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Ration bpd final draft
1. Proper ration formulation for dairy animals is important to optimize their milk production, reproduction and health. Rations should meet the animals' nutrient needs during different stages and account for factors like milk yield, body weight and forage quality. 2. Balanced rations can improve digestibility, increase milk yield and fat-corrected milk, enhance feed efficiency and reduce production costs. Special care is needed when formulating rations for high producing animals and those in transition periods. 3. Feeding calves requires proper colostrum and liquid feeding initially, followed by transition to solid feed like calf starter to support growth and rumen development. A structured feeding schedule tailored to the calf's age and needs optimizes its
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Overview of ration formulation specifically catered to dairy animals.
Discussion on the nutritional needs during various stages of lactation focusing on concentrates and roughage variety.
Impacts of poor nutrition include low milk yields, metabolic disorders, and reduced profitability for farmers.
Data showing improvements in digestibility coefficients and milk yield after ration balancing.
Effects of balanced rations on milk yield, feed conversion efficiency, and economic improvements.
Methodology for calculating nutrient requirements and example calculation of body weight.
Body condition scoring as a nutritional and reproductive monitoring tool with specific scoring phases.
Recommended roughage to concentrate ratios for various yields in cattle and buffaloes, with supplementation guidance.
Hit and trial method for formulating concentrate mixtures and recommendations for buffer feeding.
Detailed feeding compositions for lactating cows and buffaloes based on milk yield and weight.
Nutritional challenges and management strategies during the critical post-calving period for dairy cows.
Essential elements such as water supply, fiber, and feed availability for optimal dairy production.
BIS specifications for mineral mixtures to ensure proper nutrient supplementation for cattle.
Significance of calf nutrition at various growth phases, highlighting economic benefits and growth phases.
Importance of colostrum for calf health and guidelines for initial feeding regimes.
Transitioning calves from milk to solid feeds for growth and rumen development, including starter feed recommendations.
Detailed feeding schedule up to 3 months of age, ensuring proper nutrition during early growth stages.
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Ration bpd final draft
- 1. Ration Formulation for DairyAnimals
- 2. Introduction • Concept 75% •Nutrient and Ingredient • DM and Fresh basis • Cows nutritional needs vary during different stages of her production cycle – Optimize milk yield – Optimize reproduction – Prevent metabolic disorders
- 3. • Concentrates: – Suppliedin amounts consistent with: • Milk production • Cow body weight • Nutrients in roughage • Forages: – Vary in nutritional composition – Legumes – Non Legume – Straw and stovers (LQR)
- 4. Poor growth and reproduction Lowmilk production Shorter lactation length and longer calving intervals Metabolic disorders milk fever and ketosis Slow growth & delayed age at first calving Shorter productive life Carbon foot print Lower profit to farmers Inadequate feeding
- 5. Situation in fieldcondition..
- 6. Improvements in DigestibilityCo-efficients (Cattle) 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% Pre-Ration Balancing Post-Ration Balancing % improvements 56.93% 60.05% 5.57% 59.14% 62.33% 5.69% 55.47% 63.99% 15.33% DM Dig. Coeff OM Dig. Coeff CP Dig. Coeff
- 7. Impact of balancedfeeding on Milk yield (Cattle) 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 1st Week 2nd Week 3rd Week Base Line Post balanced feeding 7.51 kg 7.82 kg 8.90 kg 9.26 kg AverageMilkYield(kg)
- 8. Effect of Balancedration on Milk yield, 4% FCM and FCE (kg of FCM produced per kg of DM consumed) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 MY (kg) 4% FCM (kg) FCE 7.51 6.12 0.79 8.86 9.99 1 17.97% 63.23% 26.58% pre-balancing Post-balancing % Improvement
- 9. Effect of balancedfeeding on economy of production -20.0% -15.0% -10.0% -5.0% 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% COST OF FEED/KG MY NET PROFIT PER DAY NET INCOME FROM SALE OF MILK PER DAY -18.0% 30.0% 25.5% %Decline/Improvement
- 11. Guidelines for rationformulation These guidelines are used to decide the tentative DMI and concentrate roughage ratio of feed DM. Depending on the body condition of the dairy animals and quality of feed necessary change may be done 1. Calculate the total nutrient requirements by adding maintenance requirement as per body weight and lactation requirement as per milk yield 2. Add 20% of maintenance requirement for 1st lactation and 10% for second lactation. 3. The practical dry matter intake is calculated by adding 2% of body weight and one third of milk yield 4. The concentrate and roughage ration is decided based on production level
- 12. Calculation of Bodyweight • The body weights of the animals were calculated using Shaffer’s formula as described below: 𝑩. 𝑾 𝑲𝒈 = 𝑳 𝑮 𝟐 𝟑𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎.𝟒𝟓𝟑𝟔 Where, 𝑳 = Body length in inches from point of shoulder to pin bone 𝑮 = heart girth in inches
- 13. • Body ConditionScore – Used to monitor nutrition, reproduction, and health programs http://dairynutrient.wisc.edu/302/page.php?id=36
- 14. BCS is auseful long term monitor of energy balance is dairy cows because the size of body fat reserves changes slowly relative to the precision of the measurement scale available. The BCS for different physiological phase is as follows, Calving - 3.5 – 3.75 Early Lactation - 2.0 – 2.5 Mid - 2.5 – 3.0 Dry Off - 3.5 – 4.0
- 15. Milk Yield (kg)Roughage : Concentrate ratio Cattle Buffalo Roughage Concentrate Upto 6 kg Upto 5 kg 100 0# 7-14 6-10 70 30 15-20 11-15 60 40 21-30 16-20 50 50* 30 + 20+ 40 60*
- 16. # Such animalsshould be provided appropriate amount of mineral mixture supplementation and roughage should be of very good quality. # Although the low milk production may be supported by supplementing only quality green fodder it is better to provide 1kg concentrate mixture to support animal for higher level of production * At this level of production appropriate supplements and additives should be added in ration for maintenance of rumen and animal health
- 17. For an averagemilk production level hit and trial method is used for formulation of compounded concentrate mixture for cattle and buffaloes. The following is the distribution of ingredients • Cereal Grains (Maize, Bajra, barley any other locally available cereal) - 32-40% Cereal grains are rich in starch and have moderate amount of proteins. These are considered as energy supplying ingredient in the ration the level should be decided based on the production level and body condition score of animals • Protein supplements (Cottonseed cakes, Mustard oil and deoiled cake, Soyabean meal, Groundnut cake, sunflower meal, guar korma, Guar churi, etc) - 28-34% Protein rich ingredients should be added carefully according to the palatability issues of local area. It is better if we use more than two protein supplements in the ration. Protein is costliest nutrient and hence ingredients need to be selected carefully. Depending on the availability of roughage and production level of animal these may be reduced or increased. • Agriculture byproducts (Wheat bran, Rice bran, Deoiled rice bran, byproducts of pulses processing industry) - 28-32 % These byproducts generally have more protein than cereal grains but less than protein supplements, rich in phosphorous and fibre and varying amount of fat. • Mineral Mixture -2 % and • Salt -1% Hit an trial Method for formulation of concentrate mixture
- 18. Recommendations for Bufferfeeding BUFFER % Conc. MIXTURE g/day Soda Bicarb 1.0-1.5 115-225 MgO 0.4-0.8 45-90 Soda Bicarb+ MgO (3:1) 1-1.5 115-225 Bentonite 3.0-5.0 680-990 Limestone 1.0-1.5 115-180
- 19. Ration Formulation forDairy Animals Lactating cow,15 Kg Milk Yield, 4% Fat,450 Kg Body Weight Feed Composition Lactating Buffalo, 10 Kg Milk Yield, 6% Fat,500 Kg Body Weight Feed Composition With Non Legume Green Fodder With Legume Green Fodder Concentrate Mixture (1)- 7.5Kg Maize Green Fodder- 25.0 Kg Wheat Straw- 2.25 Kg Concentrate Mixture (2)- 6.0Kg Berseem Fodder- 35.0 Kg Wheat Straw- 4.5 Kg With Non Legume Green Fodder With Legume Green Fodder Ingredients Concentrate Mixture -1 (per Qtl.) Concentrate Mixture -2 (per Qtl.) Maize 30.00 35.00 Ground nut cake 08.00 03.50 Soyabean meal 06.50 03.50 Mustard Oil cake 17.00 19.00 Wheat Bran 17.50 18.00 Rice Polish - 04.00 Deoiled Rice Bran 18.00 14.00 Mineral Mixture 02.00 02.00 Salt 01.00 01.00 Concentrate Mixture (3)- 7.5Kg Maize Green Fodder- 25.0 Kg Wheat Straw- 2.25 Kg Concentrate Mixture (4)- 6.0Kg Berseem Fodder- 35.0 Kg Wheat Straw- 4.5 Kg Ingredients Concentrate Mixture -3 (per Qtl.) Concentrate Mixture -4 (per Qtl.) Maize 30.00 40.00 Soyabean Meal 10.00 Cottonseed Cake 10.00 15.00 Mustard Oil cake 12.00 14.00 Wheat Bran 15.00 10.00 Rice Polish 06.00 18.00 Deoiled Rice Bran 14.00 - Mineral Mixture 02.00 02.00 Salt 01.00 01.00
- 20. Transition Period • 0– 3 months post-calving most important – Hard to provide adequate nutrition • Milk yield is high • Intake is limited - Cow uses her body fat and protein to provide for the nutrients not taken in by her daily ration = Negative Energy Balance » Losing body weight during heavy milk production » Causes problems with conception » Rumen Health- Ensure feed intake » Vit E and Selenium- Feeding diets with 0.3 ppm of supplemental selenium to all classes of cattle and feeding 1000 IU/day of supplemental vitamin E to dry cows and springing heifers and 500 IU/day to lactating cows improves immunity, reduces the incidence of clinical mastitis, and reduces SCC » Niacin » Choline
- 21. • Freshly CalvedAnimals need Special care • The DMI is low and milk production is increasing • Animal starts losing its body weight • Try to increase the DMI • Increase concentrate portion (min NDF 29% in TMR). • Yeast, buffers can be used • Give easily digestible roughage
- 22. • Successful dairynutrition: – Constant, high quality water supply – High quality feedstuffs – Sufficient fiber in ration – Maintain an optimal level of concentrate feeding – Sufficient manger space – High level of DM intake – Feed is available 24 hr per day
- 23. Water Consumption byDairy Cattle
- 25. BIS specification forMM containing salt (Type-I) and without (Type-II) for cattle feed Mineral supplement (%) MM Type-I MM Type-II Moisture,% by mass, max. 5.0 5.0 Calcium, % by mass, min 18.0 23.0 Phosphorus, % by mass, min. 9.0 12.0 Magnesium, % by mass, min. 5.0 6.5 Salt, % by mass, min. 22.0 - Iron, % by mass, min. 0.4 0.5 Copper, % by mass ,min. 0.06 0.077 Manganese, % by mass, min. 0.1 0.12 Cobalt, % by mass, min. 0.09 0.012 Fluorine, % by mass ,max. 0.05 0.07 Zinc, % by mass, min. 0.3 0.38 Sulphur, % by mass, max. 0.4 0.5 Acid insoluble ash, % by mass, max. 3 2.5
- 27. Importance of calf Good quality germplasm Expansion of future herd Heifer replacement 20%reduced calf mortality results in 38% net profit Economic benefits
- 28. Feeding of calvesmay be divided into 3 phases • Liquid feeding phase (0-1 month) • Transition phase (1- 3 months) •Ruminant phase (above 3 months) (Davis and Clark, 1981) Calf Feeding
- 29. Body wt (Kg)Age in days Colostrum (Kg) Milk (Kg) Upto 30 1-4 1/10 of body weight - Up to 30 5-90 - 1/10 of body weight 31-60 5-90 - 1/20 of body weight above 30 kg. Feeding schedule of calves (Dairy handbook, NDRI Karnal; 1979)
- 30. Colostrum • Single mostimportant factor in determining health and survival of the neonatal calf (Mcguirk, 2004) • Colostrum provides antibodies which are absorbed intact by pinocytosis in the first few days of the calf’s life. (Jaster, 2005) • The colostrum also contains anti tryptic enzyme which may help in the protection of whey protein from the proteolysis (Arthur et al.,1996) • It also has a laxative effect in removing muconium. (Ardelean, 2003)
- 31. Milk Replacer Milk replaceris a liquid feed having nutritional qualities comparable to mother’s milk It is generally fed in the gruel form
- 32. The initial growthof an animal is the most important phase of its life as maturity and production depends on rate of growth. (Ghosh and Mehla 2011) For a calf to grow efficiently, it must have a successful transition from liquid to solid feed. ( Laborde et al., 2008 ) A proper solid feed is required to stimulate rumen development. solid feeds produces VFA which also stimulate rumen microbes to proliferate. (Laborde et al., 2008) Calf Starter
- 33. Solid food usedto supplement or replace milk is known as Calf starter feed which is given after 14 day of age. The calf starter should contain 18-20 % DCP and 70-75% TDN (ICAR handbook, 2011) Animal protein source or skim milk powder can be used for balancing amino acid requirement of the pre ruminant calves It is required for their faster growth and rumen development Cont…………..
- 34. Age of CalfWhole Milk Calf Starter Good Quality Fodder 1-3 day Colostrum @ 1/10 of body wt in 3 feeds - - 4-7 day Whole milk @ 1/10 of body wt in 3 feeds - - 8-14 day Whole milk @ 1/10 of body wt - - 15-21 day Whole milk @ 1/10 of body wt A little A little 22-35 day Whole milk @ 1/15 of body wt 100g Ad lib Up to 2 months Whole milk @ 1/20 of body wt 250g Ad lib 2-3 months Milk is gradually reduced and tapered 500g Ad lib Feeding Schedule of calves upto 3 months of age (Reddy,2001)