Programming
- 1. Dr B T Sampath Kumar Professor Department of Library and Information Science Tumkur University, Tumakuru, INDIA www.sampathkumar.info Programming
- 2. Programing • Program is a set of instructions. • Programming is a process of creating a set of instructions that tell a computer how to perform a task. • Programming can be done using a variety of computer languages, such as C, C++, Java, HTML etc. • Collection of program is software.
- 3. Steps in programming • Understanding the problem. • Design a solution. • Write algorithm and draw flowchart. • Coding. • Programming testing and debugging. • Documentation.
- 4. Understanding the problem • This is the first step in programming. • The programmer should understand the problem thoroughly in terms of requirements i.e. what is the: – input and – output operations to be performed. • If the problem is not properly interpreted then it is not possible to obtain the desired results.
- 5. Design a solution • Once the problem is thoroughly understood, then it is necessary to plan for the method of solution. • Depending upon the size of the task, the program preparation may be shared amongst many programmers.
- 6. Cont.. • Large programs may require each programmer to write a separate part of the program. • These separate parts are often called as modules or segments. • These modules may be prepared and tested separately, then linked together and tested as a whole program.
- 7. Write Algorithm and draw Flowchart • An algorithm is non-computer language. • It is a problem solving technique. • It can be defined as a “step by step procedure to solve a particular problem”.
- 8. Algorithm to add two numbers • Step 1: Read two numbers a, b • Step 2: Add two numbers (c=a+b) • Step 3: Print the sum, c • Step 4: End of algorithm • Step 5: Stop
- 9. Algorithm to calculate the area of a triangle • Step 1: Start • Step 2: Read length and breadth • Step 3: a=1/2*b*l • Step 4: Print ‘a’ • Step 5: Stop Breadth (b) L e n gt h (l)
- 10. Flowcharting • Flowcharting is a method of representing with symbols, their operation and their sequence of execution in information processing.
- 11. Symbols used in Flowchart Start/Stop General processing ConnectorInput/output Decision
- 12. Flowchart to add three numbers Read the numbers
- 13. Coding • The process of writing computer instructions in a programming language (C or C++) is known as Coding. Program written in C is as follows: int main() { int a,b,c,d; printf(“Enter any three numbers"); scanf("%d%d%d", &a, &b, &c); d=(a+b+c); printf("The sum of three number is = %dn",d); }
- 14. Program testing and debugging • The programmer might have made logical errors in sequencing or perhaps errors were made in entering the code. • The process of correcting such errors is called debugging.
- 15. Documentation • For a programmer reliable documentation is always a must. • The presence of documentation helps keep track of all aspects of an application and it improves on the quality of a software product. • Its main focuses are development, maintenance and knowledge transfer to other developers.