Use of Waste Materials As a replacement of Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Mix

5/15/2013 BHARATI VIDYAPEETH DEEMED UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUNE 1

Structural engineering is a field
of engineering dealing with the safe and
economic analysis / design of structures that
support or resist loads.

CONTENTS
 OBJECTIVES
 INTRODUCTION
 WASTES IN THE PROJECT
 A BRIEF REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK DONE
 EXPERIMENTATION
 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
 TESTING & OBERVATIONS
 MOMENT RESISTING CAPACITY OF BEAM
 CONCLUSION
 SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK
 REFERENCES

OBJECTIVES
 For sustainable development of structural engineering.
To reduce or utilize the waste generated from structures.
To use various waste materials in construction units.
To find the alternative of basic materials which are used in construction
from past many years.

INTRODUCTION
Following a normal growth in population, the amount and type of waste materials have
increased accordingly. Many of the non-decaying waste materials will remain in the environment
for hundreds, perhaps thousands of years. The non-decaying waste materials cause a waste
disposal crisis, thereby contributing to the environmental problems. However, the
environmental impact can be reduced by making more sustainable use of this waste. This is
known as the Waste Hierarchy. Its aim is to reduce, reuse, or recycle waste, the latter being the
preferred option of waste disposal.

Concrete:
 Far more concrete is produced than any other man-made material. Annual production represents
one ton for every person on the planet.
 It is incredibly versatile, and is used in almost all major construction projects.
 Aggregates are used in concrete for very specific purposes. Aggregates typically make up about
60% to 75% of the volume of a concrete mixture, and as they are the least expensive of the
materials used in concrete, the economic impact is significant.
 80% of a buildings CO2 emissions are generated not by the production of the materials used in its
construction, but in the electric utilities of the building over its life-cycle.
 Compared to other comparable building materials, concrete is less costly to produce and remains
extremely affordable.

Construction wastes:
 Construction waste consists of unwanted material produced directly or incidentally by
the construction or industries.
 It include the unwanted residue resulting from the alteration, construction, demolition or repair of
any buildings or other structures.
 These include roofing, concrete block, plaster, structural steel, plumbing fixtures, electrical
wiring, heating and ventilation equipment, windows and doors.
 Also like interior finishing materials such as woodwork and cabinets, plastic containers, paving brick
and stone, reinforced and non-reinforced concrete pavement, and glass.
 Construction waste does not include materials identified as solid waste, infectious waste or
hazardous waste.

Use of waste in concrete:
 Research efforts has been done to match society’s need for safe and economic disposal of waste
materials.
 The use of waste materials saves natural resources and dumping spaces, and helps to maintain a
clean environment.
 The current concrete construction practice is thought unsustainable because, not only it is
consuming enormous quantities of stone, sand, and drinking water, but also two billion tons a
year of Portland cement, which releases green-house gases leading to global warming.
 Experiments has been conducted for waste materials like- rubber tyre, e-waste, coconut
shell, blast furnace slag, waste plastic, demolished concrete constituents, waste water etc.
 Construction waste recycle plants are now installed in various countries but they are partly
solution to the waste problems.

WASTES USED IN THE PROJECT
1. E-waste:
 Electronic waste, abbreviated as e-waste is a non-biodegradable waste.
 It consists of discarded old computers, TVs, refrigerators, radios – basically any electrical or
electronic appliance that has reached its end of life.
 The e waste in India for the year 2005 has been estimated to be 146180.00 tones.
 Ten states generate 70% of the total e-waste generated in India. Maharashtra ranks first followed
by Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh and Punjab.
 There are two small WEEE/E-waste dismantling facilities are functioning in Chennai and
Bangalore.
 Traditional landfill or stockpile method is not an environmental friendly solution and the disposal
process is also very difficult to meet EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) regulations.

2. Rubber Tire waste:
 Discarded vehicle tires constitute one important part of solid waste which had historically been
disposed of into landfills.
 An emerging use is the production of concrete, in which tyre rubber particles partially replace
natural aggregates. This has the additional advantage of saving in natural aggregates used in the
production of concrete.
 Recycled waste-tire rubber have been used in different application. It has been used as a fuel for
cement kiln, as feedstock for making carbon black, and as artificial reefs in marine environment.
 Recycled waste tire rubber is a promising material in the construction industry due to its
lightweight, elasticity, energy absorption, sound and heat insulating properties.
 Rubber can used in the form of chipped or crumbed.

3. Coconut Shell Waste:
 It is an agricultural biodegradable waste found in most of tropical countries especially in Asia.
 India manufactures 15,730 million nuts annually, which is next to Indonesia with 16,498 million.
 Coconut shells dumped improperly to the environment provide breeding places for disease vectors
such as rats and mosquitoes.
 It is a light-weight material which is becoming much popular nowadays because of its easy handling
and low dead loads.
 It is a good alternative to wood and helps to prevent deforestation and also inexpensive.
 The husk of a coconut comprises 30 per cent coconut fibers and 70 per cent flesh. Those are
separated from one another, after which traditional products, such as mats and brushes, are made
from the fibers.

A BRIEF REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK DONE
1. E-waste:
a) Mrs. Lakshmi R & Mr. Nagan S. (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE) (2010/11)
According to them, Compressive strength test was conducted to evaluate the strength
development of concrete containing various E-waste contents at the age of 7, 14, 28 days
respectively.

2. Rubber Tire:
a) Mr. El-Gammal, Mr. A. K. Abdel-Gawad & Mr. Y. El Sherbini
(Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences) (2004)
According to them, a total of 4 main mixtures were cast. One control mixture and three rubcrete
mixtures. The control mixture was designed to have a water cement ratio of 0.35 with cement content
of 350 kg/m3. To develop the rubberized concrete mixtures, tire rubber was used to replace the
aggregate by weight. In the first rubberized concrete mixture, the chipped rubber totally replaced the
coarse aggregate in the mixture.

b) Mr. M. MAVROULIDOU & J. FIGUEIREDO
(Global NEST Journal) (2002)
According to them, scrap tyre aggregates ranging from 20-1 mm were obtained. The material was
sieved and split into two groups of tyre aggregate: coarse rubber aggregate (19-10mm) and fine rubber
aggregate material (10-4.75 mm). The shape of the rubber aggregate was observed to be sub-angular. It
can be seen that there is a very considerable loss in strength with respect to the average results of the
control mixes. The loss was greater with increasing tyre aggregate percentage, amounting to 94% of the
control mix strength for the 40% rubber content.

3. Coconut Shell:
a). Mr. S.D.K.G Singhapura, Mr. M.A.P. Perera, Mr. P.G.S. Chathushka, Mr. G.H.M.
(National Conference on Postgraduate Research) (2009)
According to them, the crushed coconut shell was kept in water in 24 hours and exposed till excess
water evaporated and achieve saturated surface dry condition of CCS. Solid masonry block having the
size of 360mm×100mm×170mm were casted with mix proportion of 1:5 cement-sand. The water-
cement ratio was controlled to 0.5. Initially, 25% of CCS was used instead of coarse aggregated to
investigate whether the CCS could be used in manufacturing of masonry blocks. Then characteristics of
CCS based sand cement blocks having three different CCS contents (20%, 25% and 30%) have been
examined so as to investigate optimum percentage of CCS replacement for the coarse aggregates.
5/15/2013
BHARATI VIDYAPEETH DEEMED UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUNE
19

b). Mr. Amarnath Yerramalaa Ramachandrudu
(International Journal of Engineering Inventions) (2012)
According to them, six mixes were employed. Control mix (M1) that is, without CS was made.
Coarse aggregate was then replaced with CS in 10 (M2), 15 (M3), 20 (M4) percentages to study
effect of CS replacement. Free water to cementious ratio was maintained constant at 0.6 for all
concrete mixes. Extra water was added in the mixes depending on the CS replacement to
compensate water absorption of the CS particles. The details of the mixture proportions used for
the concretes. The specimens were tested for compression and split tensile strengths at 1, 7 and 28
days. However, if the variation of any individual value from the average was greater than 10 %, a
third specimen was tested. Absorption and sorption tests were conducted at 28 days of curing.

EXPERIMENTATION
1) WATER ABSORPTION:
 Take about 500 gm.(W1) of oven dried aggregates and leave it in water for 24 hours.
 After 24hours take them out from the water and weigh(W2).
Water absorbed = (W2 – W1) / W1 X 100
MATERIALS WATER ABSORPTION
COARSE AGGREGATE 1.5%
FINE AGGREGATE 6.1%
COCONUT SHELL 7 %
RUBBER TIRE 0.8%
E-WASTE 0.1%

2) FINENESS TEST OF CEMENT:
 Take sample of the cement used.
 Sieve the sample by sieve no.9 (90µ).
 Weigh the amount retained on the sieve; it should be less than 10% of the total amount of cement taken for
the test.
100 gm of cement was taken and it was sieved through Sieve No.9 (90 microns).
Weigh retained on the sieve was 3 gm.
% weigh retained = 3/100 x100 = 3 % < 10%

3) Sieve Analysis Of Materials:
 Take the sample.
 Sieve it through sieves of
80mm, 60mm, 40mm, 20mm, 12.5mm, 10mm, 4.75mm, 2.36m
m, 1.18mm, 600µ, 300µ, 250µ, 150µ & pan.
 Calculate the fineness modulus of each material.
MATERIALS FINENESS MODULUS
COARSE AGGREGATE 8.48
FINE AGGREGATE 3.3
COCONUT SHELL 8.935
RUBBER TIRE 7.764
E-WASTE 8.199

4) Specific Gravity Of Materials:
Specific gravity of a material is given by-
G= Ys/ Yw
MATERIALS SPECIFIC GRAVITY
COARSE AGGREGATE 2.927
FINE AGGREGATE 2.84
COCONUT SHELL 1.38
RUBBER TIRE 1.187
E-WASTE 1.3

5) FLAKINESS INDEX:
 It is the percentage by weight of particle whose least dimension is less than 3/5th of their mean
dimension.
 W1= total weight of sample gauged
 W2= total weight of material passed
Flakiness Index = W2/W1 x100
MATERIALS F.I.
COCONUT SHELL 87.58%
RUBBER TIRE 100%
E-WASTE 48.37%

6) ELONGATION INDEX:
 It is the percentage by weight of particle whose greatest dimension is greater than 1.8 times their
mean dimension.
 W1= total weight of sample gauged.
 W2= total weight of material retained.
Elongation Index = W2/W1 x100
MATERIALS E.I.
COCONUT SHELL 72.81%
RUBBER TIRE 100%
E-WASTE 44.3%

CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
 Design Stipulations:
• fck = 25 MPa
• Max size of aggregates = 20 mm
• Degree of workability = 0.9
• Degree of quality control = Good
• Type of exposure = mild
 Test data of materials:
• Specific gravity of cement = 3.15
• Specific gravity of CA = 2.927
• Specific gravity of FA = 2.84
• Water absorption :
 CA = 1.5 %
 FA = 6.1 %
• Free (surface) moisture :
 CA = 0.2%
 FA = 2.2
Sand conforming to Zone I.

 The mix proportion of M25 found to be:
Water Cement Fine aggregates Coarse aggregates
191.58 lit 430.51kg 618.22kg 1270.51kg
0.445 : 1 : 1.44 : 2.95
 Actual quantities required for the mix per bag of cement:
The mix is 0.445 : 1 : 1.44 : 2.95. For 50 kg of cement, the quantity of materials are worked out as
below :
Cement = 50 kg
Sand = 72 kg
Coarse aggregates =147.5 kg
Water = 22.25 lit

 Final quantities of different constituents required for one bag mix are :
Water = 26.9755 lit
Cement = 50 kg
Sand = 73.584 kg
Coarse aggregates = 147.795 kg
Therefore, actual mix proportion is 0.54 : 1 : 1.47 : 2.95
 Concrete Mixes
a) Normal Cubes:
Volume of each cube = 3.375 x 10-3 m3
Volume of 3 cubes = 10.125 x 10-3 m3
Quantity of materials required (considering 10 % loss) :
Cement = 5 kg
Sand = 7.3 kg
Coarse aggregates =14.6 kg
Water = 2.7 lit

b) Cubes with Coconut Shell:
c) Cubes with Rubber Tire:
DESCRIPTION QUANTITY OF WASTE C.A.
10% REPLACEMENT 0.690 KG 13.14 KG
KEEPING ALL THE QUANTITY OF REMAINING MATERIAL SAME

d) Cubes with E-waste:

TESTING & OBSERVATIONS
1) Normal Cubes: The average crushing strength of cubes were found to be 25.11 N/mm2 .

DESCRIPTION COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2)
10% coconut shell replacement 20.625
2) Cubes with Coconut Shell:
25.11
20.625
16.11
12.34
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Normal Cubes 10% Replacement 20% Replacement 30% Replacement

3) Cubes with Rubber Tire:
5% rubber tire replacement 23.44
25.11
23.44
19.54
16.94
14.8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Normal Cubes 5% Replacement 10% Replacement 20% Replacement 30% Replacement

4) Cubes with E-waste:
10% E-waste replacement 22.51
25.11
22.51
19.33
18.38
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Normal Cubes 10% Replacement 20% Replacement 30% Replacement

ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
When a beam bends under load, the horizontal fibres will change in length. The top fibres will
become shorter and the bottom fibres will become longer. The most extreme top fibre will be
under the greatest amount of compression while the most extreme bottom fibre will be under
the greatest amount of tension.

b = width of the section
d = effective depth of the section = D - d'
Ku = neutral axis parameter
Ru = moment of resistance parameter
fck = 415 N/mm2 (assumed)
Ku max = 700 / (1100 + 0.87 fy)
Ru max = 0.36 fck Ku max (1- 0.42 Ku max)
Mu max = Ru max bd2
b = 150 mm
d = 150 –(40 + 8/2) = 106 mm

MOMENT OF RESISTANCE:
1) Normal Beams: The average moment resisting capacity of beams of M25 grade concrete was found to
be 5.832 kN-m .
2) Beams with Coconut Shell:
DESCRIPTION MOMENT OF RESISTANCE (kN-m)
10% Replacement 4.789
5.832
4.789
3.741
2.865
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Normal Beams 10% Replacement 20% Replacement 30% Replacement

3) Beams with Rubber Tire:
DESCRIPTION MOMENT OF RESISTANCE (kN-m)
5.832
5.45
4.538
3.934
3.437
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Normal Beams 5% Replacement 10% Replacement 20% Replacement 30% Replacement

4) Beams with E-wastes:
DESCRIPTION MOMENT OF RESISTANCE (KN-m)
5.832
5.227
4.488
4.268
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Normal Beams 10% Replacement 20% Replacement 30% Replacement

CONCLUSIONS
1. It is identified that all wastes used here can be disposed by using them as construction
materials.
2. Cubes with 10% e-waste replacement of C.A. had given requisite strength of 22.51 N/mm2.
Hence, it can be used with proportions varying from 0-10%.
3. Cubes with 10% coconut shell replacement of C.A. had given strength of 20.62 N/mm2.
Hence, it can be used for low cost housing and the places where it is easily available.
4. Cubes with 5% rubber tyre replacement had given good strength with elongated pieces.
Therefore, lower concentrations are recommended.

5. Waste and recycling management plans should be developed in order to sustain environmental,
economic and social development of nation.
6. Coconut shell has high water absorption capacity. So, concrete mix design should be done
accordingly.
7. The specific gravity of all the waste materials are quite similar.
8. Vast potential of saving the natural beds of stones and boulders which are currently used as main
source of aggregates can be reduced significantly.
9. Light weight construction units can be made by using these wastes.
10. It also reduces the cost of construction when used in bulk.

LIMITATIONS
1. Rubber Tire sample is quite flaky and elongated.
2. Mixing of concrete was done by hand mixing.
3. E-waste was generally containing the chips & plastics.
4. For smaller quantities of e-waste, cost is found to be more.

SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK
1. A composite mix of all the waste materials can be used as a replacement of
C.A.
2. Chemical testing of e-waste should be done before using in the
construction practices.
3. Beams & Slabs with different waste should be tested for light weight
construction units.
4. Combination with fly ash can also be an option for future experimentation.

5. Other wastes like Sugarcane bagasse, Blast furnace slag & Plastic can be an option
for waste utilization in construction practices.
6. Well grinded pieces of these wastes should be checked for the replacement of fine
aggregates in concrete mix.
7. Various combination of tyre materials can be used either crumbed or crushed.

REFRENCES
 Concrete Technology: Theory and Practice – M.S. SHETTY
 Soil Mechanics and Foundations – Dr. B.C. Punmia
 Paper by - Mrs. Lakshmi R & Mr. Nagan S
(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES)
(2010/11).
 Paper by - Mr. Ramachandra T.V., Mrs. Saira Varghese K (2009).
 Paper by - Mr. El-Gammal, Mr. A. K. Abdel-Gawad & Mr. Y. El Sherbini (Journal of Emerging Trends In
Engineering and Applied Sciences) (2004).

 Paper by - Mr. M. MAVROULIDOU & J. FIGUEIREDO
(Global NEST Journal) (2002).
 Paper by - Mr. S.D.K.G Singhapura, Mr. M.A.P. Perera, Mr. P.G.S.Chathushka, Mr. G.H.M.J Subashi De
Silva (National Conference on Postgraduate Research) (2009).
 Paper by - Mr. Amarnath Yerramalaa Ramachandrudu(Internationa Journal of Engineering Inventions)
 http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management
 http://www.ewasteguide.info
 http://www.cnruggiero.com.au/default/rubber_and_tyre_disposal

THANK
YOU
BY-
NITIN YADAV

Use of Waste Materials As a replacement of Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Mix

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