Python - File operations & Data parsing

File operations and data parsing
Presented by
Felix Hoffmann
@Felix11H
felix11h.github.io/
Slides
Slideshare:
tiny.cc/file-ops
Source:
tiny.cc/file-ops-github
References
- Python Files I/O at tutorialspoint.com
- Dive into Python 3 by Mark Pilgrim
- Python Documentation on
match objects
- Regex tutorial at regexone.com
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

File operations: Reading
Opening an existing file
>>> f = open("test.txt","rb")
>>> print f
<open file ’test.txt’, mode ’rb’ at 0x...>
Reading it:
>>> f.read()
’hello world’
Closing it:
>>> f.close()
>>> print f
<closed file ’test.txt’, mode ’rb’ at 0x...>

File operations: Writing
Opening a (new) file
>>> f = open("new_test.txt","wb")
>>> print f
<open file ’test.txt’, mode ’wb’ at 0x...>
Writing to it:
>>> f.write("hello world, again")
>>> f.write("... and again")
>>> f.close()
) Only after calling close() the changes appear in the file for
editing elsewhere!

File operations: Appending
Opening an existing file
>>> f = open("test.txt","ab")
>>> print f
<open file ’test.txt’, mode ’ab’ at 0x...>
Appending to it:
>>> f.write("hello world, again")
>>> f.write("... and again")
>>> f.close()
) In append mode the file pointer is set to the end of the opened
file.

File operations: More about file pointers
1 f = open("lines_test.txt", "wb")
2 for i in range(10):
3 f.write("this is line %d n" %(i+1))
4 f.close()
Reading from the file:
>>> f = open("lines_test.txt", "rb")
>>> f.readline()
’this is line 1 n’
>>> f.readline()
’this is line 2 n’
>>> f.read(14)
’this is line 3’
>>> f.read(2)
’ n’

f.tell() gives current position within file f
f.seek(x[, from]) change file pointer position within
file f, where
from = 0 from beginning of file
from = 1 from current position
from = 2 from end of file
1 >>> f = open("lines_test.txt", "rb")
2 >>> f.tell()
3 0
4 >>> f.read(10)
5 ’this is li’
6 >>> f.tell()
7 10

1 >>> f.seek(5)
2 >>> f.tell()
3 5
4 >>> f.seek(10,1)
5 >>> f.tell()
6 15
7 >>> f.seek(-10,2)
8 >>> f.tell()
9 151
10 >>> f.read()
11 ’ line 10 n’

File operations: Other Modes
rb+ Opens the file for reading and writing. File pointer will
be at the beginning of the file.
wb+ Opens for reading and writing. Overwrites the existing
file if the file exists, otherwise a new file is created.
ab+ Opens the file for appending and reading. The file
pointer is at the end of the file if the file exists, otherwise
a new file is created for reading and writing.

Saving Data: Python Pickle
Use pickle to save and retrieve more complex data types - lists,
dictionaries and even class objects:
1 >>> import pickle
2 >>> f = open(’save_file.p’, ’wb’)
3 >>> ex_dict = {’hello’: ’world’}
4 >>> pickle.dump(ex_dict, f)
5 >>> f.close()
1 >>> import pickle
2 >>> f = open(’save_file.p’, ’rb’)
3 >>> loadobj = pickle.load(f)
4 >>> print loadobj[’hello’]
5 world

Best practice: With Statement
1 import pickle
2
3 ex_dict = {’hello’: ’world’}
4
5 with open(’save_file.p’, ’wb’) as f:
6 pickle.dump(ex_dict, f)
1 import pickle
2
3 with open(’save_file.p’, ’rb’) as f:
4 loadobj = pickle.load(f)
5
6 print loadobj[’hello’]
) Use this!

Need for parsing
Imagine that
Data files are
generated by a third
party (no control over
the format)
& the data files need
pre-processing
) Regular expressions
provide a powerful
and concise way to
perform pattern
match/search/replace
over the data
©Randall Munroe xkcd.com CC BY-NC 2.5

Regular expressions - A case study
Formatting street names
>>> s = ’100 NORTH MAIN ROAD’
>>> s.replace(’ROAD’, ’RD.’)
’100 NORTH MAIN RD.’
>>> s = ’100 NORTH BROAD ROAD’
>>> s.replace(’ROAD’, ’RD.’)
’100 NORTH BRD. RD.’
>>> s[:-4] + s[-4:].replace(’ROAD’, ’RD.’)
’100 NORTH BROAD RD.’
Better use regular expressions!
>>> import re
>>> re.sub(r’ROAD$’, ’RD.’, s)
’100 NORTH BROAD RD.’
example from Dive Into Python 3
©Mark Pilgrim CC BY-SA 3.0

Pattern matching with regular expressions
ˆ Matches beginning of line/pattern
$ Matches end of line/pattern
. Matches any character except newline
[..] Matches any single character in brackets
[ˆ..] Matches any single character not in brackets
re* Matches 0 or more occurrences of the preceding
expression
re+ Matches 1 or more occurrences of the preceding
expression
re? Matches 0 or 1 occurrence
refng Match exactly n occurrences
refn,g Match n or more occurrences
refn,mg Match at least n and at most m
) Use cheatsheets, trainers, tutorials, builders, etc..

re.search() & matches
>>> import re
>>> data = "I like python"
>>> m = re.search(r’python’,data)
>>> print m
<_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x...>
Important properties of the match object:
group() Return the string matched by the RE
start() Return the starting position of the match
end() Return the ending position of the match
span() Return a tuple containing the (start, end) positions of
the match

re.search() & matches
For example:
>>> import re
>>> data = "I like python"
>>> m = re.search(r’python’,data)
>>> m.group()
’python’
>>> m.start()
7
>>> m.span()
(7,13)
For a complete list of match object properties see for example the
Python Documentation:
https://docs.python.org/2/library/re.html#match-objects

re.findall()
>>> import re
>>> data = "Python is great. I like python"
>>> m = re.search(r’[pP]ython’,data)
>>> m.group()
’Python’
) re.search() returns only the first match, use re.findall() instead:
>>> import re
>>> data = "Python is great. I like python"
>>> l = re.findall(r’[pP]ython’,data)
>>> print l
[’Python’, ’python’]
) Returns list instead of match object!

re.findall() - Example
1 import re
2
3 with open("history.txt", "rb") as f:
4 text = f.read()
5
6 year_dates = re.findall(r’19[0-9]{2}’, text)

re.split()
Suppose the data stream has well-defined delimiter
>>> data = "x = 20"
>>> re.split(r’=’,data)
[’x ’, ’ 20’]
>>> data = ’ftp://python.about.com’
>>> re.split(r’:/{1,3}’, data)
[’ftp’, ’python.about.com’]
>>> data = ’25.657’
>>> re.split(r’.’,data)
[’25’, ’657’]

re.sub()
Replace patterns by other patterns.
>>> data = "2004-959-559 # my phone number"
>>> re.sub(r’#.*’,’’,data)
’2004-959-559 ’
A more interesting example:
>>> data = "2004-959-559"
>>> re.sub(r’([0-9]*)-([0-9]*)-([0-9]*)’,
>>> r’3-2-1’, data)
’559-959-2004’
) Groups are captured in parenthesis and referenced in the
replacement string by n1, n2, ...

os module
Provides a way of using os dependent functionality:
os.mkdir() Creates a directory (like mkdir)
os.chmod() Change the permissions (like chmod)
os.rename() Rename the old file name with the new file name.
os.listdir() List the contents of the directory
os.getcwd() Get the current working directory path
os.path Submodule for useful functions on pathnames
For example, list all files in the current directory:
>>> from os import listdir
>>>
>>> for f in listdir("."):
>>> print f

Have fun!
Presented by
Felix Hoffmann
@Felix11H
felix11h.github.io/
Slides
Slideshare:
tiny.cc/file-ops
Source:
tiny.cc/file-ops-github
References
- Python Files I/O at tutorialspoint.com
- Dive into Python 3 by Mark Pilgrim
- Python Documentation on
match objects
- Regex tutorial at regexone.com
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Python - File operations & Data parsing

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