Railway Internship presentation for b.tech.pptx
- 1. Data Transmission and Networking From Physical Media to Advanced Networking Protocols Signal and Telecom Training Centre (North Eastern Railway Gorakhpur) B Tech Summer Internship - 2024 Group Member: Nikhil Choudhary Gaurina Jaiswal Vivek Yadav Ajeet Vishwakarma Shashank Kumar Verma
- 2. C O N T E N T • Introduction • Data Transmission on Physical Media • Transmission Impairments • Mitigation Techniques for Impairments • Bandwidth and Baud Rate • Data Transmission on LAN • Framing • Multiple Access Control • CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA • Error Detection and Correction Techniques • TCP/IP Protocol • Functions of TCP and UDP • Networking Component • Conclusion
- 3. DATA TRANSMISSION & NETWORKING The process of sending digital or analog data between two or more devices using various transmission mediums is Data Transmission. The practice of connecting computers and other devices to share resources (such as files, internet connections, printers) and communicate with each other is Networking
- 4. TRANSMISSION BASEBAND Sending a single data signal over a communication medium without modulation, using the entire bandwidth of the medium. Sending multiple data signals simultaneously over a communication medium by dividing the medium's bandwidth into multiple frequency channels. TRANSMISSION BROADBAND Data Transmission on Physical Media
- 5. CAUSES OF IMPAIRMENT – In communication system, analog signals travel through transmission media, which tends to deteriorate the quality of analog signal, which means that the signal at the beginning of the medium is not the same as the signal at the end of the medium. The imperfection causes signal impairment. TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
- 6. ATTENUATION It means loss of energy. The strength of signal decreases with increasing distance which causes loss of energy in overcoming resistance of medium. This is also known as attenuated signal. Amplifiers are used to amplify the attenuated signal which gives the original signal back. Attenuation is measured in decibels(dB).
- 7. DISTORTION It means changes in the form or shape of the signal. Each frequency component has its own propagation speed travelling through a medium. And thats why it delay in arriving at the final destination Every component arrive at different time which leads to distortion. Therefore, they have different phases at receiver end from what they had at senders end.
- 8. NOISE The random or unwanted signal that mixes up with the original signal is called noise. There are several types of noise such as induced noise, crosstalk noise, thermal noise and impulse noise which may corrupt the signal. SNR = AVG SIGNAL POWER / AVG NOISE POWER
- 9. This technique can be used in lightwave systems to increase data rates. 01 EQUALIZATION 02 03 04 Aligns a signal to the principal axes of a delay line, then sends it to a feedback circuit that evaluates the signal and adapts the PC and DGD element. FEEDBACK CIRCUIT Filtering procedures can eliminate mains interference, but they are most effective when the filter notches are positioned at the power-line harmonics. FILTERING Can be used to mitigate transmission impairment for single- sideband signals OPTICAL PHASE CONJUGATION SOME TECHNIQUES TO MITIGATE TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
- 10. BAUD RATE BANDWIDTH Baud rate refers to the number of signal changes per second. The formula of Baud Rate is: = bit rate / the number of bit per baud BANDWIDTH AND BAUD RATE Bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies contained in a signal. The formula of Bit Rate is: = baud rate x the number of bit per baud
- 11. Transmission mode means transferring data between two devices. It is also known as a communication mode. Buses and networks are designed to allow communication to occur between individual devices that are interconnected. SIMPLE MODE HALF DUPLEX MODE FULL DUPLEX MODE TRANSMISSION MODES
- 12. In full-duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously. FULL DUPLEX In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time. HALF DUPLEX In Simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a one-way street. SIMPLE
- 13. FRAMING CHARACTER ORIENTED FRAMING Framing is a point-to-point connection between two computers or devices consisting of a wire in which data is transmitted as a stream of bits. However, these bits must be framed into discernible blocks of information. Framing is a function of the data link layer. It provides a way for a sender to transmit a set of bits that are meaningful to the receiver. BIT ORIENTED FRAMING TYPES OF FRAMING :
- 14. CHARACTER ORIENTED FRAMING Used when frames consist of characters. If data contains ED then, a byte is stuffed into data to differentiate it from ED. Let ED = “$” –> if data contains ‘$’ anywhere, it can be escaped using ‘O’ character. –> if data contains ‘O$’ then, use ‘OOO$'($ is escaped using O and O is escaped using O). BIT ORIENTED FRAMING Let ED = 01111 and if data = 01111 –> Sender stuffs a bit to break the pattern i.e. here appends a 0 in data = 011101. –> Receiver receives the frame. –> If data contains 011101, receiver removes the 0 and reads the data.
- 15. If there is a dedicated link between the sender and the receiver then data link control layer is sufficient, however if there is no dedicated link present then multiple stations can access the channel simultaneously. Hence multiple access protocols are required to decrease collision and avoid crosstalk. MULTIPLE ACCESS CONTROL
- 16. CSMA Carrier Sense multiple access requires that each station first check the state of the medium before sending. The persistence methods can be applied to help the station take action when the channel is busy/idle.
- 17. In this method, a station monitors the medium after it sends a frame to see if the transmission was successful. If successful, the transmission is finished, if not, the frame is sent again. Throughput and Efficiency: The throughput of CSMA/CD is much greater than pure or slotted ALOHA. • For the 1-persistent method, throughput is 50% when G=1. • For the non-persistent method, throughput can go up to 90%. CSMA/CD
- 18. CSMA/CA The basic idea behind CSMA/CA is that the station should be able to receive while transmitting to detect a collision from different stations. In the case of wireless networks, most of the energy is used for transmission, and the energy of the received signal increases by only 5-10% if a collision occurs. It can’t be used by the station to sense collision. Therefore CSMA/CA has been specially designed for wireless networks.
- 19. ERROR SINGLE BIT ERROR MULTIPLE BIT ERROR BURST ERROR Error is a condition when the receiver’s information does not match the sender’s information. During transmission, digital signals suffer from noise that can introduce errors in the binary bits traveling from sender to receiver. That means a 0 bit may change to 1 or a 1 bit may change to 0. TYPES OF ERROR :
- 20. SIMPLE PA RITY CHECK 1 TWO -DIMENS ION AL PARITY CHECK 2 CHECKSUM 3 CYCLIC REDUN DA NCY CHECK ( CRC) 4 ERROR DETECTION & CORRECTION To detect errors, a common technique is to introduce redundancy bits that provide additional information. Various techniques for error detection include:
- 21. APPLICATION LAYER TRANS PORT LAYER NETWORK LAYER NETWORK ACCES S LAY ER TCP/IP PROTOCOL The TCP/IP model is a concise version of the OSI model. It contains four layers, unlike the seven layers in the OSI model. The main work of TCP/IP is to transfer the data of a computer from one device to another. PRES ENTATION LAYER S ES SION LAYER TRANS PORT LAYER NETWORK LAYER PHYSICA L LAYER DATA LINK LAYER APPLICATION LAYER OS I TCP IP
- 22. TRANSMISSION CONTRL PROTOCOL (TCP) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet protocol suite. It lies between the Application and Network Layers which are used in providing reliable delivery services. It is a connection-oriented protocol for communications that helps in the exchange of messages between different devices over a network. USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL (UDP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a Transport Layer protocol. UDP is a part of the Internet Protocol suite, referred to as the UDP/IP suite. Unlike TCP, it is an unreliable and connectionless protocol. So, there is no need to establish a connection before data transfer. The UDP helps to establish low-latency and loss-tolerating connections establish over the network. The UDP enables process-to-process communication.
- 23. NETWORKING COMPONENT NIC stands for network interface card. NIC is a hardware component used to connect a computer with another computer onto a network. It can support a transfer rate of 10,100 to 1000 Mb/s. Computer network components are the major parts which are needed to install the software. 01 02 03 04 05 NIC SWITCH CABLE HUB ROUTER A Hub is a hardware device that divides the network connection among multiple devices. When computer requests for some information from a network, it first sends the request to the Hub through cable. Hub will broadcast this request to the entire network. All the devices will check whether the request belongs to them or not. A switch is a hardware device that connects multiple devices on a computer network. A Switch contains more advanced features than Hub. The Switch contains the updated table that decides where the data is transmitted or not. A router is a hardware device which is used to connect a LAN with an internet connection. It is used to receive, analyze and forward the incoming packets to another network. A router works in a Layer 3 (Network layer) of the OSI Reference model. Cable is a transmission media used for transmitting a signal. There are three types of cables used in transmission: • Twisted pair cable • Coaxial cable • Fiber-optic cable
- 24. CONCLUSION • Computer Network and Protocols have forever changed the way humans will work, play, and communicate. • New protocols and standards will emerge, new applications will be conceived, and our lives will be further changed and enhanced.
- 25. THANK YOU