reading-in-phil-231222033827-18ee9639.pptx

READINGS IN
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
R. MAHINAY

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Lesson 1
2
Discuss the meaning and
relevance of history
Write an
agreement/disagreement
paper about the given
material

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Chapter 1:
• Meaning and Relevance of History
• Distinction of Primary and Secondary Sources;
• External and Internal Criticism
• Repositories of primary sources
• Different kinds of Primary Sources

A. MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY
• The origin of the word History is associated with the Greek word
‘Historia’ which means ‘information’ or ‘an enquiry designed to elicit
truth’.
• History is the study of the past as it is described in written documents.
It provides the analysis and interpretation of the human past enabling
us to study continuity and changes that takes place over time.
• History is the study of the beliefs and desires, practices, and
institutions of human beings.
WHAT IS HISTORY?

“Ang kasaysayan
ay SALAYSAY na may
SAYSAY sa
SINASALAYSAYANG
SALINGLAHI.” -Zeus Salazar

ACTIVITY 1 :
DEFINE HISTORY USING YOUR OWN WORDS.

DIVISIONS OF HISTORY
Pre-History
- period where no written records exist
or when the writings of people were
not preserved
- analyzed through fossils and artifacts
by Archaeologists and Anthropologists

DIVISIONS OF HISTORY
History
- period when man started to write and
record events using a system of writing
- analyzed through wood carves,
engraved metals, written papyrus,
written papers.

WHY STUDY HISTORY?
An investigation of the past can reveal a lot about how we became
who we are now. It entails investigating the origins of modern
institutions, ideas, attitudes, and issues.
Looking back allows us to appreciate the diversity of human
perspectives, beliefs, and civilizations by teaching us to see the world
through diverse eyes.
Different and/or new viewpoints will enable us to critically examine
current societal and human circumstances

ACTIVITY 2:
After studying this part of the lesson,
express your understanding on this
statement uttered by the national
Hero
Dr. Jose Rizal: “Ang hindi lumingon sa
pinanggalinggan , ay hindi
makakarating sa paroroonan.”

NATURE OF HISTORY
1. A study of the present in the light of the past
The present has evolved out of the past. Modern history enables us to understand how
society has come to its present form so that one may intelligently interpret the sequence of
events.
2. History is the study of man
History deals with man’s struggle through the ages. History is not static. By selecting
“innumerable biographies” and presenting their lives in the appropriate social context and
the ideas in the human context, we understand the sweep of events. It traces the fascinating
story of how man has developed through the ages, how man has studied to use and control
his environment and how the present institutions have grown out of the past.

3. History is concerned with man in space
The interaction of man on environment and vice versa is a dynamic one.
History describes about nations and human activities in the context of
their physical and geographical environment. Out of this arise the varied
trends in the political, social, economic and cultural spheres of man’s
activities and achievements.
4. Objective record of happenings
Every precaution is taken to base the data on original sources and make
them free from subjective interpretation. It helps in clear understanding
of the past and enables us to take well informed decisions.

5. Multisided
All aspects of the life of a social group are closely interrelated and
historical happenings cover all these aspects of life, not limited only
to the political aspect that had so long dominated history.
6. History is a dialogue between the events of the past and
progressively emerging future ends.
The historian’s interpretation of the past, his selection of the
significant and the relevant events, evolves with the progressive
emergence of new goals. The general laws regulating historical
happenings may not be considered enough; attempts have to be
made to predict future happenings on the basis of the laws.

7. Continuity and coherence are the necessary requisites of history:
History carries the burden of human progress as it is passed down from
generation to generation, from society to society, justifying the essence
of continuity.
8. Comprehensiveness
According to modern concept, history is not confined to one period or
country or nation. It also deals with all aspects of human life-political,
social, economic, religious, literary, aesthetic and physical, giving a clear
sense of world unity and world citizenship.

9. History is concerned with man in time
It deals with a series of events and each event occurs at a given
point in time. Human history, in fact, is the process of human
development in time. It is time which affords a perspective to
events and lends a charm that brightens up the past.
10. Relevant
In the study of history only those events are included which
are relevant to the understanding of the present life.

RELEVANCE AND IMPORTANCE OF
HISTORY
1. History Helps Us Understand People and Societies.
First and foremost, history gives a wealth of information on how people and societies
behave. Understanding how people and societies operate is difficult, yet many
professions strive to do so. If we just used current data, our efforts would be impeded
needlessly.
2. History Helps Us Understand Change and How the Society We Live in Came to Be.
History is the sole comprehensive source of information about the human condition.
It also draws attention to the complexities of social change, as well as the forces that
are now generating change.

3. History Contributes to Moral Understanding.
History is the sole comprehensive source of information about the
human condition. It also draws attention to the complexities of
social change, as well as the forces that are now generating change.
4. History Provides Identity
First and foremost, history provides a wealth of knowledge about
human behavior and society. Although it is challenging to
comprehend how individuals and society function, many
professions try to do so. Our efforts would be hampered
unnecessarily if we just employed current data.

5. Studying History Is Essential for Good Citizenship
This is the most prevalent reason for history's inclusion
in educational curricula. Citizenship historians may seek
to simply foster national identification and allegiance
through a history peppered with compelling events and
lessons in personal achievement and morality. However,
the value of history for citizenship extends beyond this
restricted objective, and can even contradict it at times.

RELEVANCE AND IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY
• History helps us understand people
and societies.
• History contributes to moral
understanding.
• History provides identity.
• Studying history is essential for good
citizenship.
• To unite a nation
• To make sense of the present
• To not repeat mistakes of the
past
• To inspire people to keep their
good practices to move forward

ASSESSMENT 1:
Write a reflective essay on how your past influenced you in one way
or another? How does your past shape your identity and behavior?

B. DISTINCTION OF PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY SOURCES
• A primary source is anything that gives you direct evidence
about the people, events, or phenomena that you are
researching. Primary sources will usually be the main objects of
your analysis.
• Primary sources are documents created by individuals or
groups who were directly involved in the event or issue under
investigation. These individuals are either participants in the
incident or eyewitnesses to it. Eyewitness reports, diaries,
letters, legal papers, official documents (government or
private), and even pictures are among the sources.
WHAT IS PRIMARY SOURCES?

WHAT IS PRIMARY SOURCES?
• Produced at the same time as the event
being studied (Contemporary Accounts)
• Include documents or artifacts created by a
witness or participant of the event
• “Firsthand testimony,” “Eyewitness
accounts”
• It may include diaries, letters, interviews,
photographs, newspapers

• If you are researching the past, you cannot directly access it
yourself, so you need primary sources that were produced at the
time by participants or witnesses (e.g. letters,
photographs, newspapers).
• If you are researching something current, your primary sources
can either be qualitative or quantitative data that you collect
yourself (e.g. through interviews, surveys, experiments) or sources
produced by people directly involved in the topic (e.g. official
documents or media texts).

EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES
1. Photographs that may represent historical and contemporary social circumstances.
2. Old sketches and drawings that may depict the living circumstances of bygone cultures
3. Old maps that show how space and geography were employed to emphasize trade routes,
structural development, and other things.
4. Cartoons for political or propagandist purposes
5. Prehistoric material evidence such as cave paintings, archaic syllabaries, and ancient texts
6. Tables, graphs, and charts with statistical data
7. Oral history or electronic recordings of eyewitness or participant stories, which were
subsequently transcribed and utilized for study.

TYPES OF PRIMARY SOURCE
1. Published Documents
Some primary sources are documents that have been published.
They were made for a big audience and widely disseminated. Books,
periodicals, newspapers, government documents, non-government
reports, and other types of literature, as well as ads, maps,
pamphlets, posters, legislation, and court rulings, are all examples of
published documents (Pappas, 2012).

TYPES OF PRIMARY SOURCES
2. Unpublished Documents
Unpublished records of all kinds have been preserved and can be
used as primary sources. They include personal letters, diaries,
journals, wills, deeds, family Bibles with family histories, school
report cards, and a range of other materials. Unpublished corporate
papers that give insight into the past include correspondence,
financial ledgers, client information, board meeting minutes, and
research and development files (Pappas, 2012).

3. Oral Traditions/Oral Histories.
Oral histories and oral traditions are another approach to learn about the
past from those who lived through historical events directly. Oral histories,
which consist of spoken words, have recently acquired prominence as
primary sources. Historians and others learn about regular people's lives
through listening to oral stories and narratives. Oral histories give valuable
historical facts about people, particularly minority groups, who were either
omitted from mainstream media or did not leave written primary materials
behind (Pappas, 2012)

4. Visual Documents and Artifacts
Photographs, videos, paintings, and other kinds of artwork are
examples of visual documentation. Visual documents can give proof
of changes throughout time since they capture moments in time.
Visual records chronicle a culture's conventions, tastes, styles,
special events, work, and leisure at certain times in history (Pappas,
2012).

OTHER TYPES OF PRIMARY SOURCE
 Literary or cultural sources:
- novels, plays, poems (both published and in
manuscript form)
- television shows, movies, or videos
- paintings or photographs
 Accounts that describe events, people, or ideas:
- newspapers
- chronicles or historical accounts
- essays and speeches
- memoirs, diaries, and letters
- philosophical treatises or manifestos
 Finding Information about people:
- census records
- obituaries
- newspaper articles
- biographies
 Finding information about a place:
•maps and atlases
•census information
•statistics
•photographs
•city directories
•the local library or historical society

6 POINTS OF INQUIRIES TO EVALUATE
PRIMARY SOURCES
1. Date- When was it produced?
2. Localization- Where did it originate?
3. Authorship- Who wrote it?
4. Analysis- What pre-existing material served as the basis for its
production?
5. Integrity- What was its original form?
6. Credibility- What is the evidential value of its content?

SECONDARY SOURCES
• A secondary source is anything that describes,
interprets, evaluates, or analyzes information from
primary sources.
• Secondary sources, according to Gottschalk, are
"testimony of anybody who is not an eyewitness—
that is, of someone who was not there at the
incident of which he relates." This category includes
books, essays, and scholarly publications that have
interpreted primary sources or utilized them to
address certain historical topics.
WHAT IS SECONDARY SOURCES?

 Produced by authors who used and
interpreted primary sources
Analyzed a scholarly question and often use
primary source as evidence Include books,
theses, dissertations, journals, magazines,
knowledge of historians
Written few years after the exact time of the
even

Secondary sources were developed by people
who were not present at or involved in the
events or situations you're studying.
Bibliographies, nonfiction works like
biographies, periodicals, newspapers,
magazines, journals, history books, critical and
interpretative works, commentaries and
treaties, textbooks, video documentaries, and
multimedia reports are all examples of
secondary sources

6 POINTS OF INQUIRIES TO EVALUATE PRIMARY
SOURCES (GARRAGHAN, 1950):
1. Date- When was it produced?
2. Localization- Where did it originate?
3. Authorship- Who wrote it?
4. Analysis- What pre-existing material served as the basis for its production?
5. Integrity- What was its original form?
6. Credibility- What is the evidential value of its content?

COMMON EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY SOURCES
• Books, articles and documentaries that synthesize information on a topic
• Synopses and descriptions of artistic works
• Encyclopedias and textbooks that summarize information and ideas
• Reviews and essays that evaluate or interpret something
When you cite a secondary source, it’s usually not to analyze it directly. Instead,
you’ll probably test its arguments against new evidence or use its ideas to help
formulate your own.

Primary sources
• Novel
• Painting
• Letters and diaries written by a
historical figure
• Essay by a philosopher Textbook
• Photographs of a historical event
• Government documents about a new
policy
• Music recordings
• Results of an opinion poll
• Empirical study
Secondary sources
• Article analyzing the novel
• Exhibition catalog explaining the painting
• Biography of the historical figure
• Textbook summarizing the philosopher’s
ideas
• Documentary about the historical event
• Newspaper article about the new policy
• Academic book about the musical
• Blog post interpreting the results of the
poll
• Literature review that cites the study

PRIMARY SOURCE VS SECONDARY SOURCE
When you do research, you have to gather information and evidence from a variety of
sources.
Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Examples include
interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. Primary research gives you direct
access to the subject of your research.
Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other
researchers. Examples include journal articles, reviews, and academic books.
Thus, secondary research describes, interprets, or synthesizes primary sources. Primary
sources are more credible as evidence, but good research uses both primary and secondary
sources.

HOW TO TELL IF A SOURCE IS PRIMARY OR
SECONDARY?
To determine if something can be used as a primary or secondary source in your
research, there are some simple questions you can ask yourself:
 Does this source come from someone directly involved in the events I’m
studying (primary) or from another researcher (secondary)?
 Am I interested in evaluating the source itself (primary) or only using it for
background information (secondary)?
 Does the source provide original information (primary) or does it comment
upon information from other sources (secondary)?

EXAMPLES OF SOURCES THAT CAN BE PRIMARY OR
SECONDARY
A secondary source can become a primary source depending on your research question. If the person, context,
or technique that produced the source is the main focus of your research, it becomes a primary source.
• Documentaries
If you are researching the causes of World War II, a recent documentary about the war is a secondary source.
But if you are researching the filmmaking techniques used in historical documentaries, the documentary is
a primary source.
• Reviews and essays
If your paper is about the novels of Toni Morrison, a magazine review of one of her novels is a secondary
source. But if your paper is about the critical reception of Toni Morrison’s work, the review is a primary source.
• Newspaper articles
If your aim is to analyze the government’s economic policy, a newspaper article about a new policy is
a secondary source. But if your aim is to analyze media coverage of economic issues, the newspaper article is
a primary source.

ASSESSMENT 2
In studying a particular historical account, which is
better to be utilized, the primary or the secondary
sources? You can cite some examples to prove your
answer.

PRIMARY VS SECONDARY SOURCES:
WHICH IS BETTER?
Most research uses both primary and secondary
sources. They complement each other to help you
build a convincing argument. Primary sources are
more credible as evidence, but secondary sources
show how your work relates to existing research.

HISTORICAL CRITICISM: EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL
CRITICISM
 The Historical criticism of the sources is one of the most important
duties of a historian in research. It is part of the analytical operation in
the historical method.
 Source criticism helps the historian to find out a reliable account of
the past.
 The aim of historical criticism is to establish the authenticity and
reliability of a historical document.

EXTERNAL CRITICISM
1. External Criticism
 Verification of authenticity by examining physical characteristics; consistency with the historical
characteristics of the time when it was produced, and materials used.
 The external criticism aims to find out the authenticity of the document.
We can ask the following questions:
-when it was written?
-where it was written?
-who was the author?
-why did it survive?
-what were the materials used?
-where the words used were being used those times?

INTERNAL CRITICISM
2. Internal Criticism
 Internal criticism or higher criticism is the technique of testing the
reliability of the information found in a document. It is concerned
with the authenticity of the information and its purpose is to
establish the trustworthiness of the contents of the document.
 Internal criticism is used to detect and determine whether the
document contains errors or lies.
 Internal criticism aims to establish the credibility of the content of
the document.

INTERNAL CRITICISM
 Looks at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by looking at the
author of the source, its context, the agenda behind its creation
 • It looks at the content of the source and examines the circumstance of its
production
We can ask the following questions:
-was it written by eyewitness or not?
-why was it written? -is there consistency?
-what are the connotations?
-what is the literal meaning?
-what is the meaning of the context?

REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES
What is repositories?
A place, or room where something is deposited or stored.
REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES -is a “listing of over 5000 websites
describing holdings of manuscripts, archives, rare books, historical photographs,
and other primary sources for the research scholar.”
 National Archives of the Philippines - is the home of about 60 million
documents from the centuries of Spanish rule in the Philippines, the American
and Japanese occupations, as well as the years of the Republic. It is also the
final repository for the voluminous notarized documents of the country.

 National Library of the Philippines - is the official national library of the
Philippines. The complex is located in Ermita on a portion of Rizal Park facing T. M.
Kalaw Avenue, neighboring culturally significant buildings such as the Museum of
Philippine Political History and the National Historical Commission.
 National Museum of the Philippines - is an umbrella government organization that
oversees a number of national museums in the Philippines including ethnographic,
anthropological, archaeological and visual arts collections.
 Official Gazette of the Philippines - The Official Gazette, which is printed by the
National Printing Office, is the public journal and main publication of the
government of the Philippines.

REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES
Philippines
 Asia Pacific Research Center
 Ateneo de Manila University
 American Historical Collection Ateneo de Manila University
 Pardo de Tavera Room De La Salle University
 University Archives Filipinas Heritage Library

HISTORY DIFFERENTIATED
Lesson 1
50

51
The past is not the same as history.
involves everything that ever happened
History, by contrast, is a process of interpreting evidence
or records from the past in a thoughtful and informed way.
HISTORY VS. PAST

52
Lesson 1
History and prehistory shoe differences between them in their nature and
substance. The main difference between history and prehistory is the existence
of records.
History is the record of significant events that happened in the past
whereas prehistory is the period of human existence prior to the invention of
writing systems.
HISTORY VS. PREHISTORY

53
o History is a narrative account used to examine and analyze past events.
o Historicity is the authentication of characters in history, as opposed to
legend or myth.
o Historiography is the writing of history, and the understanding of how
the interpretations of historians change over time.
HISTORY, HISTORICITY, AND HISTORIOGRAPHY

54
Lesson 1
Read the article of Peter N. Stearns entitled “Why Study History?” Write your agreement
or disagreement (essay type) to the content of the article. Cite some arguments using the
concepts discussed in class.
Criteria:
Argument – 20 points
Organization of thought – 15 points
Originality – 10 points
Submitted on time – 5 points
TOTAL - 50 points
ACTIVITY 1

GROUPINGS
 Role Playing/Reporting
1. Antonio Pigafetta: First voyage around the World(Chronicles)
2. Juan De Plasencia: Customs of Tagalog(Friar Account)
3. Emilio Jacinto: Kartilya ng Katipunan(Declaration of Principles)
4. Emilio Aguinaldo: Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan(Memoirs)
5. National Historical Institute: Declaration of Phil. Independence(Proclamation)
6. Alfred McCoy: Political Caricatures of the American Era(Editorial Cartoons)
7. Corazon Aquino: Pres. Corazon Aquino’s speech before the US Congress(Speech)
8. Works of Luna and Amorsolo (Paintings)

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