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RAPID PROTOTYPING FOR XR
Lecture 4: High Level Prototyping
Mark Billinghurst
June 11th 2025
mark.billinghurst@auckland.ac.nz
Wednesday Schedule
• 10:00am Present work
• Progress to date, feedback
• 11:00am Lecture 4 High Level Prototyping
• 12:30pm Lunch
• 1:30pm Project work
• Finish storyboarding, asset collection, interactivity
• 5:00pm Research Paper Presentations
• Mikko, Muhammad, +??
• 6:00pm Leave for boat
LECTURE 2 RECAP
XR Prototyping Tools
Low Fidelity (Concept, visual design)
• Sketching
• Storyboarding & wireframes
• Mockups
• Paper & video prototyping
High Fidelity (Interaction, experience design)
• Interactive sketching
• Desktop & on-device authoring
• Immersive authoring & visual scripting
• XR development toolkits
From Sketch to Prototype
Sketch Wireframe Mock-up Prototype
Not about drawing, but design
Sketching is a tool to help you:
• express
• develop, and
• communicate design ideas
Sketching is part of a process
• Idea generation
• Design elaboration
• Design choices
• Engineering
“Sketching is about the Activity
not the Result” - Bill Buxton
Sketching
Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 4 - High Level Prototyping.
Sketching in VR
Using VR applications for rapid prototyping
- Intuitive sketching in immersive space
- Creating/testing at 1:1 scale
- Rapid UI design/layout
Examples
- Open Brush - https://openbrush.app/
- Quill - https://quill.art/
More tools see - https://www.roadtovr.com/vr-painting-drawing-modeling-animation-art-tools-quest-pc/
Storyboards
Storyboarding is a technique taken from film making
using a simple cartoon-like structure, key moments
from the interactive experience are represented.
The advantage of storyboarding is that it allows you to
get a feel for the ‘flow’ of the experience.
It is also a very economical way of representing the
design – a single page can hold 6–8 ‘scenes’.
Key Elements
1. Scenario: Storyboards are based on a scenario or a user story. The
persona or role that corresponds to that scenario is clearly specified
2. Visuals: Each step in the scenario is represented visually in a
sequence. The steps can be sketches, illustrations, or photos.
3. Captions: Each visual has a corresponding caption. The caption
describes the user’s actions, environment, emotional state, device, etc.
Wireframes
It’s about
- Functional specs
- Navigation and interaction
- Functionality and layout
- How interface elements work together
- Defining the interaction flow/experience
Leaving room for the design to be created
Mockup
It’s about
- Look and feel
- Building on wireframe
- High fidelity visuals
- Putting together final assets
- Getting feedback on design
Priyaa Sathiyaseelan - https://priyaasathiyaseelan.com/portfolio/cook-simple-ar-app/
Scene Assembly
•Assemble assets into 3D scene
•Prototype final UI concept
•Create high-fidelity view
•Collect user feedback
•Immersive Scene Assembly
•Sketchbox: https://www.sketchbox3d.com/
Vuforia Studio
• Author animated AR experiences
• Drag and drop content
• Add animations
• Import CAD models
• Combine with IOT sensors
• https://www.ptc.com/en/products/vuforia/vuforia-studio
Mock-up Guidelines
1. Generate final 2D/3D interface elements
2. Replace wireframe UI elements with high quality visuals
3. Use standard AR/VR UI elements
4. Simulate AR/VR views
5. Focus on visual/audio design
6. Collect feedback from target end-users
Sketch vs. Wireframe vs. Mock-up
Low Fidelity Low to Medium
Fidelity
Medium to High Fidelity
IDEATE FLOW VISUALIZE
LECTURE 3 RECAP
Adding Transitions
Adding Transitions
“Unless you can show me
where you’ve fleshed out the
character and aspects of the
transitions at the same level
of … fidelity as you have the
states – you’re fired.”
Bill Buxton
Paper Prototyping
Body Storming/Video Sketching
• Mockup/act out user interaction
• Capture key elements of experience
• Use paper prototypes + real people
• Demonstrate/video the transitions
360 Paper Prototyping & Testing
Nebeling & Madier: 360proto: Making Interactive Virtual Reality & Augmented Reality Prototypes from Paper (CHI 2019)
360 Paper Prototype
Nebeling & Madier: 360proto: Making Interactive Virtual Reality & Augmented Reality Prototypes from Paper (CHI 2019)
Video Sketching
• Process
• Capture elements of real world
• Use series of still photos/sketches in a movie format.
• Act out using the product
• Benefits
• Demonstrates the product experience
• Discover where concept needs fleshing out.
• Communicate experience and interface
• You can use whatever tools you want, e.g. iMovie.
Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 4 - High Level Prototyping.
Case Study: Solar System
Solar System AR/VR Prototype
• Goal: Use AR/VR to educate about Solar System
• Process
1. Design ideas and critique
2. Storyboard
3. 360 storyboard
4. 3D/VR storyboard
5. Paper prototype
6. 360 paper prototype
7. 3D models
8. Diorama
9. Immersive models
10. Immersive VR
11. Final AR/VR
Design Critique
Storyboard
360 Storyboard
3D Storyboard
Paper Prototype
360 Paper Prototype
3D Models
Diorama
Immersive AR
Immersive VR
Final VR
Final AR
Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 4 - High Level Prototyping.
HIGH FIDELITY TOOLS
Content and Interaction
Polished
Content
Placeholder
Content
Implicit & Explicit
Interactions
“click
”
Lo-
Fi
Hi-
Fi
XR Prototyping Tools
Low Fidelity (Concept, visual design)
• Sketching
• Storyboarding & wireframes
• Mockups
• Paper & video prototyping
High Fidelity (Interaction, experience design)
• Interactive sketching
• Desktop & on-device authoring
• Immersive authoring & visual scripting
• XR development toolkits
Prototype Fidelity
Low
Fidelity
Paper Diorama 360 3D VR AR
High
Fidelity
Fidelity and Skills
Experience/
Skills
Time/
Fidelity
AR
VR
3D
360
Diorama
Paper
XR Prototyping Techniques
Lo-
Fi
Hi-
Fi
Easy
Hard
Digital
Authoring
Immersive
Authoring
Web-Based
Development*
Cross-Platform
Development*
Native
Development*
* requires scripting and 3D programming skills
Sketching
Paper Prototyping
Video Prototyping
Wireframing
Bodystorming
Wizard of Oz
Digital Prototyping
Lo-
Fi
Hi-
Fi
Easy
Hard
Digital
Authoring
Immersive
Authoring
Web-Based
Development*
Cross-Platform
Development*
Native
Development*
* requires scripting and 3D programming skills
XR Tools Landscape
Digital & Immersive Authoring
Proto.io, Figmin, Tour Creator, ...
Open Brush, Blocks, ShapesXR, …
Web-Based Development
THREE.js, Babylon.js, …
A-Frame, AR.js, …
Cross-Platform Development
Unity + SDKs
Unreal + SDKs
Native Development
Cardboard/Meta/Vive/... SDK
Vuforia/ARCore/ARKit/… SDK
XR Tools Landscape
Digital & Immersive Authoring
Good for storyboarding but limited
support for interactions
Web-Based Development
Good for basic XR apps but often
interactions feel unfinished
Native Development
Good for full-fledged XR apps but
limited to a particular platform
Cross-Platform Development
Good for full-fledged XR apps but
usually high learning curve
Digital Authoring Tools for VR
• Support visual authoring of 3D
scene graphs with VR previews
• Basic interactions can be
implemented without coding
• Advanced interactions require
JavaScript, C#, or C++
Niantic Studio
Unity Editor
Digital Authoring Tools for AR
Vuforia Studio
Lens Studio
• Support visual authoring of marker-
based and/or marker-less AR apps
• Provide default markers and support
for custom markers
• Typically enable AR previews
through emulator but need to deploy
to AR device for testing
Immersive Authoring Tools for VR
• Enable visual authoring of 3D
content in VR
• Make it possible to edit while
previewing VR experience
• Focus on 3D modeling rather than
animation & scripting
• Typically support export to common
3D model formats and asset sharing
platforms like Google Poly,
Sketchfab, or 3D Warehouse
Google Blocks
Oculus Quill
Immersive Authoring Tools for AR
• Enable visual authoring of 3D
content in AR
• Make it possible to edit while
previewing AR experience in the
environment
• Provide basic support for interactive
behaviors
• Sometimes support export to
WebXR
Apple Reality Composer
Adobe Aero
DIGITALAND IMMERSIVE
AUTHORING
Mobile AR
• Many tools available for rapid prototyping
• Standard mobile phone tools
• Types
• Sketching
• Pop, etc..
• Web development
• Proto.io, Figma, etc..
• Interactive Apps
• Orginami, etc.
Interactive Sketching
•Pop App
● Pop - https://marvelapp.com/pop
● Combining sketching and interactivity on mobiles
● Take pictures of sketches, link pictures together
Using Pop
Pop Demo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zdjg9yhBqTU
Proto.io
• Web based prototyping tool
• Visual drag and drop interface
• Rich transitions
• Scroll, swipe, buttons, etc
• Deploy on device
• mobile, PC, browser
• Ideal for mobile interfaces
• iOS, Android template
• For low and high fidelity prototypes
Proto.io Demo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omw1o0IoSNw
Figma - https://www.figma.com/
• Web based tool for interface design and prototyping
• Collaborative web application, visual editing
• Key Features
• vector graphics editor
• prototyping tools for mobile, tablet, desktop
• support for real-time collaboration
• advanced interactive behaviours
• mobile app for Android and iOS
Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 4 - High Level Prototyping.
Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 4 - High Level Prototyping.
Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 4 - High Level Prototyping.
Origami Studio - https://origami.design/
• Free design tool created by Meta (Mac only)
• Goal: prototype small, interactive, app-interactions
that will eventually be handed off to developers
• Features
• Rapidly build and share interactive interfaces.
• Drag and drop/visual programming
• Deploy on mobile phones
Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 4 - High Level Prototyping.
Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 4 - High Level Prototyping.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lf8ZcgbnM9g
Case Study: Interactive Flight AR App
https://blog.prototypr.io/making-flights-more-interesting-with-augmented-reality-322eecde82
Flight Augmented Reality Application
● Hold up mobile phone to see
POI out of plane window
● AR tags in real world
● Tap tags for more information
Interaction Flow
● Input flight route
● View AR HUD
Design Interface Screens
● Using Sketch - https://www.sketch.com/
Create AR View
● Use looped video
● Load into Origami Studio
● Add POI onto video
● Animate POI with video
● Add touch interactions to POI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejzS0atCtgQ
Add POI and Move with Video
● Use Origami Studio - https://origami.design/
Add Touch Interaction
● Add information toggling based on touch input (Origami Studio)
Demo
https://vimeo.com/254711113
Mobile AR Visual Programming
• Rapid prototype on desktop
• Deliver on mobile
• Visual programming
• Simple interactivity
• Examples
• Zapworks Studio
• https://zap.works/studio/
• Snap Lens Studio
• https://lensstudio.snapchat.com/
• TikTok Effect House
• https://effecthouse.tiktok.com/
Zapworks Studio
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dK6BmOsRxbw
SnapChat
• Snap Chat
• Most popular mobile AR platform
• 320+ million users/day
• Live camera input
• AR visual features
• Snap Spectacles
• Waveguide displays
• Gesture interaction
• Full integrated
Snap Lens Studio - SnapChat
Author and preview AR prototypes
● Tool behind Snapchat Lenses, but
also a powerful AR prototyping tool
● Can do face (using front camera)
and world lenses (rear camera)
● Simulated previews using webcam
Deploy and use advanced AR features
● Can deploy to phone running
Snapchat app via Snapcode
● Has advanced AR tracking and
segmentation capabilities
Lens Studio
Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 4 - High Level Prototyping.
Lens Studio features
© 2022 SIGGRAPH. All Rights
Reserved.
83
Some specific features
● SnapML: train and use ML models
● Face landmarks: track 93 points
● Face expressions: detect winks etc.
● Eye tracking: get eye position/rotation
● Behaviour: set triggers & actions
● UI: add UI widgets without scripting
● Visual scripting: no code via graphs
● Templates: lots of templates and tutorials
ON DEVICE AUTHORING
Creating on Device
• Adobe Aero
• Create AR on mobile devices
• Touch based interaction and authoring
• Only iOS support for now
• https://www.adobe.com/nz/products/aero.html
Demo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1F83n8W2JUg
Apple Reality Composer
• Rapidly create 3D scenes and AR experiences
• Creation on device (iPhone, iPad)
• Drag and drop interface
• Loading 2D/3D content
• Adding simple interactivity
• Anchor content in real world (AR view)
• Planes (vertical, horizontal), faces, images
Apple Reality Composer Example
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tRcAGdM7878
Apple Reality Composer
VR Immersive Prototyping
• Rapid prototype in VR
• Deliver on HMD
• Load 2D/3D assets
• Add simple interactivity
• Examples
• Figmin XR
• https://overlaymr.com/
• Shapes XR
• https://www.shapesxr.com/
Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 4 - High Level Prototyping.
ShapesXR - www.shapesxr.com
•VR creation and collaboration platform
• Mockup AR/VR interfaces
• Collaborative Support collaborative viewing
• Import 2D/3D assets
• Export to 3D development tools
• Available for Oculus Quest
ShapesXR
• Blah
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JuPNttmDDs
ShapesXR Demo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAZfG-FHgNA
ShapesXR Storyboarding/Presenting
Create 3D scenes
- Key elements
Jump between scenes
- Simulate transitions
Prototyping AR View
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzA6YB3wJlA
WEB BASED DEVELOPMENT
Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 4 - High Level Prototyping.
Interactive 360 Prototyping for VR
• Create 360 images and add interactive elements
• Many possible tools
• InstaVR
• http://www.instavr.co/
• Free, fast panorama VR
• Drag and drop web interface
• Deploy to multi platforms (Quest, Vive, phone, etc)
• VR Direct
• https://www.vrdirect.com/
• Connect multiple 360 scenes
• Instant content update
• EasyVR
• https://www.360easyvr.com/
Demo - Using InstaVR
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ce4Pww3Up10
Bezi – https://bezi.com
• Web-based spatial design tool
• Arranging 3D content
• View in HMD browser or desktop
Bezi Interface
Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 4 - High Level Prototyping.
Niantic Studio - www.8thwall.com
• Web based authoring for 3D/XR
• Key features
• WebXR deployment
• Visual editing (drag and drop)
• Live editing
• Interactive elements
• XR Features
• Face Effects, World Tracking, Image Targets, & VPS
• Cross platform development
• Apple Vision Pro, Meta Quests, Magic Leap, etc
Studio Interface
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCBTIzBlmq4
Niantic Lightship
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7rb48H6wdk
Niantic Scaniverse
QUESTIONS
www.empathiccomputing.org
@marknb00
mark.billinghurst@auckland.ac.nz

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