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RDF, linked data and semantic web

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Jose Emilio Labra Gayo
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo

The document presents an overview of RDF (Resource Description Framework) and its significance in linked data and the semantic web, detailing its application and challenges. It discusses the need for data accessibility, usability, and integration, highlighting issues with traditional data formats like HTML, XML, and JSON. The author emphasizes the importance of using URIs and linked data principles to improve data publishing and discovery for enhanced semantic understanding.

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Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF, linked data and semantic web Departamento de Informática Universidad de Oviedo Jose Emilio Labra Gayo
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra About me Main researcher WESO research group (WEb Semántics Oviedo) Author of the following books: http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Web Semántica (2012) Validating RDF Data (2017)
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Structure of presentation Why RDF? RDF data model RDF ecosystem RDF applications Inference systems: RDFS, OWL SPARQL Challenges
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Why RDF?
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra The flood of data Producing data is more and more easy Open trends Open Software Open Content Open Data Open Science Open Government Old models are affected Músic, Films, finance,... Education Government ...
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Why? Reasons for governments Transparency Leadership Government as catalyzer Promote participation New initiatives and apps Reasons for citizens Data belong to us Created with public money We want better services
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra OK, long live to data! but…
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Problems of current web It is not enough to publish data It must be found If not found, as if it doesn't exist It must be usable If not usable, it is worthless Reuse data in unexpected contexts
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Semantic loss When publishing data, some semantics is lost The person that wants to publish has more info about the data Some info is lost during the publication process publisher party next saturday Formats: HTML, PDF, JPG, ... consumer (person) consumer (agent) party next saturday Semantics 9/Dec/2017 Data published
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra HTML doesn't have enough semantics HTML is intended to publish hypertext HTML tags are understood by browsers Information inside tags = natural language Machines don't understand natural language yet <p>Event: <ul> <li>Name: Concert</li> <li>Date: Next saturday</li> </ul> </p> <p>իրադարձություն: <ul> <li>տիպ: համերգ</li> <li>ամսաթիվ: հաջորդ շաբաթ/li> </ul> </p>
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra XML problem XML goes a step forward Specific vocabularies have meaning in some specific context Specific applications can process XML documents XML documents are difficult to integrate if they are from different domains <event> <name>համերգ</name> <date>հաջորդ շաբաթ</date> </event> <event> <name>Concert</name> <date>Next saturday</date> </event> <իրադարձություն> <տիպ>համերգ</տիպ> <ամսաթիվ>հաջորդ շաբաթ</ամսաթիվ> </իրադարձություն>
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Json problem JSON is almost the same as XML It may be easier to parse and processby developers But the meaning depends on each domain It is even worse as there are no namespaces or validation { "event": { "name": "Party" , "date": "Next saturday" } } { "event": { "name": "համերգ" , "date": "հաջորդ շաբաթ" } }{ "իրադարձություն": { "տիպ": "համերգ" , "ամսաթիվ": "հաջորդ շաբաթ" } }
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Towards semantic web Semantic web = vision of the data web Tim Berners Lee Source: Wikipedia Goal: Share and Reuse data between applications, and communities From a web of documents to a web of data
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Benefits Accessible data Avoid semantic loss Facilitate task automation Linked data Data reuse Application integration The best way to use your data will be found by other people Jo Walsh, Rufus Pollock, http://www.okfn.org/files/talks/xtech_2007/
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Web features Non centralized Difficult to ensure data integrity and quality Dynamic information Information is constantly changing Big amounts of information Big data 3Vs: Volume, Velocity, Variety Open system AAA lemma: Anyone can say Anything about Any topic
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Biggest challenge = Integration In general, the challenge is not to computerize something The challenge is integrate systems Interoperability It is not enough to publish data…
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Publish = make something accessible Accessibility levels Physical disability Technical disability: other environments Cultural and intellectual Illiteracy Knowledge barriers Other languages… Accessible to machines
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Star model* ★ Publish data (any format) ★★ Use structured formats (Excel instead of scanned pictures) ★★★ Non proprietary structured formats (CSV instead of Excel) ★★★★ Use URIs to identify data (other systems can link to our data) ★★★★★ Link to other data (provide contextual information) * Tim Berners-Lee, Gov 2.0 Expo 2010 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ga1aSJXCFe0
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Unstructured formats Black box formats: Pictures, video, audio, etc. Binary formats: PDF, PS, etc. They require low level techniques, pattern recognition, signal processing, etc ★
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Structured formats Data have some structure Example: Excel Problem with proprietary formats May require non-free tools ★ ★
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Non-proprietary formats Use open-structured formats Examples: CSV, HTML Problem: Content depends on context ★ ★ ★
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra URIs identify data Use URIs to identify data Content negotiation can provide different representations ★ ★ ★ ★ Example
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Example: RDF ★ ★ ★ ★ <http://www.sepe.es/data/unemployment/Asturias/Allande/2013/10> HTML? @prefix sepe: <http://www.sepe.es/datos/> sepe:obs1 sepe:municipality "Allande" ; sepe:unemployees 18 . RDF?
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Link with other data Representations return links to other data It allos to: Reuse and find other data Unforeseen applications ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Linked data example ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ <http://www.sepe.es/data/unemployment/Asturias/Allande/2013/10> HTML? @prefix sepe: <http://www.sepe.es/data/> sepe:obs1 sepe:municipality dbo:allande; sepe:unemployees 23 . RDF? dbo:allande dbo:areaTotal 342.24 ; rdf:type <http:/.../municipalitiesInAsturias> ; dbo:country <http:/.../Spain> ; dbo:populationTotal 2106 ; . . .
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Linked Open Data principles 1. Use URIs to denote things 2. Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names 3. When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the standards (RDF*, SPARQL) 4. Include links to other URIs. so that they can discover more things. ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Linked open data (2007)
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Linked open data (2008)
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Linked open data (2009)
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Linked open data (2014)
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Linked open data (2017) Fuente: "Linking Open Data cloud diagram 2017, by Andrejs Abele, John P. McCrae, Paul Buitelaar, Anja Jentzsch and Richard Cyganiak. http://lod-cloud.net/"
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF Data Model
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Short history of RDF RDF: Resource Description Framework Around 1997 - PICS, Dublin core, Meta Content Framework 1997 1st Working draft https://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax-971002 RDF/XML 1999 1st W3C Rec https://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-rdf-syntax-19990222/ XML Syntax, first applications RSS, EARL 2004 - RDF Revised https://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/ Emergence of SPARQL, Turtle, Linked Data 2014 - RDF 1.1 https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/ SPARQL 1.1, JSON-LD 2017 - RDF validation: SHACL/ShEx
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF Data Model RDF is made from statements Statment = a triple (subject, predicate, object) Example: http://example.org/alice http://example.org/bob http://schema.org/knows subject predicate object <http://example.org/alice> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/bob> . N-Triples representation subject object predicate
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Set of statements = RDF graph RDF data model = directed graph Example: http://example.org/alice ex:bob http://example.org/carol http://example.org/bob http://schema.org/knows http://schema.org/knows http://schema.org/knows http://schema.org/knows N-triples representation <http://example.org/alice> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/bob> . <http://example.org/bob> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/carol> . <http://example.org/carol> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/alice> . <http://example.org/carol> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/bob> . subject predicate object
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Turtle notation Human readable notation that simplifies N-Triples Allows namespace declarations <http://example.org/alice> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/bob> . <http://example.org/bob> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/carol> . <http://example.org/carol> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/alice> . <http://example.org/carol> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/bob> . prefix : <http://example.org/> prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> :alice schema:knows :bob . :bob schema:knows :carol . :carol schema:knows :bob . :carol schema:knows :alice . Turtle N-Triples Note: We will see later other Turtle simplifications
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Namespaces simplification http://example.org/alice ex:bob http://example.org/carol http://example.org/bob http://schema.org/knows http://schema.org/knows http://schema.org/knows http://schema.org/knows :alice ex:bob :carol :bob schema:knows schema:knows schema:knows schema:knows
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF is compositional RDF graphs can be merged to obtain a bigger graph Automatic data integration schema:knows schema:knows schema:knows :alice ex:bob :carol :bob schema:knows schema:birthPlace :carol schema:birthPlace dbr:Oviedo :bob graph 1 graph 2
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF is compositional RDF graphs can be merged to obtain a bigger graph Automatic data integration schema:birthPlaceschema:knows schema:knows schema:knows :alice ex:bob :carol schema:birthPlace dbr:Oviedo :bob schema:knows graph 1 + graph 2
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Turtle syntax Some simplifications prefix declarations ; when triples share the subject , when triples share subject and object :alice schema:birthPlace dbr:Oviedo ; schema:knows :bob . :alice schema:birthPlace dbr:Oviedo . :alice schema:knows :bob . :alice schema:knows :alice . :alice schema:knows :bob . :carol schema:knows :alice , :bob .
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Turtle syntax Exercise: simplify prefix : <http://example.org/> prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> prefix dbr: <http://dbpedia.org/resource> :alice schema:knows :bob . :bob schema:knows :carol . :carol schema:knows :bob . :carol schema:knows :alice . :bob schema:birthPlace dbr:Spain . :carol schema:birthPlace dbr:Spain . prefix ex: <http://example.org/> prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> prefix dbr: <http://dbpedia.org/resource> :alice schema:knows :bob , :carol. :bob schema:knows :carol ; schema:birthPlace dbr:Spain . :carol schema:knows :bob, :alice ; schema:birthPlace dbr:Spain . Try it: https://tinyurl.com/y9wbdycp
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF Literals Objects can also be literals Literals contain a lexical form and a datatype Typical datatypes = XML Schema primitive datatypes If not specified, a literal has datatype xsd:string :bob Robert schema:name 1980-03-10 schema:birthDate xsd:date xsd:string :bob schema:name "Robert" ; :bob schema:birthDate "1980-03-10"^^<xsd:date>. Turtle notation
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Remember...RDF is compositional Merging previous data schema:birthPlaceschema:knows schema:knows schema:knows :alice ex:bob :carol dbr:Spain schema:birthDate :bob Robert xsd:string 1980-03-10 xsd:date schema:name schema:knows prefix : <http://example.org/> prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> prefix dbr: <http://dbpedia.org/resource> :alice schema:knows :bob , :carol. :bob schema:knows :carol ; schema:birthPlace dbr:Spain; schema:name "Robert"; schema:birthDate "1980-03-10"^^<xsd:date>. :carol schema:knows :bob, :alice ; schema:birthPlace dbr:Spain . schema:birthPlace
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Blank nodes Subjects and objects can also be Blank nodes :carol schema:knows 23 :age "Carol knows someone whose age is 23" :carol schema:knows _:x . _:x :age 23 . :carol schema:knows [ :age 23 ] . Turtle notation with local identifier Turtle notation with square brackets x(schema:knows(:carol,x)  :age(x, 23) Mathematical meaning:
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Blank nodes ex:alice ex:carol schema:knows schema:knows schema:birthPlace ex:dave schema:birthPlace :age 23 xsd:integer schema:knows Alice knows someone who knows Dave Carol knows someone whose age is 23 that was born in the same place as Dave :alice schema:knows [ schema:knows :dave ] . :carol schema:knows [ :age 23 ; schema:birthPlace _:p ] . :dave schema:birthPlace _:p .
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Language tagged strings String literals can be qualified by a language tag They have datatype rdfs:langString ex:spain rdfs:label "Spain"@en . ex:spain rdfs:label "España"@es .ex:spain Spain rdfs:label España rdfs:label es en Turtle notation
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF data model schema:knows schema:knows schema:knows ex:alice ex:bob ex:carol schema:birthPlace dbr:Spain schema:knows schema:knows schema:birthDate ex:bob Robert xsd:string 1980-03-10 xsd:date schema:name schema:birthPlace schema:knows ex:dave schema:birthPlace schema:age 23 xsd:integerschema:knows Spain rdfs:label España rdfs:label es en 3 types of nodes URIs Blank nodes Literals Subjects: URIs or Blank nodes Objects: URIs, Blank nodes or literals Predicates always URIs schema:birthPlace
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra ...and that's all about the RDF data model The RDF Data model is very simple
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF ecosystem RDF Syntax Shared entities and RDF vocabularies Applications of RDF Inference and ontologies Query languages RDF Validation
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF syntax First syntax based on XML: RDF/XML N-Triples (enumerates all triples separated by dots) Turtle (human readability) JSON-LD ...other syntaxes...
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF/XML <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns="http://example.org/" xmlns:schema="http://schema.org/"> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://example.org/carol"> <schema:knows> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://example.org/bob"> <schema:knows rdf:resource="http://example.org/carol"/> <schema:name>Robert</schema:name> <schema:birthDate rdf:datatype="xsd:date">1980-03-10</schema:birthDate> </rdf:Description> </schema:knows> <schema:knows> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://example.org/alice"> <schema:knows rdf:resource="http://example.org/bob"/> <schema:knows rdf:resource="http://example.org/carol"/> </rdf:Description> </schema:knows> <schema:knows rdf:parseType="Resource"> <age rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">23</age> </schema:knows> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> First syntax
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra N-Triples <http://example.org/carol> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/bob> . <http://example.org/carol> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/alice> . <http://example.org/carol> <http://schema.org/knows> _:x . _:x <http://example.org/age> "23"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> . <http://example.org/alice> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/bob> . <http://example.org/alice> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/carol> . <http://example.org/bob> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/carol> . <http://example.org/bob> <http://schema.org/name> "Robert" . <http://example.org/bob> <http://schema.org/birthDate> "1980-03-10"^^<xsd:date> . For testing and easy parsing ...just triples separated by dots
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Turtle Designed to be human-readable prefix : <http://example.org/> prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> :alice schema:knows :bob , :carol . :bob schema:knows :carol ; schema:name "Robert"; schema:birthDate "1980-03-10"^^<xsd:date>. :carol schema:knows :bob, :alice ; schema:knows [ :age 23 ] .
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra JSON-LD Json for linked data { "@context" : { "knows" : { "@id" : "http://schema.org/knows", "@type" : "@id" }, "age" : { "@id" : "http://example.org/age", "@type" : "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer" }, "name" : { "@id" : "http://schema.org/name" }, "birthDate" : { "@id" : "http://schema.org/birthDate", "@type" : "xsd:date" }, "@vocab" : "http://example.org/", "schema" : "http://schema.org/" }, "@graph" : [ { "@id" : "http://example.org/alice", "knows" : [ "http://example.org/bob", "http://example.org/carol" ] }, { "@id" : "http://example.org/bob", "birthDate" : "1980-03-10", "knows" : "http://example.org/carol", "name" : "Robert" }, { "@id" : "http://example.org/carol", "knows" : [ "http://example.org/bob", "http://example.org/alice", "_:x" ] }, { "@id" : "_:x", "http://example.org/age" : 23 } ] }
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Other Turtle simplifications RDF type property Numbers Collections
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF type property The rdf:type property declares the type of a resource @prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>. @prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> . e:alice rdf:type schema:Person . e:bob rdf:type schema:Person . @prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> . :alice a schema:Person . :bob a schema:Person . rdf:type can be simplified as a
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Constants Numbers and boolean values can be represented without quotes They are parsed as XML Schema datatypes Datatype Shorthand example Lexical example xsd:integer 3 "3"^^xsd:integer xsd:decimal -3.14 "true"^^xsd:decimal xsd:double 3.14e2 "true"^^xsd:double xsd:boolean true "true"^^xsd:boolean
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Collections Ordered lists rdf:first rdf:rest rdf:rest rdf:rest schema:name :m23 :results New York City Marathon rdf:nil :bob rdf:first :alice :dave :m23 schema:name "New York City Marathon "; :results ( :dave :alice :bob ) . :m23 schema:name "New York City Marathon "; :results _:1 . _:1 rdf:first :dave ; rdf:next _:2 . _:2 rdf:first :alice ; rdf:next _:3 . _:3 rdf:first :bob ; rdf:next rdf:nil . Internally, represented as linked lists rdf:first
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Shared entities and vocabularies The use of URIs instead of plain strings facilitates: Merging data from heterogeneous sources Avoid ambiguity Challenge: Agreeing on common entities and properties Appearance of some popular vocabularies: schema.org: Joint effort from Google, Yahoo, Microsoft, Yandex Linked open vocabularies Project: http://lov.okfn.org/
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Some popular vocabularies and namespaces Alias URL Name Some properties rdf: http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax- ns# RDF type, subject, predicate, object,… rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# RDF Schema domain, range Class, Property subClassOf,… owl: http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl# OWL Ontologías sameAs, intersectionOf unionOf, … dc: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/ Dublin Core author, date, creator, … schema http://schema.org/ Schema.org name, knows, etc. skos: http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos# SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System broader, narrower, Service http://prefix.cc can be used to find the most popular prefix for some URI
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Applications of RDF First applications RDF & HTML: RDFa, Microdata RDF to represent knowledge RDF as an internal database Linked data
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra First RDF applications Some initiatives proposed by W3C RSS 1.0 was proposed with an RDF/XML based syntax Other XML based versions were available EARL: Evaluation and Reporting Language RDF/XML adoption was not popular
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF & HTML Possibilities One resource for HTML and another for metadata in RDF RDFa: Use HTML attributes to encode RDF triples Microdata: New HTML5 attributes can encode metadata <p vocab="http://schema.org/" typeof="Book" about="http://example.org/book1"> The book <span property="name">The Spring</span> by <span property="author">Cervantes</span> was published <span property="datePublished" content="2014-05-04"> last Saturday</span>. </p> <p itemscope itemid="http://leer.com/libro123" itemtype="http://schema.org/Book"> The book <span itemprop="name">The Spring</span> by <span itemprop="author">Cervantes</span> was published <time itemprop="datePublished" content="2014-05-04"> last saturday</time>. </p> RDFa Microdata
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF to represent knowledge Freebase: developed by Metaweb (2005) Open, shared database of world's knowledge Acquired by Google in 2010. It is the basis of Google knowledge graph DBpedia (http://dbpedia.org) Extracts knowledge from Wikipedia and converts it to RDF Wikidata (http://wikidata.org/) Free knowledge base edited collaboratively Developed by Wikimedia foundation
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF as an internal database Specialized RDF databases (triplestores) RDF = very flexible, easy to adapt to domain changes Several big companies are using RDF internally Example: BBC, Europeana
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF for Linked open data Principles proposed by Tim Berners-Lee to publish data: 1. Use URIs to denote things 2. Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names 3. When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the standards (RDF*, SPARQL) 4. Include links to other URIs. so that they can discover more things.
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF as the basis of Semantic Web RDF = lingua franca of Semantic Web Semantic web layer cake URIUnicode XML + Namespaces + XML Schema Proof RDF + RDF Schema Ontologies Logic Trust First version proposed by Tim Berners Lee, year 2000 http://www.w3.org/2000/Talks/1206-xml2k-tbl/slide10-0.html
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF as the basis of Semantic Web RDF = lingua franca of Semantic Web Semantic web layer cake (revised) URIUnicode XML/JSON/... RDF Query: SPARQL RDFS Ontologies OWL Trust Unifying Logic Rules RIF Proof Validation SHACL ShEx
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDFS & inferences
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDFS Originally RDF Schema (2000) Defines a vocabulary for common concepts Classes: rdfs:Class, rdfs:Property, rdfs:Literal Properties: rdfs:domain, rdfs:range, rdfs:subClassOf, ...
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDFS RDFS processors can infer new triples RDFS defines several rules for inference: IF x rdf:type A AND A rdfs:subClassOf B THEN x rdf:type B :alice :Lecturer rdf:type :Person rdfs:subClassOf rdf:type
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra OWL Web Ontology Language. First version (2004), OWL 2 (2009) Based on description logics Language to describe classes, individuals, relationships
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra OWL example <> a owl:Ontology . :Man a owl:Class ; owl:equivalentClass [ owl:intersectionOf (:Person [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty schema:gender ; owl:hasValue schema:Male ] ) ] . :Woman a owl:Class ; owl:equivalentClass [ owl:intersectionOf ( :Person [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty schema:gender ; owl:hasValue schema:Female ] ) ] . [ a owl:AllDisjointClasses ; owl:members ( :Woman :Man ) ] . :Person owl:equivalentClass [ rdf:type owl:Class ; owl:unionOf ( :Woman :Man ) ] . :alice a :Woman ; schema:gender schema:Female . :bob a :Man . :alice a :Person . :bob a :Person . :bob schema:gender schema:Male . Instance data Inferred data
Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra OWL OWL can been used to describe domain ontologies Different kinds of ontologies: Upper level ontologies (SUMO, WordNet, ...) Domain specific (example: SNOMED) Tools to edit ontologies: Protégé editor

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RDF, linked data and semantic web

  • 1. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF, linked data and semantic web Departamento de Informática Universidad de Oviedo Jose Emilio Labra Gayo
  • 2. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra About me Main researcher WESO research group (WEb Semántics Oviedo) Author of the following books: http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Web Semántica (2012) Validating RDF Data (2017)
  • 3. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Structure of presentation Why RDF? RDF data model RDF ecosystem RDF applications Inference systems: RDFS, OWL SPARQL Challenges
  • 4. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Why RDF?
  • 5. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra
  • 6. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra The flood of data Producing data is more and more easy Open trends Open Software Open Content Open Data Open Science Open Government Old models are affected Músic, Films, finance,... Education Government ...
  • 7. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Why? Reasons for governments Transparency Leadership Government as catalyzer Promote participation New initiatives and apps Reasons for citizens Data belong to us Created with public money We want better services
  • 8. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra OK, long live to data! but…
  • 9. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Problems of current web It is not enough to publish data It must be found If not found, as if it doesn't exist It must be usable If not usable, it is worthless Reuse data in unexpected contexts
  • 10. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Semantic loss When publishing data, some semantics is lost The person that wants to publish has more info about the data Some info is lost during the publication process publisher party next saturday Formats: HTML, PDF, JPG, ... consumer (person) consumer (agent) party next saturday Semantics 9/Dec/2017 Data published
  • 11. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra HTML doesn't have enough semantics HTML is intended to publish hypertext HTML tags are understood by browsers Information inside tags = natural language Machines don't understand natural language yet <p>Event: <ul> <li>Name: Concert</li> <li>Date: Next saturday</li> </ul> </p> <p>իրադարձություն: <ul> <li>տիպ: համերգ</li> <li>ամսաթիվ: հաջորդ շաբաթ/li> </ul> </p>
  • 12. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra XML problem XML goes a step forward Specific vocabularies have meaning in some specific context Specific applications can process XML documents XML documents are difficult to integrate if they are from different domains <event> <name>համերգ</name> <date>հաջորդ շաբաթ</date> </event> <event> <name>Concert</name> <date>Next saturday</date> </event> <իրադարձություն> <տիպ>համերգ</տիպ> <ամսաթիվ>հաջորդ շաբաթ</ամսաթիվ> </իրադարձություն>
  • 13. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Json problem JSON is almost the same as XML It may be easier to parse and processby developers But the meaning depends on each domain It is even worse as there are no namespaces or validation { "event": { "name": "Party" , "date": "Next saturday" } } { "event": { "name": "համերգ" , "date": "հաջորդ շաբաթ" } }{ "իրադարձություն": { "տիպ": "համերգ" , "ամսաթիվ": "հաջորդ շաբաթ" } }
  • 14. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Towards semantic web Semantic web = vision of the data web Tim Berners Lee Source: Wikipedia Goal: Share and Reuse data between applications, and communities From a web of documents to a web of data
  • 15. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Benefits Accessible data Avoid semantic loss Facilitate task automation Linked data Data reuse Application integration The best way to use your data will be found by other people Jo Walsh, Rufus Pollock, http://www.okfn.org/files/talks/xtech_2007/
  • 16. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Web features Non centralized Difficult to ensure data integrity and quality Dynamic information Information is constantly changing Big amounts of information Big data 3Vs: Volume, Velocity, Variety Open system AAA lemma: Anyone can say Anything about Any topic
  • 17. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Biggest challenge = Integration In general, the challenge is not to computerize something The challenge is integrate systems Interoperability It is not enough to publish data…
  • 18. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Publish = make something accessible Accessibility levels Physical disability Technical disability: other environments Cultural and intellectual Illiteracy Knowledge barriers Other languages… Accessible to machines
  • 19. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Star model* ★ Publish data (any format) ★★ Use structured formats (Excel instead of scanned pictures) ★★★ Non proprietary structured formats (CSV instead of Excel) ★★★★ Use URIs to identify data (other systems can link to our data) ★★★★★ Link to other data (provide contextual information) * Tim Berners-Lee, Gov 2.0 Expo 2010 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ga1aSJXCFe0
  • 20. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Unstructured formats Black box formats: Pictures, video, audio, etc. Binary formats: PDF, PS, etc. They require low level techniques, pattern recognition, signal processing, etc ★
  • 21. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Structured formats Data have some structure Example: Excel Problem with proprietary formats May require non-free tools ★ ★
  • 22. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Non-proprietary formats Use open-structured formats Examples: CSV, HTML Problem: Content depends on context ★ ★ ★
  • 23. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra URIs identify data Use URIs to identify data Content negotiation can provide different representations ★ ★ ★ ★ Example
  • 24. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Example: RDF ★ ★ ★ ★ <http://www.sepe.es/data/unemployment/Asturias/Allande/2013/10> HTML? @prefix sepe: <http://www.sepe.es/datos/> sepe:obs1 sepe:municipality "Allande" ; sepe:unemployees 18 . RDF?
  • 25. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Link with other data Representations return links to other data It allos to: Reuse and find other data Unforeseen applications ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
  • 26. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Linked data example ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ <http://www.sepe.es/data/unemployment/Asturias/Allande/2013/10> HTML? @prefix sepe: <http://www.sepe.es/data/> sepe:obs1 sepe:municipality dbo:allande; sepe:unemployees 23 . RDF? dbo:allande dbo:areaTotal 342.24 ; rdf:type <http:/.../municipalitiesInAsturias> ; dbo:country <http:/.../Spain> ; dbo:populationTotal 2106 ; . . .
  • 27. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Linked Open Data principles 1. Use URIs to denote things 2. Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names 3. When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the standards (RDF*, SPARQL) 4. Include links to other URIs. so that they can discover more things. ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
  • 28. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Linked open data (2007)
  • 29. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Linked open data (2008)
  • 30. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Linked open data (2009)
  • 31. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Linked open data (2014)
  • 32. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Linked open data (2017) Fuente: "Linking Open Data cloud diagram 2017, by Andrejs Abele, John P. McCrae, Paul Buitelaar, Anja Jentzsch and Richard Cyganiak. http://lod-cloud.net/"
  • 33. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF Data Model
  • 34. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Short history of RDF RDF: Resource Description Framework Around 1997 - PICS, Dublin core, Meta Content Framework 1997 1st Working draft https://www.w3.org/TR/WD-rdf-syntax-971002 RDF/XML 1999 1st W3C Rec https://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-rdf-syntax-19990222/ XML Syntax, first applications RSS, EARL 2004 - RDF Revised https://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/ Emergence of SPARQL, Turtle, Linked Data 2014 - RDF 1.1 https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/ SPARQL 1.1, JSON-LD 2017 - RDF validation: SHACL/ShEx
  • 35. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF Data Model RDF is made from statements Statment = a triple (subject, predicate, object) Example: http://example.org/alice http://example.org/bob http://schema.org/knows subject predicate object <http://example.org/alice> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/bob> . N-Triples representation subject object predicate
  • 36. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Set of statements = RDF graph RDF data model = directed graph Example: http://example.org/alice ex:bob http://example.org/carol http://example.org/bob http://schema.org/knows http://schema.org/knows http://schema.org/knows http://schema.org/knows N-triples representation <http://example.org/alice> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/bob> . <http://example.org/bob> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/carol> . <http://example.org/carol> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/alice> . <http://example.org/carol> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/bob> . subject predicate object
  • 37. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Turtle notation Human readable notation that simplifies N-Triples Allows namespace declarations <http://example.org/alice> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/bob> . <http://example.org/bob> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/carol> . <http://example.org/carol> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/alice> . <http://example.org/carol> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/bob> . prefix : <http://example.org/> prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> :alice schema:knows :bob . :bob schema:knows :carol . :carol schema:knows :bob . :carol schema:knows :alice . Turtle N-Triples Note: We will see later other Turtle simplifications
  • 38. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Namespaces simplification http://example.org/alice ex:bob http://example.org/carol http://example.org/bob http://schema.org/knows http://schema.org/knows http://schema.org/knows http://schema.org/knows :alice ex:bob :carol :bob schema:knows schema:knows schema:knows schema:knows
  • 39. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF is compositional RDF graphs can be merged to obtain a bigger graph Automatic data integration schema:knows schema:knows schema:knows :alice ex:bob :carol :bob schema:knows schema:birthPlace :carol schema:birthPlace dbr:Oviedo :bob graph 1 graph 2
  • 40. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF is compositional RDF graphs can be merged to obtain a bigger graph Automatic data integration schema:birthPlaceschema:knows schema:knows schema:knows :alice ex:bob :carol schema:birthPlace dbr:Oviedo :bob schema:knows graph 1 + graph 2
  • 41. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Turtle syntax Some simplifications prefix declarations ; when triples share the subject , when triples share subject and object :alice schema:birthPlace dbr:Oviedo ; schema:knows :bob . :alice schema:birthPlace dbr:Oviedo . :alice schema:knows :bob . :alice schema:knows :alice . :alice schema:knows :bob . :carol schema:knows :alice , :bob .
  • 42. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Turtle syntax Exercise: simplify prefix : <http://example.org/> prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> prefix dbr: <http://dbpedia.org/resource> :alice schema:knows :bob . :bob schema:knows :carol . :carol schema:knows :bob . :carol schema:knows :alice . :bob schema:birthPlace dbr:Spain . :carol schema:birthPlace dbr:Spain . prefix ex: <http://example.org/> prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> prefix dbr: <http://dbpedia.org/resource> :alice schema:knows :bob , :carol. :bob schema:knows :carol ; schema:birthPlace dbr:Spain . :carol schema:knows :bob, :alice ; schema:birthPlace dbr:Spain . Try it: https://tinyurl.com/y9wbdycp
  • 43. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF Literals Objects can also be literals Literals contain a lexical form and a datatype Typical datatypes = XML Schema primitive datatypes If not specified, a literal has datatype xsd:string :bob Robert schema:name 1980-03-10 schema:birthDate xsd:date xsd:string :bob schema:name "Robert" ; :bob schema:birthDate "1980-03-10"^^<xsd:date>. Turtle notation
  • 44. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Remember...RDF is compositional Merging previous data schema:birthPlaceschema:knows schema:knows schema:knows :alice ex:bob :carol dbr:Spain schema:birthDate :bob Robert xsd:string 1980-03-10 xsd:date schema:name schema:knows prefix : <http://example.org/> prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> prefix dbr: <http://dbpedia.org/resource> :alice schema:knows :bob , :carol. :bob schema:knows :carol ; schema:birthPlace dbr:Spain; schema:name "Robert"; schema:birthDate "1980-03-10"^^<xsd:date>. :carol schema:knows :bob, :alice ; schema:birthPlace dbr:Spain . schema:birthPlace
  • 45. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Blank nodes Subjects and objects can also be Blank nodes :carol schema:knows 23 :age "Carol knows someone whose age is 23" :carol schema:knows _:x . _:x :age 23 . :carol schema:knows [ :age 23 ] . Turtle notation with local identifier Turtle notation with square brackets x(schema:knows(:carol,x)  :age(x, 23) Mathematical meaning:
  • 46. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Blank nodes ex:alice ex:carol schema:knows schema:knows schema:birthPlace ex:dave schema:birthPlace :age 23 xsd:integer schema:knows Alice knows someone who knows Dave Carol knows someone whose age is 23 that was born in the same place as Dave :alice schema:knows [ schema:knows :dave ] . :carol schema:knows [ :age 23 ; schema:birthPlace _:p ] . :dave schema:birthPlace _:p .
  • 47. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Language tagged strings String literals can be qualified by a language tag They have datatype rdfs:langString ex:spain rdfs:label "Spain"@en . ex:spain rdfs:label "España"@es .ex:spain Spain rdfs:label España rdfs:label es en Turtle notation
  • 48. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF data model schema:knows schema:knows schema:knows ex:alice ex:bob ex:carol schema:birthPlace dbr:Spain schema:knows schema:knows schema:birthDate ex:bob Robert xsd:string 1980-03-10 xsd:date schema:name schema:birthPlace schema:knows ex:dave schema:birthPlace schema:age 23 xsd:integerschema:knows Spain rdfs:label España rdfs:label es en 3 types of nodes URIs Blank nodes Literals Subjects: URIs or Blank nodes Objects: URIs, Blank nodes or literals Predicates always URIs schema:birthPlace
  • 49. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra ...and that's all about the RDF data model The RDF Data model is very simple
  • 50. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF ecosystem RDF Syntax Shared entities and RDF vocabularies Applications of RDF Inference and ontologies Query languages RDF Validation
  • 51. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF syntax First syntax based on XML: RDF/XML N-Triples (enumerates all triples separated by dots) Turtle (human readability) JSON-LD ...other syntaxes...
  • 52. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF/XML <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns="http://example.org/" xmlns:schema="http://schema.org/"> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://example.org/carol"> <schema:knows> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://example.org/bob"> <schema:knows rdf:resource="http://example.org/carol"/> <schema:name>Robert</schema:name> <schema:birthDate rdf:datatype="xsd:date">1980-03-10</schema:birthDate> </rdf:Description> </schema:knows> <schema:knows> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://example.org/alice"> <schema:knows rdf:resource="http://example.org/bob"/> <schema:knows rdf:resource="http://example.org/carol"/> </rdf:Description> </schema:knows> <schema:knows rdf:parseType="Resource"> <age rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">23</age> </schema:knows> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> First syntax
  • 53. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra N-Triples <http://example.org/carol> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/bob> . <http://example.org/carol> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/alice> . <http://example.org/carol> <http://schema.org/knows> _:x . _:x <http://example.org/age> "23"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> . <http://example.org/alice> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/bob> . <http://example.org/alice> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/carol> . <http://example.org/bob> <http://schema.org/knows> <http://example.org/carol> . <http://example.org/bob> <http://schema.org/name> "Robert" . <http://example.org/bob> <http://schema.org/birthDate> "1980-03-10"^^<xsd:date> . For testing and easy parsing ...just triples separated by dots
  • 54. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Turtle Designed to be human-readable prefix : <http://example.org/> prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> :alice schema:knows :bob , :carol . :bob schema:knows :carol ; schema:name "Robert"; schema:birthDate "1980-03-10"^^<xsd:date>. :carol schema:knows :bob, :alice ; schema:knows [ :age 23 ] .
  • 55. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra JSON-LD Json for linked data { "@context" : { "knows" : { "@id" : "http://schema.org/knows", "@type" : "@id" }, "age" : { "@id" : "http://example.org/age", "@type" : "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer" }, "name" : { "@id" : "http://schema.org/name" }, "birthDate" : { "@id" : "http://schema.org/birthDate", "@type" : "xsd:date" }, "@vocab" : "http://example.org/", "schema" : "http://schema.org/" }, "@graph" : [ { "@id" : "http://example.org/alice", "knows" : [ "http://example.org/bob", "http://example.org/carol" ] }, { "@id" : "http://example.org/bob", "birthDate" : "1980-03-10", "knows" : "http://example.org/carol", "name" : "Robert" }, { "@id" : "http://example.org/carol", "knows" : [ "http://example.org/bob", "http://example.org/alice", "_:x" ] }, { "@id" : "_:x", "http://example.org/age" : 23 } ] }
  • 56. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Other Turtle simplifications RDF type property Numbers Collections
  • 57. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF type property The rdf:type property declares the type of a resource @prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>. @prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> . e:alice rdf:type schema:Person . e:bob rdf:type schema:Person . @prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> . :alice a schema:Person . :bob a schema:Person . rdf:type can be simplified as a
  • 58. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Constants Numbers and boolean values can be represented without quotes They are parsed as XML Schema datatypes Datatype Shorthand example Lexical example xsd:integer 3 "3"^^xsd:integer xsd:decimal -3.14 "true"^^xsd:decimal xsd:double 3.14e2 "true"^^xsd:double xsd:boolean true "true"^^xsd:boolean
  • 59. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Collections Ordered lists rdf:first rdf:rest rdf:rest rdf:rest schema:name :m23 :results New York City Marathon rdf:nil :bob rdf:first :alice :dave :m23 schema:name "New York City Marathon "; :results ( :dave :alice :bob ) . :m23 schema:name "New York City Marathon "; :results _:1 . _:1 rdf:first :dave ; rdf:next _:2 . _:2 rdf:first :alice ; rdf:next _:3 . _:3 rdf:first :bob ; rdf:next rdf:nil . Internally, represented as linked lists rdf:first
  • 60. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Shared entities and vocabularies The use of URIs instead of plain strings facilitates: Merging data from heterogeneous sources Avoid ambiguity Challenge: Agreeing on common entities and properties Appearance of some popular vocabularies: schema.org: Joint effort from Google, Yahoo, Microsoft, Yandex Linked open vocabularies Project: http://lov.okfn.org/
  • 61. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Some popular vocabularies and namespaces Alias URL Name Some properties rdf: http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax- ns# RDF type, subject, predicate, object,… rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# RDF Schema domain, range Class, Property subClassOf,… owl: http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl# OWL Ontologías sameAs, intersectionOf unionOf, … dc: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/ Dublin Core author, date, creator, … schema http://schema.org/ Schema.org name, knows, etc. skos: http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos# SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System broader, narrower, Service http://prefix.cc can be used to find the most popular prefix for some URI
  • 62. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra Applications of RDF First applications RDF & HTML: RDFa, Microdata RDF to represent knowledge RDF as an internal database Linked data
  • 63. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra First RDF applications Some initiatives proposed by W3C RSS 1.0 was proposed with an RDF/XML based syntax Other XML based versions were available EARL: Evaluation and Reporting Language RDF/XML adoption was not popular
  • 64. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF & HTML Possibilities One resource for HTML and another for metadata in RDF RDFa: Use HTML attributes to encode RDF triples Microdata: New HTML5 attributes can encode metadata <p vocab="http://schema.org/" typeof="Book" about="http://example.org/book1"> The book <span property="name">The Spring</span> by <span property="author">Cervantes</span> was published <span property="datePublished" content="2014-05-04"> last Saturday</span>. </p> <p itemscope itemid="http://leer.com/libro123" itemtype="http://schema.org/Book"> The book <span itemprop="name">The Spring</span> by <span itemprop="author">Cervantes</span> was published <time itemprop="datePublished" content="2014-05-04"> last saturday</time>. </p> RDFa Microdata
  • 65. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF to represent knowledge Freebase: developed by Metaweb (2005) Open, shared database of world's knowledge Acquired by Google in 2010. It is the basis of Google knowledge graph DBpedia (http://dbpedia.org) Extracts knowledge from Wikipedia and converts it to RDF Wikidata (http://wikidata.org/) Free knowledge base edited collaboratively Developed by Wikimedia foundation
  • 66. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF as an internal database Specialized RDF databases (triplestores) RDF = very flexible, easy to adapt to domain changes Several big companies are using RDF internally Example: BBC, Europeana
  • 67. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF for Linked open data Principles proposed by Tim Berners-Lee to publish data: 1. Use URIs to denote things 2. Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names 3. When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the standards (RDF*, SPARQL) 4. Include links to other URIs. so that they can discover more things.
  • 68. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF as the basis of Semantic Web RDF = lingua franca of Semantic Web Semantic web layer cake URIUnicode XML + Namespaces + XML Schema Proof RDF + RDF Schema Ontologies Logic Trust First version proposed by Tim Berners Lee, year 2000 http://www.w3.org/2000/Talks/1206-xml2k-tbl/slide10-0.html
  • 69. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDF as the basis of Semantic Web RDF = lingua franca of Semantic Web Semantic web layer cake (revised) URIUnicode XML/JSON/... RDF Query: SPARQL RDFS Ontologies OWL Trust Unifying Logic Rules RIF Proof Validation SHACL ShEx
  • 70. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDFS & inferences
  • 71. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDFS Originally RDF Schema (2000) Defines a vocabulary for common concepts Classes: rdfs:Class, rdfs:Property, rdfs:Literal Properties: rdfs:domain, rdfs:range, rdfs:subClassOf, ...
  • 72. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra RDFS RDFS processors can infer new triples RDFS defines several rules for inference: IF x rdf:type A AND A rdfs:subClassOf B THEN x rdf:type B :alice :Lecturer rdf:type :Person rdfs:subClassOf rdf:type
  • 73. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra OWL Web Ontology Language. First version (2004), OWL 2 (2009) Based on description logics Language to describe classes, individuals, relationships
  • 74. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra OWL example <> a owl:Ontology . :Man a owl:Class ; owl:equivalentClass [ owl:intersectionOf (:Person [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty schema:gender ; owl:hasValue schema:Male ] ) ] . :Woman a owl:Class ; owl:equivalentClass [ owl:intersectionOf ( :Person [ a owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty schema:gender ; owl:hasValue schema:Female ] ) ] . [ a owl:AllDisjointClasses ; owl:members ( :Woman :Man ) ] . :Person owl:equivalentClass [ rdf:type owl:Class ; owl:unionOf ( :Woman :Man ) ] . :alice a :Woman ; schema:gender schema:Female . :bob a :Man . :alice a :Person . :bob a :Person . :bob schema:gender schema:Male . Instance data Inferred data
  • 75. Jose Emilio Labra Gayo http://www.di.uniovi.es/~labra OWL OWL can been used to describe domain ontologies Different kinds of ontologies: Upper level ontologies (SUMO, WordNet, ...) Domain specific (example: SNOMED) Tools to edit ontologies: Protégé editor