Programming Language Evolution
- 1. Programming Language Evolution M. A. K. DHANANJAYA 2020/PAS/ICT/M/041
- 2. What is a Programming language? A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE IS A TYPE OF WRITTEN LANGUAGE THAT TELLS COMPUTERS WHAT TO DO
- 4. History of Programming Languages Year Incidence 1883 The first programming language was developed in 1883 when Ada Lovelace and Charles Babbage worked together on the Analytical Engine 1949 Assembly language was first used as a type of computer programming language that was able to simplify machine code language 1952 Alick Glennie developed Autocode, which some consider to be the first compiled computer programming language 1957 John Backus created FORTRAN, which is a computer programming language for working with scientific, mathematical, and statistical projects 1958 Algol was created as an algorithmic language. It was also a precursor to programming languages such as Java and C. 1959 COBOL was created by Dr. Grace Murray Hopper to be a language that could operate on all types of computers.
- 5. History of Programming Languages Year Incidence 1959 John McCarthy created LISP, This programming language was designed for use in artificial intelligence research, and today, it can be used with Python and Ruby. 1964 John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz developed BASIC for students without a strong background in technology and math, enabling them to still use computers 1972 Dennis Ritchie developed C, generally regarded as the first high-level programming language.
- 6. Some other popular programming languages 1972 SQL Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce developed for IBM 1978 MATLAB Cleve Moler developed for writing math programs. This language is used for research and education 1983 Objective-C, C++ Bjarne Stroustrup created C++, which is an extension of the C programming language. 1987 Perl Larry Wall developed Perl as a scripting language, used for text editing to simplify report processing 1990 Haskell Developed as a functional computer programming language used to process complicated math calculations
- 7. Some other popular programming languages 1991 Python Guido Van Rossum developed Python, which is a simplified computer language that is easy to read 1995 Java Sun Microsystems developed Java, originally intended to be used with hand-held devices. 1995 PHP Rasmus Lerdorf developed PHP, mainly for Web development. PHP continues to be widely used in Web development today. 1995 JavaScript Brendan Eich developed JavaScript to enhance Web browser interactions. 2000 C# Microsoft developed C# as a combination of C++ and
- 8. Some other popular programming languages 2003 Scala Martin Odersky created Scala as a programing language that combines aspects of functional programming. 2003 Groovy James Strachan and Bob McWhirter developed Groovy as an offshoot of Java. 2009 Go Google developed Go to solve issues that commonly occur with large software systems. 2014 Swift Apple developed Swift to replace C, C++, and Objective- C.
- 9. Generation of Programming Languages
- 10. The first-generation languages are also called machine languages. This language is machine-dependent. written in binary code (0/1 form) because the computer can understand only binary language. Advantages Fast & efficient as statements are directly written in binary language. No translator is required. Disadvantages Difficult to learn binary codes. Difficult to understand – both programs & where the error occurred. First Generation Language
- 11. The second-generation languages are also called assembler languages. Assembly language contains human-readable notations. Assembler – converts assembly level instructions to machine level instructions. Advantages It is easier to understand if compared to machine language Modifications are easy Correction & location of errors are easy Disadvantages Assembler is required This language is machine-dependent, with a different instruction set for different machines. Second Generation Language
- 12. It also called procedural language. It consists of the use of a series of English-like words that humans can understand easily, to write instructions. For execution, a program in this language needs to be translated into machine language using Compiler/ Interpreter. Ex: C, PASCAL, FORTRAN, COBOL, etc. Advantages Use of English-like words makes it a human-understandable language. Lesser number of lines of code as compared to above 2 languages Same code can be copied to another machine & compiler-specific to that machine. Disadvantages Compiler/ interpreter is needed Different compilers are needed for different machines Third Generation Language
- 13. The fourth-generation language is also called a non – procedural language/ 4GL. It enables users to access the database. Examples: SQL, Foxpro, Focus, etc. These languages are also human-friendly to understand. Advantages Easy to understand & learn Less time required for application creation It is less prone to errors Disadvantages Memory consumption is high Has poor control over Hardware Less flexible Fourth Generation Language
- 14. Fifth Generation Language The programming languages of this generation mainly focus on constraint programming. The major fields in which the fifth-generation programming language are employed are Artificial Intelligence and Artificial Neural Networks Example: PROLOG, LISP, etc.
- 15. Advantages : Machines can make decisions. Programmer effort reduces to solve a problem. Easier than 3GL or 4GL to learn and use. Disadvantages : Complex and long code. More resources are required & they are expensive too.
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