Public health issues in pakistan

“PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES IN
PAKISTAN”
1
7th January 2021

PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES
 Quality Medical Education
 Human Resource Development:
 Management and Leadership in Health Sector
 Emerging communicable diseases
 Emerging non-communicable diseases
 Environmental threats
 Regulatory frame work
 Overwhelming population burden & socio economic development
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QUALITY MEDICAL EDUCATION
Medical students play a vital role in quality assurance in medical education.
An education can be compared to a service industry. In education, quality can be considered at both the
production side(the creation of the next generation of appropriate medical graduates), and the perceptual side,
(which is the maintenance of the values and principles of the medical educational institutions).
Other ways of looking at different definitions of quality in education are:
o Quality as value of money.
o Quality as thought fit for research and teaching in educational institutions, and
o Quality as transforming force for fulfilling the vision and mission of an institution.
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HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
 HRD is the part of HRM that specifically deals with training and development of the employees in the
organization.
 includes training a person after he or she is first hired, providing opportunities to learn new skills, distributing
resources that are beneficial for the employee's tasks, and any other developmental activities.
 HRD is needed by any organization that wants to be dynamic and growth-oriented or to succeed in a fast-
changing environment.
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HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (CONT.)
o It helps the employees of the organization to develop their general capabilities in relation to their
present jobs and expected future role.
o emphasizes on the development and best utilization of the capabilities of individuals in the interest
of the employees and organization.
o helps is establishing/developing better inter-personal relations.
o promotes team spirit among employees.
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MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP IN HEALTH SECTOR
 Management and leadership are important for the delivery of good health service.
 The aim of good management is to provide services to the community in an appropriate, efficient, equitable,
and sustainable manner.
 Leaders will have a vision of what can be achieved and then communicate this to others and evolve strategies
for realizing the vision.
 Managers ensure that the available resources are well organized and applied to produce the best results.
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LEADERSHIP IN HEALTH SECTOR
Leaders often:
o have a sense of mission;
o are charismatic;
o are able to influence people to work together for a common cause;
o are decisive;
o use creative problem solving to promote better care and a positive working environment.
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MANAGEMENT IN HEALTH SECTOR
Certain attributes are required for a manager to be effective, including:
o clarity of purpose and tasks;
o good organizational skills;
o ability to communicate tasks and expected results effectively;
o ability to negotiate various administrative and regulatory processes;
o good delegation skills.
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EMERGING COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
According to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, emerging infectious diseases
are commonly defined as:
o Outbreaks of previously unknown diseases.
o Known diseases that are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range.
o Persistence of infectious diseases that cannot be controlled.
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EMERGING COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (CONT.)
o The increased global travel is the reason for the recent renewal of many infectious diseases.
o Many travelers are also unaware of potential hazards in different parts of the world and do not take the
necessary precautions.
o Travelers can reduce their risk from infectious diseases by getting the immunizations and take the preventive
medicines recommended by their healthcare provider.
o The World Health Organization warned in its 2007 report that infectious diseases are emerging at a rate that
has not been seen before. Since the 1970s, about 40 infectious diseases have been discovered,
including , Ebola, chikungunya, avian flu, swine flu, and most recently a new coronavirus.
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EMERGING NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
o A non communicable disease (NCD) is a medical condition or disease that is by definition non-infectious
and non-transmissible among people.
o also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic,
physiological, environmental and behaviors factors.
o Rates of NCDs are rising fast in low- and middle-income countries.
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EMERGING NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (CONT.)
 The main types of NCDs are cardiovascular diseases (like heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic
respiratory diseases (such as asthma) and diabetes.
 NCDs kill 41 million people each year, equivalent to 71% of all deaths globally.
 Each year, 15 million people die from a NCD between the ages of 30 and 69 years; over 85% of these
"premature" deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.
 Detection, screening and treatment of NCDs, as well as soothing care, are key components of the response to
NCDs.
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS
“ The actual or potential threat of adverse effects on living organisms and the environment by emissions, wastes,
resource depletion, etc arising out of an organization’s activities.”
o Environmental exposures, whether physical, chemical, or biological, can induce a harmful response and may
affect soil, water, air, natural resources or entire ecosystems, as well as the plants and animals - including
humans - and the surroundings where they lives at risk.
o Healthy environments support healthy wildlife. Twenty-first century threats to our environment—including
invasive species, diseases, pollution, and a warming climate are putting wildlife population.
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS (CONT.)
EXAMPLE:
o Climate change is make worse many of the environment issues we
currently face.
o Pollution from harmful greenhouse gas emissions, most notably carbon
dioxide, is the leading cause of climate change.
o In addition to deforestation, burning fossil fuels contributes significantly
to greenhouse gas emissions.
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REGULATORY FRAME WORK
o Regulatory Framework means any laws, regulations, decrees and policies officially developed and approved by
the government, for the purposes of regulating SOLID WASTE generation, collection, transport, recycling, reuse,
treatment and disposal.
o While the goal of a regulatory environment should be to ensure higher quality of care.
o With an increased focus on regulations, quality of patient care tends to suffer.
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OVERWHELMING POPULATION BURDEN & SOCIO ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
o Population problem lies at the heart of Pakistan’s social, economic and political problems.
o Today Pakistan is the 6th most populous country in the world with a population of 162 million.
o Pakistan’s population has grown at an average rate of 3% per annum since 1951 until mid 1980s but it slowed to
an average rate of 2.6% per annum during 1986-2000 and since 2001 it is growing at an average rate of almost
2% per annum.
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OVERWHELMING POPULATION BURDEN & SOCIO ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT (CONT.)
o No conceivable development plan can sustain such a rate of population growth and this situation has exerted
an enormous pressure on the supply of infrastructure like housing, transportation, electricity, water, sewerage,
health and educational faculties.
o This situation has created impossible and complicated social, economic and political problems that have
negative impact on the macroeconomic stability of the economy.
o Improvement in operation and implementation of the family planning program, increase in female literacy rate
and enhancement of women social status appear to be an agreeable solution.
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Public health issues in pakistan

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