Programming language
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The document identifies and provides examples of different generations of programming languages. It discusses machine language as the 1st generation language, assembly language as the 2nd generation language, procedural languages like COBOL and Pascal as 3rd generation languages, SQL and FOCUS as 4th generation non-procedural languages that access databases, and Prolog and Mercury as 5th generation natural languages with visual programming environments. Each generation builds upon the prior by making the languages more human-readable and easier to use.
Programming language
- 2. 1. 2. Identify the generations of low-level programming languages with examples. Identify the generations of high-level programming languages with examples.
- 3. 1. 2. Machine Language - 1st Generation Assembly Language – 2nd generation
- 4. The first generation of programming language, or 1GL, is machine language. Machine language is a set of instructions and data that a computer's central processing unit can execute directly. Machine language statements are written in binary code, and each statement corresponds to one machine action.
- 6. The second generation programming language, or 2GL, is assembly language. Assembly language is the human-readable notation for the machine language used to control specific computer operations. An assembly language programmer writes instructions using symbolic instruction codes that are meaningful abbreviations or mnemonics. An assembler is a program that translates assembly language into machine language. Since assembly language consist of human-readable abbreviations, the assembler must first convert assembly language into machine-readable language before the computer can readily understand its instructions.
- 9. 3. Procedural language – 3rd generation eg: COBOL, FOTRAN, Pascal, C, C++, 4. Non-procedural language – 4th generation eg: SQL, NOMAD, FOCUS 5. Natural Language – 5th generation eg: Prolog, Mercury
- 10. The third generation of programming language, 3GL, or procedural language uses a series of English-like words, that are closer to human language, to write instructions. High-level programming languages make complex programming simpler and easier to read, write and maintain. Programs written in a high-level programming language must be translated into machine language by a compiler or interpreter. Examples: PASCAL, FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, C and C++ are examples of third generation programming languages.
- 12. The fourth generation programming language or non-procedural language, often abbreviated as 4GL, enables users to access data in a database. A very high-level programming language is often referred to as goal-oriented programming language because it is usually limited to a very specific application and it might use syntax that is never used in other programming languages. SQL, NOMAD and FOCUS are examples of fourth generation programming languages.
- 15. The fifth generation programming language or visual programming language, is also known as natural language. Provides a visual or graphical interface, called a visual programming environment, for creating source codes. Fifth generation programming allows people to interact with computers without needing any specialised knowledge. People can talk to computers and the voice recognition systems can convert spoken sounds into written words, but these systems do not understand what they are writing; they simply take dictation. Prolog and Mercury are the best known fifth-generation languages.
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