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Promoting Sustainable Cities using Green Transport
- 3. Indian Auto History • 1897-- first car ran on an Indian road. • -- Through 1930s, cars were imports only in small numbers. • automotive industry emerged in India in the 1940s. • Hindustan Motors launched in 1942, • Premier in 1944, building Chrysler, Dodge, and Fiat products respectively. • Mahindra & Mahindra established by two brothers in 1945, and began assembly of Jeep CJ-3A utility vehicles. • Following independence in 1947, • -- Government of India/ private sector • launched efforts to create an automotive-component manufacturing industry to supply to automobile industry. • In 1953, an import substitution programme launched, • import of fully built-up cars began to be restricted. • India fourth largest motor vehicle/car manufacturer in world • in 2016¹. Indian produced a record 25.3 milion motor vehicles in 2016-17 (Apr-Mar).
- 4. Indian Auto Industry • FEBRUARY, 2018 • Indian auto industry - one of the largest in world. • accounts for 7.1 per cent of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). • Two Wheelers segment with 79 %market share – due to growing middle class and a young population. • Passenger Vehicle (PV) segment -- 15 % market share. • India also prominent auto exporter • India to be-- leader in 2W and Four Wheeler (4W) market in the world by 2020
- 7. Number of Vehicles • Number of registered motor vehicles in India • 21,00,23,289 as on 31.03. 2015. • 7 states having more than 100,00,000 registered motor vehicles viz. • Maharashtra, • Tamil Nadu, • Uttar Pradesh, • Gujarat, • Karnataka, • Rajasthan and • Madhya Pradesh
- 8. Number of registered vehicles, India 31. 3.2015 • Number of registered motor vehicles in Maharashtra – 2,55,62,175 -- share 12.17% of India • Tamil Nadu – 2,25,18,669 & share of 10.72% • Uttar Pradesh – 216,35,531 & share of 10.3% • Gujarat -- 1,8720567 -- & share of 8.91% • Karnataka-- 14784961 -- share of 7.04% • Rajasthan -- 12378929 -- share of 5.89% • Madhya Pradesh -- 11141127 -- share of 5.3% • Among UTs-- Delhi had maximum vehicles-- 8850720 --share of 4.21%
- 10. Traffic & Travel worst gifts of Urbanization •Large mismatch between vehicle population and road capacity •During 1951-2004,motor vehicle population recorded -CAGR growth of 10.9% - compared to 3.6% in road length with National Highways increasing merely by 2.3%. •Cities produce 70% global green house gas emissions, largely by transportation and buildings •Travel becoming more expensive for poor with elimination of pedestrians / bicycles •Travel becoming risky with accidents increasing from 1.6 lakhs to 3.9 lakhs during 1981-2001 • majority of causalities among cyclists, pedestrians and pavement dwellers •Vehicular congestion/ traffic jams becoming order of the day TRANSPORTATION SCENARIO IN INDIA
- 12. Status of Road Network – India• India --road net workof over 5,603,293 kilometres --on 31 March 2016, • Second largest road network in world. • With 1.70 km of roads / square kilometre of land, -- density of India's road network higher than Japan (0.91) , United States (0.67), China (0.46), Brazil (0.18) or Russia (0.08). • India has approximately 4.63 km of roads /1000 people. • As on 31 March 2016-- 62.5% of Indian roads were paved • Low road densities / 1000 people has created • significant congestion • slow vehicular speeds inside cities • fuel in efficiency . • Increased fuel consumption /kilometer travelled, • heavy pollution -- inefficiency/ low speeds. • Pollutants / poor fuel efficiencies- include hydrocarbons, NOx, SOx, methane, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide • – cause health problems, • -- adverse climate effects and • --related environmental damage.
- 13. TRANSPORT ISSUES
- 14. • explosive growth of population, •Increasing income •urban sprawl • limited public transit options •----Led to rapid increase in private vehicle ownership in developing cities. •Growth of motorized transport / resulting traffic congestion created a host of economic, health / environmental problems •Cities face •severe congestion, • air pollution, • greenhouse gas emissions, • traffic accidents, and • a fast-rising energy bill. TRANSPORTATION ISSUES
- 15. Negative consequences include: •Impact Health and safety: • Pollution / road accidents major public health issues-- resulting in over one million deaths annually. Promotes Climate change: transport emissions of greenhouse gases contributes to climate change Slows down Economic growth: Traffic congestion threatens city productivity / competitiveness. Increases Poverty : Congestion making public transport services less effective/ reducing access to economic opportunities / posing a barrier to poverty alleviation. TRANSPORTATION ISSUES
- 16. •Heterogeneous Traffic •increased individual vehicle ownership; •low road capacity; •poor road geometry; •large obsolete vehicular population; • inefficient and inadequate public transportation; • high degree of environmental pollution; TRANSPORTATION ISSUES
- 17. •low priority for traffic planning; •Low priority to bicycles and pedestrians • poor traffic management; • mismatch between vehicle density and road capacity; •multiplicity of agencies involved • absence of unified traffic regulatory authority; • acute problems of parking; •high rates of accidents etc. TRANSPORTATION ISSUES
- 18. •Mixing of inter and intra city traffic •Low availability of trained professionals •High priority for cars/mechanised vehicles •Lack of education of road users •Transportation planning on low priority •Lack of research and development • Location of wholesale markets in core areas •Absence of cycle tracks/ pedestrian pathways in urban areas •Absence of well defined road hierarchy •Absence of signages TRANSPORTATION ISSUES
- 19. •Low level of awareness among road users •Low level of traffic enforcement and regulation •Low level of respect for law •Priority for mechanical vehicles- exclusion of non-mechanised vehicles •High degree of congestion in core areas •Mixing of mechanised/non- mechanised vehicles •High degree of vehicular pollution •Most vehicles run on diesel/petrol •Absence of Electric/CNG based Vehicles •Outdated vehicular technologies TRANSPORTATION ISSUES
- 26. Strategy--minimize need for private automobiles through better options for public transport, cycling, or walking Green Transportation would call for— 1 Redefining Urban Planning. 2. Changing approach to Planning for people not for vehicles 3. Promoting accessibility rather than mobility 4 Redefining shape and size of cities 5 Making cities compact to reduce travel demand and trip length 6 Reordering prioritization for travel – --pedestrians, --cycles, --public transport, --private cars GREEN TRANSPORTATION
- 27. New Order of Mobility
- 28. 6 Making public transport: -- equitable/reliable, affordable /safe – Comfortable/ efficient/ user friendly 7 Equitable allocation of road space. 8 Road Pricing 9 Creating public awareness 11 Promoting innovations through R&D 12 Deregistration of Old Vehicles 13 Establishing effective regulatory / enforcement mechanisms 14 Creating pedestrian paths/cycle tracks as integral part of city transportation GREEN TRANSPORTATION
- 29. PLANNING CITIES New Order of Planning to focus on: Making cities more compact. Making urban planning energy centric. not to freeze city for next 20 years permit dynamic growth based on project to project approach City planning supported by group of experts involving communities Adopting City shape / size -- involving minimum travel / length of road network. Using mechanism of Mixed Land use Avoiding Pure land use planning Adopting Transit Oriented Development Using high rise high density pattern of development Promoting flatted development instead of Plotted Development
- 30. COMPACT CITY
- 31. COMPACT CITY
- 34. Green Cities –Musdar Abu Dhabi-UAE A city of 50,000 population No cars - using green transport. working/ living area not farther than 200 mts from transportation nodes. Electricity light rail for inter- city transport between Musdar / Abu Dhabi. •Using green energy-solar power plants --Using air from sea to cool buildings Re-cycling of water •--Intra-city travel through personal rapid transit pods (PRT) running on magnetic tracks •Aim is to create Energy efficient-- Zero Carbon Zero Waste Zero Car city
- 35. TIAN JIN- Master plan .. 1. Land-use Planning – compact city , mixed land uses ,Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) . 2. Transport Planning -Green transport .-- majority trips via public/ non-motorised modes of transport --bicycles and walking , -90% trips made as green trips, 3. Green and Blue Network Planning--- --City planned with extensive green (vegetation) and blue (water) networks -- to provide quality living /working environment. --Green network comprised of green lung at the core and eco-corridors emanating from the lung to the other parts of city. -- Water bodies linked to enhance ecology /provide attractive environment , recreation -- A wastewater pond rehabilitated /transformed into a clean/beautiful lake. 4. Master Plan summed as- 1 axis-3 centres-4 districts
- 36. Chengdu (China) Chengdu –China building a city for: • 80,000 residents • providing living /working within half mile square • everything accessible within 15 minutes walk, •48% Less energy used compared to similar sized Chinese cities • operational efficiency largely facilitated by city design
- 37. Green Vancouver
- 38. compact city
- 39. 15 Promoting road safety for pedestrians/ cyclists 16 Setting up more educational institutions imparting education in traffic engineering/ planning 17 Effective implementation of master plans 18 Pedestrianisation of core areas 19 Shifting of wholesale markets from city core 20 Staggering of office/school hours 21 Reviewing policies for change of landuse for institutions/universities/large industrial units 22 Restricting peri-urban development 23 Promoting Transit Oriented Development 24.Involving large institutions employing large manpower to run dedicated transport means 25 Closely integrating inter- city and intermediate modes of transport to ensure last mile connectivity 26 Educational/industrial units to encourage cycling within campuses to make them green GREEN TRANSPORTATION
- 41. •Promoting use of Bicycle as mode of travel being Most inexpensive / flexible Environmental friendly Zero pollution/ Zero Energy Vehicle Occupying minimum road space Minimum Parking Space Promoting National Economy Promoting Human Health Reducing depletion of Non- renewable resources Best option for travelling over short distance. Good for Your Health and Lengthens Your Life gives much-needed exercise. TRANSPORTATION- CYCLING
- 42. WALKING/CYCLING- New York Urban transportation policies that put walking, bicycling and public transit above cars can result in: • Cleaner air— 300,000 children and 700,000 adults in New York City have asthma • Better and stronger communities— Studies show less the traffic on your street-- more friends you have. •Less time spent commuting— average NYC traffic speeds to just 8 miles per hour in rush hour. •A more robust local economy— In NYC, congestion costs an annual $13 billion in •-- lost jobs, •-- productivity losses, •-- travel costs and wasted fuel.
- 45. Bikeway in Lima
- 47. METRO/BRTS
- 48. PROMOTING PUBLIC TRANSPORT Public transport key to rationalizing urban transportation -- DELHI, CHICAGO , COPENHAGEN ( within400metres) • Redefining approach to public transportation • Promoting Public Transport would require: • Promoting development along transport network • improved passenger information system • use of intelligent transport systems for monitoring and control; • affordable ticket pricing; e-ticketing; using single ticket for all modes of travel making any number of changes; • carrying maintenance during night • introducing comfortable buses , • involving Communities, creating dedicated bus lanes
- 49. TRAFFIC-DELHI,AHMEDABAD, ISTANBUL, SINGAPORE • Cityof Singapore promoted: • high degree of road efficiency,/ reduced road congestion, • carpooling and public transport • Generating resources for city infrastructure by hitech Road Pricing • Delhi, through its green metro, achieved milestone of : • Transporting 2.8 million people on a single day with the target of 6 million, when all the four phases will be operational • reduced road congestion , air pollution and carbon contents, • increasing road efficiency • Making mega city much cleaner and greener. • Ahmadabad’s BRTS reinvented /revolutionized the city road traffic • Istanbul used 42 Kms dedicated road lanes for the new Bus Rapid Transport System to promote: • public transport, • tackle the problem of traffic congestion and air pollution • Providing most efficient service to 6,20,000 passengers /day
- 51. Curitiba’s futuristic ‘tube’ station system for buses--,85% Curitiba uses Bus Rapid Transit -- transporting two million each day-- London subway carries three million-- BRT built in 1974; now 300 cities around world are using .”
- 55. . ROAD PRICING
- 57. Stopping Road being Used for Parking
- 58. Transportation strategies • Driving Less Saves You a Ton of Money • Riding Transit and Bicycling is Good for Your Health and Lengthens Your Life • Living in transit-oriented, “smart growth” communities is also much better for you health and saves lives • living in bicycle-friendly communities / bicycling for transportation purposes --much better for your health than riding transit • Riding a bike gets much-needed exercise--- makes you healthy and probably saves time!
- 59. Green Transportation strategies • www.envirogadget.com • There are a number of beneficial forms of green transportation • that support and enhance walkable urbanism. • These green transportation options make our lives • -easier, • --reduce congestion, • --reduce our dependence on cars and oil, • --are safer and less costly, • -- help save the planet... • -- and make life more fun!