Rc064 010d Core Html 1
- 1. #64 Get More Refcardz! Visit refcardz.com cONtENts iNclUDE: Core HTML n HTML Basics n HTML vs XHTML n Validation n Useful Open Source Tools n Page Structure Elements n Key Structural Elements and more... By Andy Harris The src attribute describes where the image file can be found, html Basics and the alt attribute describes alternate text that is displayed if the image is unavailable. HTML and XHTML are the foundation of all web development. HTML is used as the graphical user interface in client-side Nested tags programs written in JavaScript. Server-side languages like PHP Tags can be (and frequently are) nested inside each other. Tags and Java also receive data from web pages and use HTML cannot overlap, so <a><b></a></b> is not legal, but <a><b></ as the output mechanism. The emerging Ajax technologies b></a> is fine. likewise use HTML and XHTML as their visual engine. HTML was once a very loosely-defined language with very little html vs Xhtml standardization, but as it has become more important, the need for standards has become more apparent. Regardless of HTML has been around for some time. While it has done its whether you choose to write HTML or XHTML, understanding job admirably, that job has expanded far more than anybody the current standards will help you provide a solid foundation expected. Early HTML had very limited layout support. that will simplify all your other web coding. Fortunately HTML Browser manufacturers added many competing standards and and XHTML are actually simpler than they used to be, because web developers came up with clever workarounds, but the much of the functionality has moved to CSS. result is a lack of standards and frustration for web developers. The latest web standards (XHTML and the emerging HTML 5.0 Common Elements standard) go back to the original purpose of HTML: to describe Every page (HTML or XHTML shares certain elements in the structure of the data only, and leave all formatting to CSS common.) All are essentially plain text files, with the .html (Please see the DZone CSS Refcard Series). XHTML is nothing extension. HTML files should not be created with a word more than HTML code conforming to the stricter standards www.dzone.com processor, but in some type of editor that creates plain text. of XML. The same style guidelines are appropriate whether Every page has a large container (HTML or XHTML) and you write in HTML or XHTML (but they tend to be enforced in two major subcontainers, the head and the body. The head XHTML): area contains information useful behind the scenes, such as CSS formatting instructions and JavaScript code. The body • Use a doctype to describe the language (described below) contains the part of the page that is visible to the user. • Write all code in lowercase letters • Encase all attribute values in double quotes Tags and Attributes • Each tag must have an end specified. This is normally An HTML document is based on the notion of tags. A tag is a done with an ending tag, but a special case allows for piece of text inside angle brackets (<>). Tags typically have a non-content tags. beginning and an end, and usually contain some sort of text Most of the requirements of XHTML turn out to be good inside them. For example, a paragraph is normally denoted like practice whether you write HTML or XHTML. I recommend this: <p> This is my paragraph. </p> Get More Refcardz (They’re free!) The <p> indicates the beginning of a paragraph. Text is then placed inside the tag, and the end of the paragraph is denoted n Authoritative content by an end tag, which is similar to the start tag but with a slash n Designed for developers (</p>.) It is common to indent content in a multi-line tag, but it n Written by top experts is also legal to place tags on the same line: n Latest tools & technologies Hot tips & examples Core html n <p>This is my paragraph.</p> n Bonus content online Tags are sometimes enhanced by attributes, which are name n New issue every 1-2 weeks value pairs that modify the tag. For example, the <img> tag (used to embed an image into a page) usually includes the following attributes: Subscribe Now for FREE! <img src = “myPic.jpg” Refcardz.com Alt = “this is my picture” /> DZone, Inc. | www.dzone.com
- 2. 2 Core html using XHTML strict so you can validate your code and know it Web Developer https://www.addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/60 This Firefox follows the strictest standards. Toolbar extension adds numerous debugging and web development tools to your browser. XHTML has a number of flavors. The strict type is Firebug https:addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/1843 is an add-on that adds full debugging capabilities to the browser. The firebug lite version recommended, as it is the most up-to-date standard which even works with IE. will produce the most predictable results. You can also use a transitional type (which allows deprecated HTML tags) and pagE strUctUrE ElEmENts a frameset type, which allows you to add frames. For most applications, the strict type is preferred. The following elements are part of every web page. HTML Template Element Description The following code can be copied and pasted to form the <html></html> Surrounds the entire page foundation of a basic web page: <head></head> Contains header information (metadata, CSS styles, JavaScript code) <html> <head> <title></title> Holds the page title normally displayed in the title bar and used <title></title> in search results </head> <body></body> Contains the main body text. All parts of the page normally visible <body> are in the body </body> </html> KEy strUctUral ElEmENts XHTML Template The XHTML template is a bit more complex, so it’s common to Most pages contain the following key structual elements: keep a copy on your desktop for quick copy – and paste work, or to define it as a starting template in your editor. Element Name Description <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN” <h1></h1> Heading 1 Reserved fo strongest emphasis “http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd”> <h2></h2> Heading 2 Secondary level heading. Headings go down to level 6, <html lang=”EN” dir=”ltr” xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml”> but <h1> through <h3> are most common <head> <meta http-equiv=”content-type” content=”text/xml; <p></p> Paragraph Most of the body of a page should be enclosed in charset=utf-8” /> paragraphs <title></title> </head> <div></div> Division Similar to a paragraph, but normally marks a section of a page. Divs usually contain paragraphs <body> </body> </html> lists aND Data valiDatiON Web pages frequently incorporate structured data so HTML includes several useful list and table tags: The structure of your web pages is critical to the success of programs based on those pages, so use a validating tool to Element Name Description ensure you haven’t missed anything. <ul></ul> Unordered Normally these lists feature bullets (but that can be list changed with CSS) Validating Tool Description <ol></ol> Ordered These usually are numbered, but this can be changed WC3 The most commonly used validator is online at http://validator.w3.org This list with CSS free tool checks your page against the doctype you specify and ensures you are following the standards. This acts as a ‘spell-checker’ for your code <li></li> List item Used to describe a list item in an unordered list or an and warns you if you made an error like forgetting to close a tag. ordered list HTML Tidy There’s an outstanding free tool called HTML tidy which not only checks <dl></dl> Definition Used for lists with name-value pairs your pages for validity, but also fixes most errors automatically. Download list this tool at http://tidy.sourceforge.net/ or (better) use the HTML validator extension to build tidy into your browser. <dt></dt> Definition The name in a name-value pair. Used in definition lists term HTML Validator The extension mechanism of Firefox makes it a critical tool for web extension developers. The HTML Validator extension is an invaluable tool. It <dd></dd> Definition The value (or definition) of a name – value pair automatically checks any page you view in your browser against both the description w3 validation engine and tidy. It can instantly find errors, and repair them <table></table> Table Defines beginning and end of a table on the spot with tidy. With this free extension available at http://users.skynet.be/mgueury/mozilla/, there’s no good reason not to <tr></tr> Table row Defines a table row. A table normally consists of several validate your code. <tr> pairs (one per row) <td></td> Table data Indicates data in a table cell. <td> tags occur within <tr> (which occur within <table>) UsEfUl OpEN sOUrcE tOOls <th></th> Table Indicates a table cell to be treated as a heading with heading special formatting Some of the best tools for web development are available through the open source community at no cost at all. Consider Visit http://www.aharrisbooks.net/dzone/listTable.html for an these application as part of your HTML toolkit: example. Use view source to see the XHTML code. Open Source Tool Description Standard List Types Aptana http://www.aptana.com/ This free programmer’s editor (based on Eclipse) HTML supports three primary list types. Ordered lists and is a full-blown IDE customized for HTML / XHTML, CSS, JavaScript, and Ajax. It offers code completion, syntax highlighting, and FTP support unordered lists are the primary list types. By default, ordered within the editor. lists use numeric identifiers, and unordered lists use bullets. DZone, Inc. | www.dzone.com
- 3. 3 Core html However, you can use the list-style-type CSS attribute to change the list marker to one of several types. liNKs aND imagEs <ol> <li>uno</li> Links and images are both used to incorporate external <li>dos</li> resources into a page. Both are reliant on URIs (Universal <li>tres</li> </ol> Resource Indicators), commonly referred to as URLs or addresses. Lists can be nested inside each other <a> (anchor) <ul> <li>English The anchor tag is used to provide the basic web link: <ol> <li>One</li> <li>Two</li> <a href = “http://www.google.com”>link to Google</a> <li>Three</li> </ol> In this example, http://www.google.com is the site to be visited. </li> The text “link to Google” will be highlighted as a link. <li>Spanish <ol> <li>uno</li> absolute and relative references <li>dos</li> <li>tres</li> Links can be absolute references containing an entire url </ol> including the http: protocol indicator. </li> </ul> http://www.aharrisbooks.net goes directly to my site from any page on the internet. Definition lists The special definition list is used for name / value pairs. The A relative reference leaves out the http:// business. The definition term (dt) is a word or phrase that is used as the list browser assumes the same directory on the same server as marker, and the definition data is normally a paragraph: the referring page. If this link: <a href = “xfd”>XHTML for Dummies</a> is on my main site, it will take you to <h2>Types of list</h2> <dl> http://www.aharrisbooks.net/xfd. <dt>Unordered list</dt> <dd>Normally used for bulleted lists, where the order of data is not important. </dd> <link> The link tag is used primarily to pull in external CSS files: <dt>Ordered lists</dt> <dd>Normally use numbered items, for example a list of instructions where the order is significant.</dd> <link rel = “stylesheet” type = “text/css” <dt>Definition list</dt> href = “mySheet.css” /> <dd>Used to describe a term and definition. Often a good alternative to a two-column table</dd> <img> </dl> The img tag is used in to attach an image. Valid formats are Use of tables .jpg, .png, and .gif. An image should always be accompanied Tables were used in the past to overcome the page-layout by an alt attribute describing the contents of the image. shortcomings of HTML. That use is now deprecated in favor of <img src = http://www.cs.iupui.edu/~aharris/face.gif CSS-based layout. Use tables only as they were intended – to alt = “me before shaving” /> display tabular data. Image formatting attributes (height, width, and align) are A table mainly consists of a series of table rows (tr.) Each table deprecated in favor of CSS. row consists of a number of table data (tr) elements. The table heading (th) element can be used to indicate a table cell spEcialty marKUp should be marked as a heading. The rowspan and colspan attributes can be used to make a cell HTML / XHTML includes several specialty tags. These are used span more than one row or column. to describe special purpose text. They have default styling, but of course the styles can be modified with CSS. Each row of a table should have the same number of columns, and each column should have the same number of rows. Use <quote> of the span attribute may require adjustment to other rows or The quote tag is intended to display a single line quote: columns. <quote>Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country</quote> <table border = “1”> <tr> <th> </th> Quote is an inline tag. If you need a block level quote, use <th>English</th> <blockquote>. <th>Spanish</th> </tr> <pre> <tr> The <pre> tag is used for pre-formatted text. It is sometimes <th>1</th> <td>One</td> used for code listings or ASCII art because it preserves carriage <td>Uno</td> </tr> returns. Pre-formatted text is usually displayed in a fixed-width font. <tr> <th>2</th> <td>Two</td> <pre> <td>Dos</td> for i in range(10): </tr> print i </table> </pre> DZone, Inc. | www.dzone.com
- 4. 4 Core html <code> Legend The code format is used to manage pre-formatted text, You can add a legend inside a fieldset. This describes the especially code listings. It is very similar to pre. purpose of the fieldset. <code> Label while i < 10: A label is a special inline element that describes a particular i += 1 print i field. A label can be paired with an input element by putting </code> that element’s ID in the label’s for attribute. <blockquote> Input This tag is used to mark multi-line quotes. Frequently it is set The input element is a general purpose inline element. It is off with special fonts and indentation through CSS. It is (not meant to be used inside a form, and it is the basis for several surprisingly) a block-level tag. types of more specific input. The subtype is indicated by the type attribute. Input elements usually include an id attribute <blockquote> Quoth the raven: (used for CSS and JavaScript identification) and / or a name Nevermore attribute (used in server-side programming.) The same element </blockquote> can have both a name and an id. <span> The span tag is a vanilla inline tag. It has no particular Text formatting of its own. It is intended to be used with a class or This element allows a single line of text input: ID when you want to apply style to an inline chunk of code. <input type = “text” id = “myText” <span class = “highlight”>This text</span> will be highlighted. name = “myText” /> <em> Password The em tag is used for standard emphasis. By default, <em> Passwords display just like textboxes, except rather than italicizes text, but you can use CSS to make any other type of showing the text as it is typed, an asterisk appears for each emphasis you wish. letter. Note that the data is not encoded in any meaningful way. Typing text into a password field is still entirely unsecure. <strong> This tag represents strong emphasis. By default, it is bold, but you <input type = “password” can modify the formatting with CSS. id = “myPWD” /> Radio Button fOrms Radio buttons are used in a group. Only one element of a radio group can be selected at a time. Give all members of a radio Forms are the standard user input mechanism in HTML / group the same name value to indicate they are part of a group. XHTML. You will need another language like JavaScript or PHP <input type = “radio” to read the contents of the form elements and act upon them. name = “radSize” value = “small” id = “radSmall” Form Structure selected = “selected” /> A number of tags are used to describe the structure of the <label for = “radSmall”>Small</label> <input type = “radio” form. Begin by looking over a basic form: name = “radSize” value = “large” id = “radLarge” /> <form action = “”> <label for = “radLarge”>Large</label> <fieldset> <legend>My form</legend> <label for = “txtName”>Name</label> Attaching a label to a radio button means the user can activate <input type = “text” id = “txtName” /> the button by clicking on the corresponding label. For best <button type = “button” results, use the selected attribute to force one radio button to Onclick = “doSomething()”> Do something be the default. </button> </fieldset> Checkbox </form> Checkboxes are much like radio buttons, but they are Form independent. Like radio buttons, they can be associated with a The <form></form> pair describes the form. In XHTML strict, label. you must indicate the form’s action property. This is typically <input type = “checkbox” the server-side program that will read the form. If there is no id = “chkFries” /> <label for = “chkFries”>Would you like fries with that?</label> such program, you can set the action to null (“”) The method attribute is used to determine whether the data is sent through Hidden the get or post mechanism. Hidden fields hold data that is not visible to the user (although Fieldset it is still visible in the code) It is primarily used to preserve state Most form elements are inline tags, and must be encased in server-side programs. in a block element. The fieldset is designed exactly for this <input type = “hidden” purpose. Its default appearance draws a box around the form. name = “txtHidden” value = “recipe for secret sauce” /> You can have multiple fieldsets inside a single form. DZone, Inc. | www.dzone.com
- 5. 5 Core html Note that the data is still not protected in any meaningful way. size. Numerous CSS attributes replace this capability with much more flexible alternatives. See the CSS refcard for details. Button Buttons are used to signal user input. Buttons can be created I (italics) through the input tag: HTML code should indicate the level of emphasis rather than the particular stylistic implications. Italicizing should <input type = “button” value = “launch the missiles” be done through CSS. The <em> tag represents emphasized onclick = “launchMissiles()” /> text. It produces italic output unless the style is changed to something else. The <i> tag is no longer necessary and is not This will create a button with the caption “launch the missiles.” recommended. Add font-style: italic to the style of any element When the button is clicked, the page will attempt to run a that should be italicized. JavaScript function called “launchMissiles()” Standard buttons are usually used with JavaScript code on the client. B (bold) The same button can also be created with this alternate format: Like italics, boldfacing is considered a style consideration. Use the <strong> tag to denote any text that should be strongly <button type = “button” Onclick = “launchMissiles()”> emphasized. By default, this will result in boldfacing the Launch the missiles enclosed text. You can add bold emphasis to any style with the </button> font-weight: bold attribute in CSS. This second form is preferred because buttons often require different CSS styles than other input elements. This second DEprEcatED tEchNiqUEs form also allows an <img> tag to be placed inside the button, making the image act as the button. In addition to the deprecated tags, there are also techniques which were once common in HTML that are no longer Reset recommended. The reset button automatically resets all elements in its form to their default values. It doesn’t require any other attributes. Frames Frames have been used as a layout mechanism and as a <input type = “reset” /> <button type = “reset”> technique for keeping one part of the page static while Reset dynamically loading other parts of the page in separate frames. </button> Use of frames has proven to cause major usability problems. Select / option Layout is better handled through CSS techniques, and dynamic Drop-down lists can be created through the select / option page generation is frequently performed through server-side mechanism. The select tag creates the overall structure, which manipulation or AJAX. is populated by option elements. Table-based design <select id = “selColor”> Before CSS became widespread, HTML did not have adequate <option value = “#000000”>black</option> <option value = “#FF0000”>red</option> page formatting support. Clever designers used tables to <option value = “#FFFFFF”>white</option> provide an adequate form of page layout. CSS provides a </select> much more flexible and powerful form of layout than tables, The select has an id (for client-side code) or name (for server- and keeps the HTML code largely separated from the styling side code) identifier. It contains a number of options. Each markup. option has a value which will be returned to the program. The text between <option> and </option> is the value displayed to html ENtitiEs the user. In some cases (as in this example) the value displayed to the user is not the same as the value used by programs. Sometimes you need to display a special character in a web Multiple Selections page. HTML has a set of special characters for exactly this You can also create a multi-line selection with the select and purpose. Each of these entities begins with the ampersand(&) option tags: followed by a code and a semicolon. <select id = “selColor” Character Name Code Note size = “3” multiple = “multiple”> Non-breaking space Adds white space <option value = “#000000”>black</option> <option value = “#FF0000”>red</option> < Less than < Used to display HTML code or <option value = “#FFFFFF”>white</option> mathematics </select> > Greater than > Used to display HTML code or mathematics & Ampersand & If you’re not displaying an entity but really want the & symbol DEprEcatED fOrmattiNg tags © Copyright © Copyright symbol Certain tags common in older forms of HTML are no longer ® Registered trademark ® Registered trademark recommended as CSS provides much better alternatives. Font Numerous other HTML entities are available and can be found The font tag was used to set font color, family (typeface) and in online resources like w3schools. DZone, Inc. | www.dzone.com
- 6. 6 Core html tools convert from more standard video formats to Ogg. The html 5 / css 3 prEviEw autoplay option causes the element to play automatically. The controls element places controls directly into the page. New technologies are on the horizon. Firefox 3.5 now has support for significant new HTML 5 features, and CSS 3 is The code between the beginning and ending tag will execute not far behind. While the following should still be considered if the browser cannot process the audio or video tag. You can experimental, they are likely to become very important tools in place alternate code here for embedding alternate versions the next few years. Firefox 3.5, Safari 4 (and a few other recent (Flash, for example) browsers) support the following new features: The Canvas tag The canvas tag offers a region of the page that can be drawn Audio and video tags Finally the browsers have direct support for audio and video upon (usually with Javascript.) This creates the possibility of without plugin technology. These tags work much like the img tag. real interactive graphics without requiring plugins like Flash. <video src = “myVideo.ogg” autoplay> Font Face Your browser does not support the video tag. This is actually a CSS improvement, but it’s much needed. It </video> <audio src = “myAudio.ogg” controls> allows you to define a font-face in CSS and include a ttf font Your browsers does not support the audio tag file from the server. You can then use this font face in your </audio> ordinary CSS and use the downloaded font. If this becomes a The HTML 5 standard currently supports Ogg Theora video, standard, we will finally have access to reliable downloadable Ogg Vorbis audio, and wav audio. The Ogg formats are open- fonts on the web, which will usher in web typography at long source alternatives to proprietary formats, and plenty of free last. aBOUt thE aUthOr rEcOmmENDED BOOK andy harris You don’t need expensive or complicated I am a lecturer in computer science at Indiana University / Purdue software or a super-powerful computer University - Indianapolis. I’ve been interested in computing since to build a Web site that does all sorts of the early eighties, when my brother and I took the money we amazing things. All you need is a text editor were saving for a car and blew it on a TRS-80 model 1 with the and the clear, step-by-step guidance you’ll built-in Japanese character set. My favorite part about writing is hearing from readers. It’s great when somebody sends me a find in HTML, XHTML, and CSS All-In-One link to a game or project they’ve written using one of my books. Desk Reference For Dummies. I’d love to get a line from you about one of my books, what you’d like to see me work on next, or just to say hi. I hope my writing feels like a conversation, and I’m looking forward to hearing from your side of the talk. BUy NOw Andy’s Website: http://www.aharrisbooks.net books.dzone.com/books/html-xhtml-css-dummies Bro ugh t to you by... Professional Cheat Sheets You Can Trust ns Patter nald “Exactly what busy developers need: sign cDo nM simple, short, and to the point.” De Jaso By #8 ired Insp e by th GoF ller con tinu ed ndle r doe sn’t have to James Ward, Adobe Systems ity, r E: e ha ndle d th LUD Best se ns ibil st an ith th e ha Upcoming titles most popular IN C que st w y spo re TS bilit e le a req ue ome. 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ISBN-13: 978-1-934238-80-6 l Pa ship re ng an d ca lity. tiona at varia ling iora , and re g tion pose the ueui hand ssin 140 Preston Executive Dr. func ject av rela Pur as q k led roce to be Beh nships ob us p rela tio ith o b ject that ca n be ed ca You ne s need llbac be hand ed. to ne ed sts is couple d from the asyn ch func the rn the without n it is y rono tionalit y need an ISBN-10: 1-934238-80-5 ls w ips st que n Reque y of re be de ate ar Dea e. nsh cilit d patte ssing entatio particul Suite 100 ould pe: latio 50795 Use or to fa n A hist r sh an ce pro implem ents its ting. Sco ntim pe used e comm n voke s re toty Whe for n ec clas The in ely al m ject ed at ru Pro wid th are utilizing a job q of the ueue actu d imple ue is exp Ob with n C ues ue g que the que an als que s. 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C om [email protected] NS B S Com po site PO ILIT Y succ ess or 9 781934 238806 ES “DZone is a developer’s dream,” says PC Magazine. CH AIN O FR >> Sponsorship Opportunities ace terf r <<in andle H uest () [email protected] nt +ha ndle req ler 2 Version 1.0 reserved. No part of this eteHand ( ) Copyright © 2009 DZone, Inc. All rights Clie cr publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by means electronic, mechanical, Con req uest photocopying, or otherwise, without prior written permission ofanthe publisher. king Reference: s dle ern 1 +h ler by lin .c o m and uest one teH req z cre () le a w.d Con uest hand | ww