Production technique of true potato seed

Production technique of true potato seed

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  COURSE SEMINAR On Productiontechnique of TRUE POTATO SEED Presented by- Abhishek Pati Tiwari (CA-10431/17) Advisor- Dr. A. L. Jatav
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  Introduction Potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) is major non-cereal food crop, ranks 4th in area & production in the world after wheat, maize & rice. Originated in Andean region i.e. Southern Peru and Bolivia where it is domesticated 7000-10000 year ago.  Europeans introduced potato in India during late 16th century or early 17th century The Great Irish Famine, due to late blight in the 1845 which resulted in 1 million Irish people died and another 1 million migrated. TPS is practically pathogen free & quite easy for transportation and storage.
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  Taxonomy & Morphology Family Solanaceae  Important cultivated species Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena  2n= 48, tetraploid  Cross pollinated  About 60 cm high culm  Green cherry fruits (300 seed in each)  Potato stolons: lateral stems grow horizontally  Potato tubers: modified stem, initiation of young tubers at the tip of stolons at 35-40 DAP, process called tuberization.
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  BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION  Itis vegetatively propagated by means of tubers  The leaves are alternate & compound  The root is adventitious,arising from the base of a sprout  The root growth is restricted upto 20-25 cm  The flower of the potato are in terminal cluster which contain five stamens,two celled pistil,five sepals &five petals
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  Area, Production &Productivity  World  Total Production = 368.1 m t  China = 88.9 m t  India = 48.53 m t  Russia = 30.2 m t  India  Area = 2.13 m ha  Production = 48.53 m t  Productivity = 227.876 q/ha  Utter Pradesh  Area = 595200 ha  Production = 14755000 t  Productivity = 247.9 q/ha 1/3 of total produced by China and India. Major potato producing states: U.P., W.B., Bihar, Punjab, Haryana Source FAO 2016-17 www.indiastat.com
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  0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000 4000000 4500000 5000000 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Area & Productionof potato in india area (ha) prod.(mt) Source- www.indiastat.com
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  34% 29% 13% 9% 7% 6% 2% Some largest potatoproducing states UP WB Bihar Gujrat MP Punjab Assam Source- www.potatopro.com
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  SEED POTATO  Potatotuber of definite size are used for further multiplication  Should be free from all viral diseases  Should not have been grown in areas where wart, cyst nematode and other quarantine diseases are endemic  Should be either free from soil and tuber borne diseases or carry them within permissible limits  Should be of proper physiological age
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  Different Agronomic practices involvedin production of quality seed1. Seed treatment 2. Seed rate (25-30)q/h 3. Seed size (4-6)cm or >40 g 4. Spacing (60x20)cm 5. Method of planting (3-4 cm depth) 6. Inter-culture (Earthing up etc.) 7. Irrigation 8. Fertilizer managemet (100-125N,80-100P,100-125K) 9. Weed management 10.Disease & pest management 11. Haulm cutting
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  True Potato SeedTechnology What is TPS? True Potato Seed (TPS) is the actual botanical seed produced by the sexual reproduction, and is formed inside the fruits/berries, resembling tomatoes. TPS is occasionally formed after the potato has finished flowering.
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  True Potato seedis very effective & cheap source of planting material. The shortage of good quality seed tubers, high cost of seed, transportation problem, virus infiltration in seed tubers are some of the problems associated with the use of seed tubers as planting material. The concept of raising potato crop from true potato seeds (TPS) or botanical seeds was conceived in India in the early fifties by Dr. S. Ramanujan, the founder director of CPRI.
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  Paired-row concept forCultivation of True Potato Seed  Paired-row concept for cultivation of True Potato Seed (TPS) is the innovation in which TPS are sown in narrow inter space of 10 cm ×10 cm with 5 cm for plant to plant distance. A total of 100 plants per m2 were maintained in all cases.  This innovation is less laborious than a single row system, which need more time. Very high level of seedling maintenance is the major utility of this concept.
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  Selection of parents Selectionof parents is based on quantity of hybrid TPS, which can be produced from per unit area from heterosis. Usually, clones of S. tuberosum are used as female and S. andigena as male that result in heterosis with added advantage of high pollen load.
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  Planting of parents Cut pieces of tuber obtained from male and female plants are planted in separate blocks with required staggering period i.e. 7 days early planting of male than the female to facilitate pollen availability.  Recommended planting geometry for male is 60 x 20 cm an 50 x 15 cm for female  The block with tuber of female parent is kept 1 m wide with a walking space of 80 cm between blocks.
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  Light requirement Potato plantrequire large photoperiodic condition for flowering. In plains flowering can be achieved by providing 5 hr of extra illumination during flowering i.e. December-January from 4 to 9 pm with sodium vapour lamp of 150 watt. One sodium bulb is sufficient to cover an area of 100 sqm.
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  Pollination and fertilization To minimize duration of pollination, bud and flower bunches are trimmed to remain 6 buds/branch.  The mature male flower are collected in the evening and stored over night at room tempreture for higher recovery of pollens.  In commercial seed production programme pollination is done 2-3 times at interval of 8 hr without emasculation to save the time.  It allow 1-5% selfing.
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  Harvesting and processing Berries are picked after 45-50 day of pollination and allow to ripen. A hand operated reverse screw juice extractor is used to extract the seed.  The seed and pulp is treated with 10% HCL with continuous stirring for 20 minutes. The debris is removed by nylon net of 3.13 mm mesh size.  The seed is washed 3-4 times with water for complete removal of HCL.  Seeds is spread over a thin layer and dried under shade for 72 hr and exposed to sunlight for 30 minutes so that the moisture content up to 5-7% is maintained.
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  Packaging and storage Theseed is packed in double layred polythene bags and stored at room temperature for short-term storage and at 6-10 degree calcius for long term storage.
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  Seed sowing  Freshlyharvested TPS have dormancy of approximate 180 day therefore, storage for atleast a year is recommended.  Dormancy can be released by soaking the seed in 1500- 2000 ppm GA3 solution for 48 hr.  The TPS are sown in nursery beds @ 2 g/sqm and seedling are transplanted in field within 25 days.  In heavy soil, TPS can be sown directly.
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  Production and utilizationof TPS Selection of parents (1st yrs) Staggered planting of parental line Flowering (40 DAP) Pollination & fertilization Initiation of berries (45-48 DAP)
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  Maturation of berries(75-80 DAP) Harvesting of berries, seed extraction & storage (80 DAP) Planting of seed in nursery bed ( 2nd yrs) Seedling tuber production (90 DAP) Multiplication of seed
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  TPS Technology
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  TPS utilization technologiesfor potato production Using TPS, potato crop can be grown by two method 1- direct field sowing 2- Transplanting seedling to the field 3- Planting seedling tuber produced from TPS
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  Advantages of usingTrue Potato Seeds as planting material 100 grams is sufficient to cover one hectare instead of planting 2.5-3.0 tons of Potato seed tuber.  TPS has capability of giving more production.  No cold storage facility is required for storing TPS  Comparatively more resistance to pests and diseases.  Net profit is more as cost of cultivation is less and also as per hectare production is much more.  The seed tubers being utilized could be otherwise used for consumption.
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  Some varieties oftrue potatoseeds:- Some of the important true potatoes seeds (TPS) varieties are- HPS 1/13,HPS II/63, TPS C-3, 92-PT-27 etc
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  General Seed Certification Standardsfor Seed Potato I. Classification : 1. Hill Seed (HS): 2500 m ASL2. Plains seed (PS): 2500m BSL II. Land Requirements : not infested with wart , cyst forming nematodes, brown rot within the previous 3 years or common scab. III. Field Inspection: Minimum 4 inspections : First inspection: In the hills- 45 DAP In Plains- 35 DAP Second inspection: 60-70 DAP Third inspection: Immediately after haulms cutting/destruction Fourth inspection: 10 days after haulms cutting/destruction IV. Isolation: 5 m for FS and CS V. Isolation for TPS : 200m
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  Potato varieties developedduring last 5 years (8) to NorthAdapted Indian plains Yield potential of 40 t/ha Resistance to early and late blight, early bulker, suitable for early planting. Adapted to UP and adjoining areas Yield potential of 40 t/ha Resistance to late blight, early bulker. Kufri Garima Adapted to Indo- gangetic plains and plateau region Yield potential of35 t/ha Field resistant tolate blight Kufri Gaurav Adapted to North Indian plains Yield potential of 40 t/ha Perform well under sub-optimal doses of fertilizers ) Kufri SadabaharKufri Khyati TABLEVARIETIES (4)
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  Kufri Frysona Adapted toNorth Indian plains Yield potential of40 t/ha Resistance to late blight and wart, suitable formaking French fries Adapted to Hills (Processing variety) Yield potential of 35 t/ha Resistance to late blight and wart Kufri Himsona Potato varieties developed during last 5 years…contd. PROCESSING VARIETIES (2) Kufri Girdhari Adapted to Indian Hills Yield potential of 35 t/ha Extreme resistance to late blight (Joseph et al., 2010) Kufri Neelima Adapted to Southern Hills Yield potential of 30 t/ha Resistance to early blight, late blight and cyst nematode (Annual Report 2009-10, pp.107) DISEASE RESISTANTVARIETIES (2)
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  Potato Research inIndia  Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla (CPRI) established in 1949  It has 7 research centres • CPRIC, Modipuram, Meerut (UP) • CPRS, Jalandhar (Punjab) • CPRS, Gwalior (MP) • CPRS, Patna (Bihar) • CPRS, Kufri-Fagu, Shimla (HP) • CPRS, Udagamandalam (Tamilnadu) •CPRS, Shillong (Meghlaya)  All India Coordinated Reseaech Project Potato (AICRP),1970  has headquarter at CPRI, Shimla has a nationwide network of 25 centers (7 CPRI based centers, 17 SAU based centers and 1 Voluntary center)
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  Scope of thistechnique In india seed replacement rate of potato crop is ~13%. So there is a need to increase SR but by potato tuber it can not be achieve because of their transportation cost, less availability, requirement of care during storage etc. For increase of SRR there is a lot of scope for TPS because it required in less amount, easy to transport and store.
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  Conclusion `It may beconcluded that this technique is used for disease and virus free seed production. The viral infiltration in the seed tuber is also less. The cost of tuber treating chemicals is also reduced and requires very little space for storage. This technique can be used to checked the diseases to new areas.