Properties of peroxidase from chewing stick miswak

Properties of peroxidase from chewing stick miswak

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  African Journal ofPharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 6(9), pp. 660-670, 8 March, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJPP DOI: 10.5897/AJPP12.015 ISSN 1996-0816 ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Properties of peroxidase from chewing stick miswak Saleh A. Mohamed1,2*, Abdulrahman L. Al-Malki1, Jalaluddin A. Khan1, Mansour I. Sulaiman3 and Taha A. Kumosani1 1 Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 2 Molecular Biology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. 3 Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Accepted 13 February 2012 Miswak is a chewing stick prepared from the roots, twigs or stems of Salvadora persica L. and widely used in Middle Eastern and Estern African cultures. Currently, its chemical components had antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. In the present study, peroxidase, as antioxidant and antibacterial enzyme, was screened in 4 parts of miswak and the level of peroxidase activity was recorded in the order of peel of stem > root without peel > peel of root > stem without peel. Generally, the people used the root without peel. By chromatography of miswak root without peel on DEAE- Spharose 3 peroxidases POI, POII and POIII were separated. Peroxidase POII with highest activity was reached to homogeneity by chromatography on Sephacryl S-200. The molecular weight of POII was found to be 70 kDa. o-Phenylenediamine was found to be the best substrate for the enzyme followed by guaiacol, o-dianisidine, pyrogallol and p-aminoantipyrine. The apparent Km for catalysis of H 2O2 and guaiacol were 0.9 and 17.33 mM respectively. The enzyme had an optimum pH and temperature at 5.5 and 40°C respectively. POII was stable at 10 to 40°C and unstable above 50°C. Most of the examined 2+, 3+ 2+ metal ions had partially inhibitory effects on POII, while Co Fe and Ca were able to greatly enhance the activity. The metal chelators caused moderate inhibitory effects. The enzyme was highly inhibited by mercptoethanol, cysteine and ascorbic acid, while thiourea had moderate inhibitory effect. POII exhibited high resistance to protyolysis by trypsin. The highest storage stability at 4°C was detected for POII in powder form compared to liquid form. Key words: Miswak, Salvadora persica, chewing stick, peroxidase. INTRODUCTION The use of the chewing stick (miswak) for cleaning teeth including significant antibacterial (Al-Lafi and Ababneh, is an ancient custom which remains widespread in many 1995) and anti-fungal effects (Al-Bagieh et al., 1994). parts of the world (Hyson, 2003). The World Health Extracts of S. persica and other related plants may be Organization has recommended and encouraged the use effective against the bacteria that are important for the of chewing sticks as an effective tool for oral hygiene in development of dental plaque. Therefore, it has been areas where such use is customary (WHO, 1987). claimed that miswak sticks may have anti-plaque effects Salvadora persica or arak is the major source of material and may also affect the pathogenesis of periodontal for chewing sticks in Saudi Arabia and much of the diseases by reducing the virulence of periodonto Middle East (Eid et al., 1990). It has been shown that phathogenic bacteria (Homer et al., 1992). Almas et al. extracts of miswak posses various biological properties (2002) reported that miswak and chlorahexidine gluconate had the same effect on healthy human dentin. The anti-microbial and cleaning effects of miswak have been attributed to various chemicals detectable in its *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. extracts. These effects are believed to be due to its high content of sodium chloride and potassium chloride as Abbreviations: H2O2, Hydrogen peroxide; POI, POII, POIII, well as salvadourea and salvadorine, saponins, tannins, Peroxidases. vitamin C, silica and resin (Ezmirly and El-Nasr, 1981), in
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  Mohamed et al. 661 addition to cyanogenic glycoside and benzylisothio- light (O'Brien, 2000). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is cyanate. Thus, it has been reported that some anionic one of the most extensively studied enzymes. Practical components naturally occurring in plant species exert uses of HRP include: removal of phenols from polluted anti-microbial activities against various bacteria. water (Wu et al., 1999), organic syntheses (Wagner and Thiocyanate (SCN-) acts as a substrate for salivary Nicell, 2005). Applications for analytical purposes are lactoperoxidase to generate hypothiocyanite (OSCN-) in also being investigated for cancer gene therapy (Azevedo the presence of hydrogen peroxide (Nishioka et al., 2003; et al., 2003). Hannig et al., 2006; Aizenbud et al., 2008). OSCN- has Despite several studies had been focused on the been demonstrated to react with sulfhydryl groups in miswak chemical components, which had antimicrobial bacterial enzymes which in turn lead to bacterial death and antioxidant activities, its bioactive compounds (Darout et al., 2000). Acid production in human dental especially oxidoreductase enzymes such as peroxidase plaque in vitro has been reported to be inversely has not yet been established, where peroxidase act as proportional to the concentration of OSCN- in the test antioxidant and antimicrobial enzyme. Screening of the system, while supplementing saliva with hydrogen peroxidase level in different parts of miswak and peroxide and SCN- inhibited acid production (Tenovuo et biochemical characterization of peroxidase was studied. al., 1981). Sofrata et al. (2007) reported that miswak extract raised the plaque pH after an acidic challenge, MATERIALS AND METHODS suggesting that it may play a potential role in caries prevention. Oral bacteria especially Streptococci produce Plant material hydrogen peroxide (Ryan and Klleinberg, 1995). Hydrogen peroxide, one of reactive oxygen species, can Miswak Salvadora persica L. (Salvadoraceae) was purchased from local market of Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. damage a variety of molecules within cells, leading to oxidative stress. Two important and interrelated factors are involved in Peroxidase assay the patho-physiological progression of periodontal diseases, that is, the activation of immune system and Peroxidase activity is carried out according to Miranda et al. (1995). The reaction mixture containing in one ml: 8 mM H2O2, 40 mM the production of oxygen radicals and their related guaiacol, 50 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.5 and least amount of metabolites. Increased production of oxygen radicals may enzyme preparation. The change of absorbance at 470 nm due to contribute to oxidative stress, which is reported to be guaiacol oxidation was followed at 30 second intervals. One unit of involved in many diseases, including periodontal peroxidase activity is defined as the amount of enzyme which diseases (Wei et al., 2004). Within 5 min of intravenous increases the O.D. 1.0 per min under standard assay conditions. injection into rats, horseradish peroxidase (HRPO) was detected in the gingival fluid of the molar teeth. Thirty Protein determination minutes after its injection, HRPO was accumulating in lysosome-like bodies in epithelial cells of the epithelial Protein was quantified by the method of Bradford (1976) with bovine serum albumin as standard. attachment and disappeared from these structures in 1 or 2 days. This lysosome-like activity of the epithelial attachment may play a role in the maintenance and Preparation of crude extract defense of the underlying periodontal tissues (McDougall, 1970). Peroxidase crude extracts were prepared by homogenization the miswak in 20 mM Tris–HCl buffer, pH 7.2 using a mortar. The Peroxidases are heme-containing enzymes that oxidize homogenates were centrifuged at 10,000 g and the supernatant a variety of xenobiotics by hydrogen peroxide (Saunders, was designated as crude extract. 1973). Peroxidases reduce hydrogen peroxide and oxidize a wide number of compounds including phenols, Purification of peroxidase from root without peel aromatic amines, thioanisoles, halide ions, thyocianate ions, fatty acids and also degrade hydrogen peroxide Unless otherwise stated all steps were performed at 4 to 7°C. The (Vojinovic et al., 2007). Thus, peroxidases are crude extract from root without peel was filtered though ultrafiltration oxidoreductases which use hydrogen peroxide as membrane Cut-Off 10 kDa. The ultra-filtration fraction was applied directly to a DEAE–Sepharose column (4 × 1.6 cm i.d.) which was electron acceptor for catalyzing different oxidative previously equilibrated with 20 mM Tris–HCl buffer, pH 7.2. The reactions. Plant peroxidases appear to play a role in the adsorbed material was eluted with a stepwise gradient ranging from metabolism of auxin, a hormone that signals growth: 0 to 0.4 M NaCl prepared in the same buffer at a flow rate of 60 development. They also play a role in extracellular ml/h and 3 ml fractions were collected. Protein fractions exhibiting defense against pathogens and stress, biosynthesis and peroxidase activity were eluted with 0.0, 0.05 and 0.1 M NaCl, respectively and designated peroxidases POI, POII and POIII degradation of lignin, intracellular removal of hydrogen according to elution order. POII with the highest peroxidase activity peroxide, and oxidation of toxic reductants. Plant was applied to a Sephacryl S-200 column (90 × 0.6 cm i.d.) which peroxidases are induced by stress, for example, was previously equilibrated with 20 mM Tris–HCl buffer, pH 7.2. pathogen attack, wounding, heat, cold or draught, UV The enzyme was eluted with the same buffer.
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  662 Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. Table 1. Screening of peroxidase activity in different parts of miswak. Tissues Units/g tissues mg protein/g tissues Specific activity (Units/mg protein) Peel of stem 1527 2.5 610 Stem without peel 325 1.83 177 Peel of root 683 4.79 142 Root without peel 967 1.6 604 Molecular weight determination Effect of chemical compounds Molecular weight was determined by gel filtration technique using The effect of metal chelators (EDTA, sodium citrate and sodium Sephacryl S-200. The column (90 × 1.6 cm i.d.) was calibrated with oxalate), mercptoethanol, cysteine, thiourea and ascorbic acid on cytochrome C (12,400), carbonic anhydrase (29,000), bovine serum the enzyme activity was determined by assaying the enzyme in albumin (67,000), alcohol dehydrogenase (150,000) and β-amylase presence of these compounds. The activity in absence of these (200,000). Dextran blue (2,000,000) was used to determine the void compounds is taken as 100%. volume (Vo). Subunit molecular weight was estimated by SDS- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Laemmli, 1970). SDS- denatured phosphorylase b (94,000), bovine serum albumin Storage stability (67,000), ovalbumin (43,000), carbonic anhydrase (30,000), soybean trypsin inhibitor (20,000) and α-lactalbumin (14,200) were Storage stability was detected by measuring of peroxidase activity used for the calibration curve. in liquid and powder (lyophilization) forms of enzyme during 8 weeks at 4°C. Characterization of peroxidase RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Optimum pH and temperature The optimum pH for the peroxidase activity is determined by Screening of peroxidase activity in different parts of assaying the activity at different pH values, using the following miswak buffers: 50 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 3.6 to 6.5) and 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.0 to 9.0). The optimum temperature for Peroxidase activity was screened in four parts of miswak peroxidase activity was determined by assaying the enzyme at temperatures from 20 to 70°C at pH 5.5. for the first time, peel of stem, stem without peel, peel of root and root without peel. Table 1 showed that the level of peroxidase activity was recorded in the order of peel of Thermal stability stem > root without peel > peel of root > stem without peel (Table 1). The specific activity (units/mg protein) had Heat stability is measured by incubating the enzyme at 20 to 70ºC the same order except for peel of root where it had high for 15 min in 0.05 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.5. After heat treatment, the enzyme solution is cooled and the residual activity level of protein. Generally, the people used the root of assayed under standard assay conditions. miswak without peel (chewing stick) which had high level of peroxidase (967 units/g). This study showed that the higher levels of peroxidase exist in the peel of stem (1527 Kinetic constant units/g) and we recommended the people used this part Kinetic parameters of the peroxidase for hydrogen peroxide and of miswak. Mohamed et al. (2008a) demonstrated that guaiacol as substrates are determined at pH 5.5. The values of the major pool of peroxidase activity was present in peel Michael's constants (Km) were determined from Lineweaver Burk of some Egyptian citrus species and cultivars compared plot. to the juice and pulp. Substrate specificity Purification of peroxidase from miswak root without peel To determine the substrate specificity of the enzyme, a number of potential natural electron donors are used under the standard assay conditions. The purification of peroxidase from miswak root without peel, which is generally used as chewing stick, was summarized in Table 2. The crude extract with 2100 units Metal ion effect and specific activity of 677 units/ mg protein was subjected to ultrafiltration using ultrafiltration membrane The effects of various metal ions on enzyme activity were determined by pre-incubating the enzyme with 1 and 5 mM metal cut-off 10 kDa, where the ultrafiltration fraction had 2000 ions for 15 min and then assaying the enzyme activity. The activity units and specific activity of 714 units/mg proteins. The in absence of metal ions is taken as 100%. ultrafiltration fraction was applied onto DEAE-Sepharose
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  Mohamed et al. 663 Table 2. Purification scheme of peroxidases from miswak root without peel. Sample Total units* Total protein (mg) Specific activity (units/mg protein) Fold purification Recovery (%) Crude extract 2100 3.1 677 1 100 Ultrafiltration fraction 2000 2.8 714 1.05 95 DEAE- Sepharose 0.0 M NaCl (POI) 516 0.27 1876 2.77 24 0.05 M NaCl (POII) 840 0.3 2800 4.13 40 0.1 M NaCl (POIII) 70 0.36 194 0.2 3 Sephacryl S-200 POII 450 0.1 4500 6.6 21 *One unit of peroxidase activity is defined as the amount of enzyme which increases the O.D. 1.0 per min under standard assay conditions. 400 0.0M NaCl 0.8 300 Absorbance at 280 nm 0.6 Units /fraction 0.05M NaCl 200 0.1M 0.4 NaCl 0.2M NaCl 0.3M 100 0.2 NaCl 0.0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Fraction number Figure 1. A typical elution profile for the chromatography of miswak root without peel peroxidase on DEAE-Spharose column (4 x 1.6 cm i.d.) equilibrated with 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.2 at a flow rate of 60 ml/h and 3 ml fractions. Absorbance at 280 nm (—), peroxidase activity (x---x). column (4 × 1.6 cm i.d.). From the elution profile of the differs depending on ecological and environmental chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose column, three differences, as well as differences in variety, and also forms of peroxidases were separated POI, POII and POIII differences in stage of maturity and detection techniques (Figure 1) with specific activity of 1876, 2800 and 194 (Gaspar et al., 1982). The presence of more than one units/mg protein and 24.5, 40.0 and 3.0% recovery, peroxidase enzyme in miswak supports the hypothesis respectively. A number of cationic and anionic that a gene family gives rise to multiple isoenzymes isoperoxidases from C. sinenis (Clemente, 1998) and belonging to class III peroxidase as in several other plant apple (Valderrama and Clemente, 2004) were detected. species (Boucoiran et al., 2000). The complete Four anionic and one cationic peroxidase isoenzymes purification was restricted on miswak POII with highest from Citrus Jambhiri peel were detected using DEAE- peroxidase activity. A Sephacryl S-200 column was used cellulose and CM-cellulose columns (Mohamed et al., to obtain POII with the highest possible specific activities 2008a). It has been suggested that the number of of 4500 units/mg protein which represented 6.6fold peroxidase isoenzymes from the same kind of fruit may purification over the crude extract with 21% recovery
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  664 Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 120 Absorbance at 280 nm 0.4 90 0.3 Units/ fraction 0.2 60 0.1 30 0.0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Fraction number Figure 2. A typical elution profile for the chromatography of miswak DEAE-Sepharose fraction POII on Sephacryl S-200 column (90 × 1.6 cm i.d.) previously equilibrated with 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.2 at a flow rate of 30 ml/h and 3 ml fractions, absorbance at 280 nm (—), peroxidase activity (x ----x). Molecular mass Peroxidases have a molecular weight ranging from 30 kDa to 150 kDa (Hamid and Khalil-ur-Rehman, 2009). The purified enzyme was chromatography on Sephacryl S-200, which was calibrated with standard proteins. The molecular weight of the enzyme was calculated from the plot of Ve/Vo versus log of molecular weight and was found to be 70 kDa. The purified enzyme showed a single protein band on SDS-PAGE (Figure 3) and the molecular weight was found to be 70 kDa. Similar molecular weight was detected for peroxidase from marular fruit (71 kDa) (Mdluli, 2005). However, it was different from the molecular weight of turnip peroxidase and horseradish peroxidases, which were reported, have molecular weights of 49 kDa and 40-46 kDa, respectively (Duarte- Vazquez et al., 2003). Substrate specificity Different compounds were tested as hydrogen donor substrates for POII. o-Phenylenediamine was found to be the best substrate for the enzyme followed by guaiacol, Figure 3. SDS-PAGE for homogeneity and molecular weight determination of o-dianisidine, pyrogallol and p-aminoantipyrine (Table 3). Miswak POII. M- Protein markers; 1- Similar results were reported for peroxidase from Cirus Sephacryl S-200 POII. jambhiri cv. Adalia, where the enzyme had highest affinity toward o-phenylenediamine compared with the other tested substrates (Mohamed et al., 2008a). As the enzyme showed wide substrate specificity POII may (Figure 2). The homogeneity of the purified POII was belong to class III of the plant peroxidase superfamily detected by SDS-PAGE (Figure 3). with EC 1.11.1.7 (donor : hydrogen peroxide
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  Mohamed et al. 665 Table 3. Relative activities of miswak POII toward Km value different substrates. Using guaiacol as a reducing substrate, the activity of Substrate Relative activity (%) POII showed a Michaelis-Menten relationship at varying Guaiacol 100 H2O2 concentrations (Figure 4). The Km value of H2O2 o-Phenylenediamine 198 calculated from the Linewever-Burk plot is 0.9 mM for o-Dianisidine 77 POII. The significance of low Km value for H2O2 reflects Pyrogallol 14 a high number of H2 or hydrophobic interactions between p-Aminoantipyrine 7 the substrate and the heme group at the enzyme active site (Richard-Forget and Gauillard, 1997). This affinity of interaction with H2O2 was higher than that reported for some peroxidases from marula fruit (1.77 mM, Mdluli, 2005), Brussels sprouts (11.4 and 6.2 mM Regalado et 14 al., 1999), and pear (1.5 mM, Richard-Forget and Gauillard, 1997). However, Duarte-Vazquez et al. (2000) 12 reported higher affinity for H2O2 interaction with turnip 10 peroxidase isoenzyme C1 at 0.04 mM, while the isoenzyme C2 and C3 showed higher Km values of 0.25 1/units per assay 8 and 0.85 mM. Guaiacol showed lower affinity toward POII, where its Km value is 17.33 mM (Figure 5). Various 6 Km values, using guaiacol, were reported for peroxidases from buckwheat seeds (0.202-0.288 mM, Suzuki et al., 4 2006), Pleargonium graveolense (7.3 mM, Seok et al., 2 2001), Brassica napus (3.7 mM, Duarte-Vazquez et al., 2001) and Cirus jambhiri cv. adalia (5 mM, Mohamed et 0 al., 2008a). -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 [1/H2O2] mM Figure 4. Lineweaver-Burk plot relating miswak POII pH optimum reaction velocity to H2O2 concentrations. Each point represents the average of two experiments. The effect of pH on the activity of miswak POII was shown in Figure 6. The enzyme had a pH optimum of 5.5, in sodium acetate buffer, with guaiacol as substrate. Around 60 to 70% of the enzyme activity was retained at pH's ranged from 4.5 to 7.5. The same pH optimum was detected for peroxidase from Cirus jambhiri cv. Adalia 5 (Mohamed et al., 2008a). Withania sommifera peroxidases were optimally active at pH 5.0 in sodium 4 acetate buffer (Johri et al., 2005). Both Cucumis sativus 1/units per assay peroxidases showed a bell-shaped pH dependence of the catalytic activity, which reaches a maximum between 5.5 3 and 7.5 and sharply decreases outside interval (Battistuzzi et al., 2001). The POD isoenzymes from 2 broccoli were reported to have an optimum pH of 6.0 for neutral POD and 4.0 for acidic POD (Thongsook and 1 Barrett, 2005). -0.16 -0.08 0.00 0.08 0.16 -1 Effect of temperature [1/Guaiacol] mM Figure 5. Lineweaver-Burk plot relating miswak POII Miswak POII showed its maximum activity at 40°C and reaction velocity to guaiacol concentrations. Each point retained more than 50% of activity at temperature 20 to represents the average of two experiments. 50°C (Figure 7). This optimal temperature was higher than that reported for peroxidases from Vanilla (16°C, Marquez et al., 2008) and buckwheat seed (10 to 30°C, Suzuki et al., 2006). POII was stable at 10 to 40°C and oxidoreductase), similar to horseradish peroxidase or unstable above 50°C (Figure 8). However, the low seed coat soy protein (Veitch, 2004). thermal stabilities of POX I and II from buckwheat seeds
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  666 Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 100 80 % Relative activity Relative activity (%) 60 40 20 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 pH Figure 6. pH optimum of miswak POII. Each point represents the average of two experiments. 100 80 % Relative activity Relative activity (%) 60 40 20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 o Temperature (°C) Temperature ( C) Figure 7. Temperature optimum of miswak POII. The enzyme activity was measured at various temperatures using the standard assay method as previously described. Each point represents the average of two experiments. were detected. POX I was stable at 0 to 30ºC and pH and the nature of the substrate employed. The unstable above 40ºC, whereas POX II was stable at 20ºC variability in the heat stability of peroxidase can be and unstable above 30ºC. POX I and II were inactivated attributed largely to the particular enzyme structure. Non- at 60 and 50ºC respectively (Suzuki et al., 2006). In covalent, electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions of addition, the purified isoperoxidases from orange juice individual isoenzymes determine enzyme folding and lost about from 15 to 80% of their original activity when stability, as well as extra ion pairs, hydrogen bonds and exposed to 70ºC for 50 s compared with a loss of about the degree of glycosylation, which has also been found to 85% when present as a mixture in the soluble crude play a role in enzyme stability (Adams, 1991). It has also extract (Clemente, 1998). However, the resistant of been shown that the thermal stability of peroxidase is enzyme against temperature depends on the source of mainly due to the presence of a large number of cysteine the enzyme as well as on the assay conditions, especially residues in the polypeptide chain (Deepa and
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  Mohamed et al. 667 100 Relativity activity (%) Relativity activity (%) 80 % Relative activity 60 40 20 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 o Temperature ( C) Figure 8. Effect of temperature on the thermal stability of miswak POII. The reaction mixture contained in 1.0 ml: 8 mM H2O2, 40 mM guaiacol, 50 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.5 and suitable amount of enzyme. The reaction mixture was preincubated at various temperatures for 15 min prior to substrate addition, followed by cooling in ice bath. Activity at zero time was taken as 100 % activity. Each point represents the average of two experiments. Table 4. Effect of metal ions on miswak POII. 5 mM had strong inhibitory effect. At concentration 5 mM, 2+ 3+ 2+ Co , Fe and Ca were able to greatly enhance the % Relative activity activity of POII by 142, 152 and 115% respectively. Very Metal ions 1 mM 5 mM little articles had been studied the effect of metals on the 3+ Control 100 100 activity of peroxidase. Fe is considered essential for the Fe 3+ 100 152 activity of most plant peroxidase enzymes as it is Co 2+ 98 142 involved in binding of H2O2 and formation of compound I 2 (Whitaker, 1994; Wong, 1995). Ajila and Rao (2009) Ca 97 115 3+ 2+ reported that at 5 mM concentration, Fe enhanced the Cu 86 80 2+ 2+ activity of black gram peroxidase to 145%. Ca is a Ni 85 93 cofactor that serves to maintain the conformational 2+ Pb 88 87 integrity of the enzyme’s active site (Adams et al., 1996). 2+ 2+ Zn 76 75 Activation by Ca was reported for peroxidase of 2+ Hg 43 20 avocado (Billaud et al., 1999). Enzyme was pre-incubated for 15 min with metal ions prior to substrate addition. Each value represents the average of two experiments. Effect of chemical compounds In this study, metal chelators (EDTA, sodium citrate and Arumughan, 2002). sodium oxalate) had moderate inhibitory effects on miswak POII, except EDTA which caused loss of 50% of activity (Table 5). Metal chelators were unable to fully 3+ Effect of metal ions combine with Fe atom found in the POII active center. EDTA had moderate inhibitory effect on peroxidase from The activity of miswak POII was affected by the presence vanila (Marquez et al., 2008), while Fujita et al. (1995) 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ of metal ions. Cu , Ni , Pb3+, Ca and Zn had reported unsuccessful inhibition of peroxidase by EDTA. 2+ partially inhibitory effects on POII (Table 4), while Hg at Miswak POII was strongly inhibited in the presence of 1.0
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  668 Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. Table 5. Effect of chemical compounds on miswak POII. Table 6. Storage stability at 4ºC of peroxidase activity in liquid and powder forms of miswak POII. Chemical Concentration Relative compound (mM) activity (%) Relative activity (%) Week Control -- 100 Liquid form Powder form 1.0 82 1 100 100 EDTA 2 80 100 5.0 53 3 80 100 1.0 84 4 75 100 Sodium citrate 6 70 95 5.0 82 8 70 95 1.0 84 Sodium oxalate 5.0 79 0.1 65 of black gram peroxidase activity (Ajila and Rao, 2009). Mercaptoethanol Complete inhibition of miswak POII was achieved by 1.0 5 using 1.0 mM ascorbic acid as antioxidant. 0.1 62 Cysteine 1.0 9 Protease inhibition 0.1 64 The stability of miswak POII was detected in presence of Thiourea 1.0 54 trypsin (Figure 9). The activity was slightly decreased with increasing the concentration of trypsin, where the 0.1 25 enzyme retained 70% of its activity at 20 mg of trypsin. Ascorbic acid Mohamed et al. (2008b) reported that the soluble and 1.0 0.0 immobilized horseradish peroxidase retained 44 and 52% of their activities in presence of 2.5 mg trypsin. Storage stability 100 The liquid and powder (after lyophilization) forms of Relative activity (%) miswak POII was stored at 4°C and measured its activity % Relative activity 80 at intervals of week. As shown in Table 6 the liquid form lost 30% of its activity after 8 weeks of storage, while the 60 powder form retained 95% of its original activity at the same time. 40 In conclusion, we demonstrate that the peel of miswak stem had highest peroxidase activity, while the people 20 used the root without peel (chewing stick) with high peroxidase activity. Therefore, we recommended the 0 people used the peel of miswak stem. In addition, the 0 5 10 15 20 study reported that miswak POII was more stable to the Trypsin (mg/ml) denaturation induced by pH, heat, metal ions, metal Figure 9. Effect of trypsin concentration on the activity of miswak POII. Enzyme was incubated with increasing concentration of trypsin (5-20 chelators and proteolytic activity. The enzyme oxidized mg) in a total volume of 1.0 ml of 50 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.5 some of phenolic compounds. In the future, we will study for 1 h. Enzyme activity was assayed under standard assay conditions. the other antioxidant and digestive enzymes in miskwak Each point represents the average of two experiments. for using of these enzymes in construction of a potent toothpast. mM mercptoethanol and cysteine (95 and 91% inhibition), while thiourea at 0.1 and 1.0 mM had moderate inhibitory ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS effect (36 and 46% inhibition), suggesting that peroxidase had disulfide bond in the structure of peroxidase. Similar This work was supported by Academic Research results were reported for peroxidase from vanilla Program, Deanship of Scientific Research and King (Marquez et al., 2008). Thiourea exhibited 92% inhibition Abdulaziz University (Contract No. 3-14/429).
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