstream
architectures

The Process
•Process is a program in execution .a process is more
than the program code which is known sometimes as a
text section.

•It also includes the current activity, as represented by
the value of the program counter & the contents of the
processor's registers.

•Process generally includes the process stack,which
contains temporary data (such as method parameters
,return addresses,local variables),and data section,which
contains global variables.

The Process

•We emphasize that a program by itself is not a process;
a program a passive entity, such as the contents of a file
stored on disk, whereas a process is an active entity ,
with a program counter specifying the next instruction to
execute and a set of associated resources.

Process State
•As a process executes ,it changes state .The State of a
process is defined in part by the current activity of the
process. Each process may be in one of the following
states :
1 . New : The process is being created.
2 . running: Instructions are been executed.
3 .waiting: The process is waiting for some event to occur(such as
an I/O completion or reception of a signal).
4 . Reading: The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor.

5 .Terminated: The process has finished execution .

Process Control Block:
A Process Control Block (PCB,
also called Task Controlling
Block or Task Struct) is a data
structure in the operating
system kernel containing the
information needed to manage
a particular process. The PCB is
"the manifestation of a
process in an operating
system".

Included information :
The identifier of the process ( process identifier , or PID )

Register values for the process including, notably, the program counter and
stack pointer values for the process.

The address space for the process

Priority (in which higher priority process gets first preference. e.g., nice value on
Unix operating systems)

Process accounting information, such as when the process was last run, how
much CPU time it has accumulated, etc.

Pointer to the next PCB i.e. pointer to the PCB of the next process to run

I/O Information (i.e. I/O devices allocated to this process, list of opened files,
etc.)

CPU switches from process to
process:

Location of the PCB
Since PCB contains the critical
information for the process, it
must be kept in an area of
memory protected from normal
user access. In some operating
systems the PCB is placed in the
beginning of the kernel stack of
the process since that is a
convenient protected location .

Threads:
The implementation of
threads and processes differs
from one operating system
to another, but in most
cases, a thread is contained
inside a process. Multiple
threads can exist within the
same process and share
resources such as memory,
while different processes do
not share these resources

Process scheduling:
Scheduling refers to the way
processes are assigned to run
on the available CPUs, since
there are typically many
more processes running than
there are available CPUs. This
assignment is carried out by
soft wares known as a
scheduler and dispatcher.

Scheduling Queue:

Job queue – set of all processes
in the system.
Ready queue – set of all
processes residing in main
memory, ready and waiting to
execute.
Device queues – set of
processes waiting for an I/O
device.
Process migration between the
various queues.

Queuing Diagram

Representation of Process
Scheduling

The history of the ARM processors from their beginnings as the proprietary solution for a particular
set of problems in a particular company to their current status as a highly successful, flexible and
customizable set of processors available on the open market.

Founded in November 1990.Spun out of Acorn Computers.

Designs the ARM range of RISC processor cores.

Also develop technologies to assist with the design -in of the ARM
architecture.

Software tools, boards, debug hardware, application software, bus architectures, peripherals etc.

16 Bit RAM 32 Bit RAM

Interrupt

Controller Peripherals
I/O
nIRQ nFIQ

8 Bit ROM ARM
Core

High performance for low price
The original ARM1 device was intended to power an Acorn computer.

Short design time
One of ARM Ltd's stated goals is to provide a quick and effective design
service to produce custom processors based on ARM macrocells.

High performance for low power consumption
A further advantage of the small size of ARM devices is that they do not
consume as much power as other, larger processors.
Easily customized designs
The above factors combine to make the ARM product range extremely
flexible. The small size of the ARM processor means that it can easily be
combined with its support chips, cache memory, or custom circuitry to make
self-contained custom chips. All ARM devices are designed as macrocells,
building blocks which can be combined within a single chip.

The ARM is a 32-bit architecture.

When used in relation to the ARM:
Byte means 8 bits
Halfword means 16 bits (two bytes)
Word means 32 bits (four bytes)

Most ARM’s implement two instruction sets
32-bit ARM Instruction Set
16-bit Thumb Instruction Set

Jazelle cores can also execute Java bytecode

The ARM has seven basic operating modes:

User : unprivileged mode under which most tasks run

FIQ : entered when a high priority (fast) interrupt is raised

IRQ : entered when a low priority (normal) interrupt is raised

Supervisor : entered on reset and when a Software Interrupt instruction is executed

Abort : used to handle memory access violations

Undef : used to handle undefined instructions

System : privileged mode using the same registers as user mode

The ARM Register Set
Current Visible Registers

Abort Mode r0
r1
r2
r3
r4 Banked out Registers
r5
r6
r7
User FIQ IRQ SVC Undef
r8 r8
fbffbfb
r9 r9
r10 r10
r11 r11
r12 r12
r13(sp) R13(sp) R13(sp) R13(sp) R13(sp) R13(sp)
R14(Ir) R14(Ir) R14(Ir) R14(Ir) R14(Ir) R14(Ir)
R15(pc)

cosr
spsr spsr spsr spsr spsr

1 dedicated program counter
1 dedicated current program status register
5 dedicated saved program status registers
30 general purpose registers

The current processor mode governs which of several banks is
accessible. Each mode can access
a particular set of r0-r12 registers
a particular r13 (the stack pointer, sp) and r14 (the link register,
lr)
the program counter, r15 (pc)
the current program status register, cpsr

Privileged modes (except System) can also access
a particular spsr (saved program status register)

There is two main companies that produces processors
Intel & AMD
At this presentation we will talk about the processors
And it’s technology starting from Pentium 1 to core i7
That ‘s for the Intel corporation.
And from Athlon to atom processors for the AMD corporation.
Finally we have made a comparison between the two corporations
illustrating the difference between the functionality of each
processor .

The Pentium family
(S-processors)
The famous world wide processors family
The Pentium family is conceder as the most word widely processors
Also called the single-core processor family.
The Intel® Pentium® processor delivers great desktop performance and
multitasking.
Consisted of :-
Pentium® I
Pentium® II
Pentium® III
Pentium® IV

D-processors
Celeron (single core processor):
Systems based on the Intel® Celeron® processor are ideal for day-to-day
computing, whether in the home, classroom, or office
Take basic computing to new levels with dual-core processing. The Intel®
Celeron® processor, with 512 KB of shared L2 cache and 800 MHz Front Side
Bus, has two independent processor cores in one physical package running
at the same frequency, delivering superior energy efficient dual-core
performance.
The Intel® Celeron® processor is also an exceptional value for single-core
desktop computing delivering a balanced level of proven technology

D-processors (cont’d.)
Intel® Dual™ Core Processor
The first processor in the (D-processors) family.
The Intel® Pentium® processor with Intel® dual-core technology delivers
great desktop performance, low power enhancements, and multitasking for
everyday computing.

Product information :
From 1.98 GHz and 3.06 GHz core speeds
One processing threads
3 MB of Intel® Smart Cache
One channels of DDR2 1333 MHz memory

Features and benefits
For dual-core and single-core processing:
Intel® Wide Dynamic Execution Enables delivery of more instructions per clock cycle to
improve execution time and energy efficiency.
Intel® Smart Memory Access Improves system performance by optimizing the use of the
available data bandwidth.
Intel® Advanced Digital Media Boost Accelerates a broad range of multimedia, encryption,
scientific and financial applications by significantly
improving performance when executing Intel® Streaming
SIMD Extension (SSE/SSE2/SSE3) instructions.
Intel® 64² An enhancement to Intel’s 32-bit architecture to enable the
processor to access larger amounts of memory.
Execute Disable Bit³ Provides enhanced virus protection when deployed with a
supported operating system.
Intel designed thermal solution for boxed Intel boxed processors ship with a thermal solution
processors specifically for this processor designed for maximum
thermal and acoustic performance.
For dual-core processing only:
Intel® Advanced Smart Cache The shared L2 cache is dynamically allocated to each
processor core based on workload. This increases the
probability that each core can access data from fast L2
cache, significantly reducing latency to frequently used
data and improving performance.

Multicores processors
(M-processors)

M-processors( count’ d.)
Intel® Core™ Duo Processor
The new family of the processors that can handle more than one program at the same time
.
Due to its multicore processing system it has two cores inside .

It has three versions :
1- Core™ Duo .
2- Core™ 2Duo .
3- Core™ 2Duo extreme.

Product information:
From 1.98 GHz and 3.06 GHz core speeds
two processing threads
Two channels of DDR2 1333 MHz memory

Intel ® Centrino ™ Processor
The same as Intel® Core™ Duo Processor .
But the Centrino is a technology that tells the user that all the chips in
the computer are compatible with the processor .
By other words all the chips are Intel smart chips and all are compatible.
This helps to keep processor cool and delivers high performance, low
power consumption and ultimate computing speed.

It has anew version called Centrino 2.

Intel® Core™ 2 Quad Processor
The same as core i7 but the deference is in the core i7 structure Intel® HT
technology.
That support the speed start which called turbo boast.
That provides the processor to perform from 0% to 100%.

Product information
3.06 GHz, 2.93 GHz, and 2.66 GHz core speed
8 processing threads
3 Channels of DDR3 1066 MHz memory

Intel® Core™ i3 Processor With Intel® HD
Graphics

The Intel® Core™ i3 processor family with Intel® HD Graphics delivers a revolutionary new
architecture for an unparalleled computing experience.
As the first level in Intel's new processor family, the Intel Core i3 processor is the perfect
entry point for a fast, responsive PC experience.
This processor comes equipped with Intel HD Graphics, an advanced video engine that
delivers smooth, high-quality HD video playback, and advanced 3D capabilities, providing
an ideal graphics solution for everyday computing.
A smart choice for home and office, the Intel Core i3 processor also features Intel® Hyper-
Threading Technology¹, which enables each core of your processor to work on two tasks at
the same time, delivering the performance you need for smart multitasking. Do not let too
many open applications slow you and your PC down. Get smart performance now.
Product information
3.06 GHz and 2.93 GHz core speeds
Four processing threads
Two channels of DDR3 1333 MHz memory

Intel®Core™ vPro™ Processor Family
PCs powered by the new 2010 Intel® Core™ vPro™ processor
family adapt to the needs of your business with smart security,
cost-saving manageability, and intelligent performance. The Intel
Core vPro processor family is designed to keep downtime and
desk-side visits to a minimum, enabling remote monitoring,
diagnosis, and repair of PCs—even if they are shut down or the OS
is unresponsive.¹
Intelligent security and manageability on every chip
Offering expanded remote manageability, select laptop and
desktop PCs—powered by the Intel Core vPro processor family—
provide new KVM Remote Control capabilities² along with
enhanced data and asset security. Including programmable
defense filters that systematically guard against viruses and
malicious attacks, the Intel Core vPro processor family helps to
automatically protect PCs from tampering or disabling of security
software.

Intel® Core™ i5 Processor
A new level of intelligent performance
Unleash the multimedia multitasker within
With intelligent performance that accelerates in response to demanding tasks, such as
playing games and editing photos, the Intel® Core™ i5 processor moves faster when you
do.
The Intel Core i5 processor automatically allocates processing power where it's needed
most.¹ Whether you’re creating HD video, composing digital music, editing photos, or
playing the coolest PC games—with the Intel Core i5 processor you can multitask with ease
and be more productive than ever.
Product information
Intel® Core™ i5-700 and i5-600 processor series with Intel® Turbo Boost Technology
4 processing threads
Up to 8 MB of Intel® Smart Cache
Intel® HD Graphics on Intel® Core™ i5-600 processor series
2 channels of DDR3 1333 MHz memory

Intel® Core™ i7 Processor
The best desktop processor family on the planet¹
Brilliantly fast
With faster, intelligent, multi-core technology that applies processing power
where it's needed most, new Intel® Core™ i7 processors deliver an incredible
breakthrough in PC performance. They are the best desktop processor family on
the planet.¹
You'll multitask applications faster and unleash incredible digital media creation.
And you'll experience maximum performance for everything you do, thanks to
the combination of Intel® Turbo Boost technology² and Intel® Hyper-Threading
technology (Intel® HT technology)³, which maximizes performance to match
your workload.
Product information
3.06 GHz, 2.93 GHz, and 2.66 GHz core speed
8 processing threads with Intel® HT technology
3 Channels of DDR3 1066 MHz memory

Mobile processors family
Intel® Core™ i7 mobile processor Extreme Edition

Hardcore multitaskers rejoice. Fly through everything you do on your PC -
from playing intense 3D games to creating and editing digital video, music,
and photos. With the high performance platform capabilities of Intel® X58
Express Chipset-based motherboards, along with faster, intelligent multi-
core technology that applies processing power dynamically when its needed
most, PCs based on the Intel® Core™ i7-980X processor Extreme Edition
deliver incredible performance with a rich feature set.
Wield the ultimate gaming weapon for greater performance in 3D gaming
applications. Experience smoother and more realistic gaming made possible
by distributing AI, physics, and rendering across six cores and 12 threads,
bringing 3D to life for the ultimate gaming experience. And take digital
content creation to a whole new level for photo retouching and photo
editing. Unlock your full potential with Intel’s top-of-the-line desktop
processor and experience total creative freedom that’s limited only by your
imagination.

Mobile processors (count’ d.)
Intel® Core™ i7-980X processor Extreme Edition
3.33 GHz core speed
Up to 3.6 GHz with Intel® Turbo Boost Technology
6 cores and 12 processing threads with Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology
12 MB Intel® Smart Cache
3 Channels DDR3 1066 MHz memory
32nm manufacturing process technology
Intel® Core™ i7-975 processor Extreme Edition
3.33 GHz core speed
Up to 3.6 GHz with Intel® Turbo Boost Technology
4 cores and 8 processing threads with Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology
8 MB Intel® Smart Cache
3 Channels DDR3 1066 MHz memory
45nm manufacturing process technology

Finally
Now we compare between the
D-Processors & M-Processors

Features and benefits
Intel® dual-core processing Runs two independent processor cores in one
physical package at the same frequency.
Features up to 2 MB of shared L2 cache and 800
MHz Front Side Bus.
Intel® Wide Dynamic Execution Enables delivery of more instructions per clock
cycle to improve execution time and energy
efficiency.
Intel® Smart Memory Access Improves system performance by optimizing
the use of the available data bandwidth.
Intel® Advanced Smart Cache The shared L2 cache is dynamically allocated to
each processor core based on workload. This
increases the probability that each core can
access data from fast L2 cache, significantly
reducing latency to frequently used data and
improving performance.
Intel® Advanced Digital Media Boost Accelerates a broad range of multimedia,
encryption, scientific and financial applications
by significantly improving performance when
executing Intel® Streaming SIMD Extension
(SSE/SSE2/SSE3) instructions.
Intel® 64 architecture¹ An enhancement to Intel’s 32-bit architecture
to enable the processor to access larger
amounts of memory.
Execute Disable Bit² Provides enhanced virus protection when
deployed with a supported operating system.
Intel® designed thermal solution for boxed Intel® boxed processors ship with a thermal
processors solution specifically for this processor designed
for maximum thermal and acoustic
performance

AMD Processors
AMD processors ignite the next generation of
solutions for desktops. Whether it’s playing
games, cloud computing or editing home videos,
enjoy a better experience with AMD multi-core
processors.

- AMD Athlon
- AMD Athlon 64
- AMD Athlon X2
- AMD Athlon Xp
- AMD Duron
- AMD Sempron
- AMD Turion
- AMD Opteron and
- AMD Phenom 1

Deliver more sophisticated solutions with the leading -edge
technology of AMD Phenom II™ 900 Series processor. Built from
the ground up for true quad-core performance, AMD Phenom II
940 processor incorporates 6MB of unified high-speed L3 cache
and high-speed DDR2 memory. Speed through complex
multitasking, critical business productivity, advanced visual
design and modeling and visually stunning digital media and
entertainment. Whether it's a single solution or an enterprise
system, AMD Phenom II processors have the power to perform .

technology of AMD Phenom II 1000 Series processor. Built from
the ground up for true six core performance, AMD
HDT90ZFBGRBOX Phenom II 1090T Black Edition processor
incorporates 6MB of unified high-speed L3 cache and high-speed
DDR3 memory. Speed through complex multitasking, critical
business productivity, advanced visual design and modeling and
visually stunning digital media and entertainment. Whether it's a
single solution or an enterprise system, the AMD Phenom II 1090T
Black Edition processor has the power to perform

AMD Athlon™ X2 dual-core processors put the power of dual -core technology
on the desktop. Dual-core processors contain two processing cores, residing
on one chip, that perform calculations on two streams of data to increase
efficiency and speed while running multiple programs and the new
generation of multi-threaded software. For end-users this means a
significant increase in response and performance when running multiple
applications simultaneously. Productivity in today’s workplace requires
smooth, efficient and seamless multi -tasking. AMD Athlon™ X2 dual-core
processors deliver TRUE multi-tasking, allowing users to switch from one
program to another without always pausing for the computer to catch up and
reducing annoying processing pauses.

technology of AMD Phenom II™ 900 Series processor. Built from
the ground up for true quad-core performance, AMD Phenom II
965 Black Edition processor incorporates 6MB of unified
high-speed L3 cache and a high-speed DDR2/DDR3 memory
controller. Speed through complex multitasking, critical business
productivity, advanced visual design and modeling and visually
stunning digital media and entertainment. Whether it's a single
solution or an enterprise system, AMD Phenom II processors have
the power to perform.

Deliver more sophisticated solutions with the leading-
edge technology of AMD Athlon II™ 400 Series processor.
Built from the ground up for great performance, the AMD
Athlon II X3 440 Triple Core Processor incorporates
1.5MB of high-speed L2 cache and high-speed DDR2 or
DDR3 memory. Speed through complex multitasking,
critical business productivity, advanced visual design and
modeling and visually stunning digital media and
entertainment. Whether it's a single solution or an
enterprise system, AMD Athlon II processors have the
power to perform.

AMD Sempron™ processors for desktops and notebooks
offer affordable performance, compatibility with all the
applications you need, and the reliability of AMD processors.
Compatible with leading operating systems and over 60,000
of the world’s most popular software applications.

Get to fun, faster, with a system that boots and loads
applications quickly and easily. Enjoy reliable, responsive
performance on thousands of software applications —
including those that let you communicate with family and
friends.

Processor types

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Processor types