QoS Issues in MANET: A Comparative Study over Different Routing Protocols

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 9 97 – 100
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97
IJRITCC | September 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
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QoS Issues in MANET: A Comparative Study over Different Routing Protocols
Ram Shiromani Gupta
PG Scholar
Department of Electronics and Comm. Engg.
Ujjain Engg. College , Ujjain
ramgupta32085@gmail.com
Girish Tiwari
Associate Professor
Department of Electronics and Comm. Engg.
Ujjain Engg. College , Ujjain
tiwari_girish@yahoo.com
Abstract – MANETs are composed of autonomous nodes that are self-managed without any existing of infrastructure and centralized
administration. Therefore, each node operates not only as an end system but also as a router to forward packets for other nodes. For these
reasons, the network has a dynamic topology, so nodes can easily join or leave the network at any time. Routing information differentiates these
networks from other ad-hoc networks. The study of QoS issues in Mobile Ad-hoc Network is done by simulation in MATLAB that can help in
better understanding of the behavior of various routing protocols. This paper is intended to compare QoS parameters of various routing
protocols.
Keywords- QOS, MANET, MATLAB, DSR, OLSR, AODV
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I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless Communication is one of the emerging technology,
which allows users to access information and services
electronically, despite their geographical position. Wireless
communication can be classified as infrastructure network
and infrastructure less network.
Mobile Ad hoc network is a special kind of infrastructure
less network. It is a collection of mobile nodes that move
randomly and dynamically. [1]
Due to the mobile nature of the nodes, the network topology
keeps on changing. Each node acts as a host and a router,
forwarding and receiving packets from the other nodes in
the network, that may not be in the transmission range of the
network. The nodes in MANETs discover other nodes
dynamically. Routing in such networks is a challenging task
due to the highly dynamic network topology. The aim of
deploying these networks is to provide communication in
areas where limited or no connectivity or any
communication infrastructure exists. These networks are
flexible and can be employed in military rescue operations,
interactive lectures, business sharing information and
emergency situations. [3]
Fig.1. Mobile Ad hoc Network
The field of wireless communication is becoming more
popular than ever before due to the rapid advancement of
wireless technologies and the widespread of mobile devices.
After a natural disaster, such as a fire, flood, or earthquake,
Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) are among the limited
available options for wireless networks, since such a
network can be easily configured in a short period of time,
without the need for a fixed infrastructure network. [2]
The objective of the work is to compare theperformance of
routing protocols namely OLSR, DSR, and AODV against
the Quality of Service (QoS) parameters.
II. AD HOC NETWORK
An Ad-hoc network is a decentralized type of Network.
Decentralized means it doesn‟t rely on pre-existing
infrastructure, each and every node in the network
participate in forwarding data for other nodes. Each node in
a mobile Ad-hoc network is free to move independently and
therefore will change its links to other devices frequently.
Ad hoc is Latin word which means "for this" [15]
The wireless hosts in an ad-hoc network communicate with
each other without the exiting of a fixed infrastructure and
without a central control. Setting up of fixed access points
and backbone infrastructure is not always viable as
infrastructure may not be practical short radio (Bluetooth
range ~10m). Also, there may be lack of infrastructure in the
war zone. It is self-organizing and adaptive therefore allows
spontaneous formation and deformation of a mobile
network. Supports peer-to-peer communication, Supports
pear-to-remote communication, useful when infrastructure is
absent, destroyed or impractical.

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III. QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS)
Quality of Service which means the degree of user
satisfaction is characterized by a number of important
parameters like bandwidth, throughput, availability, delay,
jitter, packet delivery ratio, end to end delay and packet
drop. It is especially important to provide QoS because of
the resource limitations and dynamic nature of MANET
networks. A QoS enabled network ensures that its
applications and users have their parameters fulfilled,
besides also ensuring an efficient resource usage, also the
most important traffic still has its parameters fulfilled during
network overload. [7]
IV. ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MANET
An ad-hoc routing protocol is a standard through which
nodes decide which way to route packets between source
and destination. Nodes in the ad-hoc network are not
familiar with the topology of the network. They have to
discover it. Each node must announce its presence and must
listen to announcements made by other nodes through
broadcasting.There are many ways to classify the MANET
routing protocols. Depends on how the protocols handle the
packet to deliver from source to destination, most of the
protocol classifications are made -
Fig.2. Routing Protocols in MANET
The routing protocol is a standard or set of rules through
which nodes decide which way to route packets between
source and destination. Routers are used for selecting the
best possible route for sending packets from source to
destination.
The routing protocols in a MANET may be proactive,
reactive or hybrid depending on how the protocols handle
the packet to deliver from source to destination.
A proactive protocol is also known as a table driven
protocol, it is consistent and up to date routing information
to all nodes is maintained at each node and maintains fresh
lists of destinations and their routes by periodically
distributing routing tables throughout the network. eg
DSDV, OLSR etc. [4]
A reactive protocol is also known as the on-demand routing
protocol, it looks for the routes and is created as and when
required. When a source wants to send to a destination, it
invokes the route discovery mechanisms to find the path to
the destination. It does not need to search for and maintain
the routes on which there is no route request. Reactive
routing protocols are very pleasing in the resource-limited
environment. However, the source node should wait until a
route to the destination is discovered. This approach is the
best suitable when the network is static and traffic is very
light. eg, DSR, AODV etc. [5]
A hybrid protocol is generated by using the best features of
both the on-demand and table driven routing protocols. The
Ad Hoc network can use the hybrid routing protocols that
have the advantage of both proactive and reactive routing
protocols to balance the delay and control overhead is the
combination of proactive and reactive protocols and have
the characteristics of both eg, ZRP, TORA etc. [6]
The current paper intends to evaluate the three routing
protocols AODV, OLSR and DSR while considering many
performance parameters (throughput, packet drop, delay,
packet delivery ratio, etc.)
DSR (Dynamic Source Routing )
It is a reactive protocol i.e. it doesn‟t use periodic
advertisements. It computes the routes when necessary and
then maintains them. Source routing is a routing technique
inwhich the sender of a packet determines the complete
sequence of nodes through which the packet has to pass ; the
sender explicitly lists this route in the packet‟s header,
identifying each forwarding “hop” by the address of the
nextnode to which to transmit the packet on its way to the
destination host. There are two significant stages in working
of DSR: Route Discovery and Route Maintenance. A host
initiating a route discovery broadcasts a route request
packetwhich may be received by those hosts within wireless
transmission range of it. The route request packet identifies
the host, referred to as the target of the route discovery, for
which the route is requested. If the route discovery is
successful the initiating host receives a route reply packet
listing a sequence of network hops through which it may
reach the target. In addition to the address of the original
initiator of the request and the target of the request, each
route request packet contains a route record, in which is
accumulated a record of the sequence of hops taken by the
route request packet as it is propagated through the network
during thisroute discovery. DSR uses no periodic routing
advertisement messages, thereby reducing network
bandwidth overhead, particularly during periods when little
or no significant hostmovement is taking place. DSR has a
unique advantage by virtue of source routing. As the route is
part of the packetitself, routing loops, either short-lived or
long-lived, cannot be formed as they can be immediately
detected and eliminated. [9]

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AODV(Ad Hoc On-demand Distance-Vector Protocol)
This is a protocol which comes under the category of a
reactive unicast routing protocol. It is a descendant of
Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Protocol (DSDV).
[16]
AODV offers low network utilization and uses destination
sequence number to ensure loop freedom. It is a reactive
protocol implying that it requests a route when needed and
itdoes not maintain routes for those nodes that do not
actively participate in a communication. An important
feature of AODV is that it uses a destination sequence
number, whichcorresponds to a destination node that was
requested by a routing sender node. The destination itself
provides the number along with the route it has to take to
reach from therequest sender node up to the destination. If
there are multiple routes from a request sender to a
destination, the sender takes the route with a higher
sequence number. This ensures that thead hoc network
protocol remains loop-free. [10]
Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR)
This protocol works in collaboration with other nodes
through the exchange of topology information. This
exchange of information is done periodically. To avoid the
broadcast of unnecessary packet re-transmissions, this
protocol uses multipoint relays. In a network, a node
broadcasts a message periodically to its neighboring nodes.
This is done to compute the multipoint relay set as well as
the exchange of information about the neighborhoods. From
the information about the neighborhood, this node calculates
the minimum set of one-hop relay point that is needed to
reach the two hop neighbors and this set is called the
Multipoint relay set. OLSR differsfrom link state protocols
in two factors based on the dissemination of routing
information. First is by construction i.e. only the multipoint
relay nodes of a node A need to forward updates about link
state that are issued by A.Secondly, the size of the link state
update of a node A is reduced because it only consists of
those neighbors that selected node A as their multipoint
relay node. Thus we can conclude that OLSR reduces the
Link state protocol. It is used in a network where nodes are
densely deployed; the OLSR calculates the shortest path in
such networks to an arbitrarydestination. [11]
V. QOS PARAMETERS
1. Packet Delivery Ratio
It can be defined as the total number of packets delivered to
the destination nodes per the total number of packets
transmitted from sender nodes. It illustrates the level of
delivery to the destination nodes. [8]
PDR=
𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐝𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐝
𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭
The DSR is performing better in packet delivery and speed
than the other two. [12]
The higher the value, better are the results.
2. Packet Drop
It is the ratio of the-the no of dropped packets to the no of
sent packets.
PD =
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒆𝒕𝒔
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒆𝒕𝒔
X 100
Lower the packet drop rate, better the performance. [13]
3. Throughput
It is defined as the-the total simulation time taken to deliver
all the packets
TP =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒆𝒕𝒔
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
AODV and OLSR experienced higher throughput compared
to DSR and it shows that the OLSR protocol performs better
than the other two. The reason could be that the OLSR
maintains the cluster of nodes in the topology by dividing
them into different node sets. Dividing the sets into one hop
and two-hop neighbors make OLSR more efficient in link
process without having all nodes taking part in this.[14]
4. End-to-End Delay
It is defined as the time taken for a datapacket to be
transmitted across a MANET from source to destination.
D = (Tr-Ts)
Where Tr is receiving Time and Ts is sent Time. Average
end to end delay is defined as
AD =
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒚
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒆𝒕𝒔
=
𝑫 𝒊.𝒏
𝒊=𝟎
𝒏
Where D(i) = end to end delay of ith
packet
AODV and OLSR have lower delay compared to
DSR.OLSR has even lower delay than AODV. For AODV
this is due to, frequent broadcasting of RREQ and route re-
initialization messages to find an optimal freshet path. End-
to-End delay of DSR is very high, this was due to DSR
algorithm that uses cached routes, sending of traffic onto
stale routes, causes retransmissions and leads to excessive
delays. .Lower the delay, better the performance.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we discussed the comparative study of AODV,
OLSR and DSR protocols for different QoS parameters
packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, packet drop,
throughput etc.
AODV and OLSR have lower delay compared to DSR.
OLSR has even lower delay than AODV. Lower the delay,
better the performance.
The DSR is performing better in packet delivery and speed
than the other two.

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AODV and OLSR experienced higher throughput compared
to DSR and it shows that the OLSR protocol performs better
than the other two.
In future, we shall analyze the performance of OLSR, DSR
and AODV protocols by their simulation in MATLAB.We
shall discuss Simulation of these QoS parameters and their
results with the help of graphs.
REFERENCES
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Issue: 07 | Jul-2016, IJRET p-357-361

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