Report on International Business about Mexico City

Institute of Business Administration
University of Rajshahi
Report no-01
Course Title: International Business
Course Code: C-628
Submitted To:
Dr. Md. Shariful Islam
Professor,
IBA, Rajshahi University
Submitted By:
Group-03
Sintiak Haque
Namrota Paula
Sabiha Tabassoom
Afifa Hoda
ID: 2210085114
ID: 2210085116
ID: 2210085117
ID: 2210085120
Semester: 4th , Batch: 21st
Program : MBA (Evening), IBA, Rajshahi University
Date of Submission:11-12-2023

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CONTEX
Topics ID Page Marks
History of Mexico 2210085120 07-09
Culture of Mexico 2210085114 10-14
Economic
Condition of
Mexico
2210085116 15-19
Political Condition
of Mexico
2210085117 20-25

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HISTORY OF MEXICO
Mexico is a country that is rich in history, tradition and culture andthere is
evidence of its past peoples, cultures and cities throughout the country. Pre-
Columbian ruins are dotted across Mexico including the Mayan pyramids of
Chichen Itza and Tulum, the Zapotec capital of Monte Alban and the ancient city
of Teotihuacan. Mexicos colonial history is also evident in towns such as
Oaxaca,Merida and Puebla
 Full Name: United Mexican States
 Capital: Mexico City (Distrito Federal)
 Major Cities (population): Mexico City (8,720,916), Ecatepec
 de Morelos (1,688,258), Guadalajara (1,600,940), Puebla
 (1,485,941), Tijuana (1,410,700), Juárez (1,313,338), León
 (1,278,087), Zapopan (1,155,790), Nezahualcóyotl (1,140,528),
Monterrey 1,133,814
 Border Countries: Belize and Guatemala to the southeast; United
States to the north
 Size/Area: Total: 758,249 square miles (1,972,550 square kilometers)
– Water: 2.5 percent
 Population: 103,263,388 (2005 Census)
 Independence: Declared on September 16, 1810 –Recognized by
Spain on September 27, 1821
 Monetary Unit: Pesos
 Languages: Spanish, also Nahuatl, Yucatec Maya, Zapotec, Mixtec,
Mayo,Yaqui, Tzeltal, Tzotzil, Chol, Totonac and others.
Early History
Mexico was first populated more than 13,000 years ago by complex indigenous
civilizations. The great Aztec empire was preceded by advanced civilizations
including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec and Maya. The Olmec were in
fact Mexico’s first known society, who settled near what is now Veracruz on the
Gulf Coast and are known for their carved head sculptures. The Zapotec built their
capital at Monte Alban near Oaxaca, and it is thought that it was home to around
10,000 people. Teotihuacan was built near present day Mexico City between 100
BC and 700AD. It is the largest pre-Columbian city in the Americas, and at its
height had an estimated population of over 200,000. The Mayans thrived between
250 and 900AD and their cities feature ceremonial centers with plazas surrounded
by temple pyramids and palaces. The Aztecs were the last of the great civilizations
Name: Afifa Hoda
ID: 2210085120

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of pre-Columbian Mexico and they ruled most of Central Mexico from 1428-1521
from their capital at Tenochtitlan, now modern-day Mexico City.
Olmec carving The Olmec people carved huge heads out of volcanic rock.
Battle of Centla, first time a horse was used in battle in a war in the Americas.Mural in the Palacio Municipal of
Paraiso

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 Middle History
Spaniard Hernan Cortes arrived at Veracruz in 1519. Believing that Cortes might
be the serpent god Quetzalcoatl, Aztec King Moctezuma II invited the
conquistador to Tenochtitlan. This gesture proved disastrous because Cortes
formed many allies on his way to the city. In May 1521, Cortes and his followers
attacked and conquered the Aztecs. Cortes then colonized the area and named it
Nueva Espana (New Spain).
By 1574, Spain controlled a large portion of the Aztec empire and had enslaved
most of the indigenous population. Worse, the diseases brought into the society by
the Spaniards devastated the indigenous population of Nueva Espana, killing an
estimated 24 million people between 1521 and 1605.
The Catholic Church’s influence was felt in the region when missionaries began
arriving in 1523. The missionaries built many monasteries and converted millions
of people to Catholicism. During this tumultuous time, colonists in Nueva España
who had been born in Spain (peninsulares) clashed with Spaniards who had been
born in Mexico (criollos). Many criollos had become rich and wanted equal
political power, which now resided with the peninsulares.
Concerned about the Catholic Church’s ever-growing power, King Carlos III of
Spain expelled the Jesuits from Nueva España in the late 1700s. Napoleón
Bonaparte’s occupation of Spain in 1808 compromised the country’s political and
economic structure, which in turn weakened Spain’s grip on Nueva España.

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 Recent History
On September 16, 1810, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a parish priest from the town
of Dolores, issued a call to rebellion. In response, rebel leader Vicente Guerrero
and defected royalist general Agustin de Iturbide collaborated to gain Mexico’s
independence from Spain in 1821. Together they drafted a Mexican constitution.
However, in 1822, Iturbide declared himself emperor of the country.
A year later, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna overthrew Iturbide and drew up a new
constitution that established a federal Mexican republic composed of 19 states and
four territories. From 1823 to 1836, Santa Anna served as president, squelching
Texas stand for independence in the battle of the Alamo during his last year in
office. He was later defeated by American forces during the Mexican-American
War and, by 1855, had gone into exile. Following Mexico’s occupation by the
French in the mid 1800s, Porfírio Díaz served as president from 1876 to 1909.
Despite ushering in the industrial age and greatly improving the country’s
infrastructure, Diaz was a dictator who bestowed political favors on the very
wealthy citizenry, largely ignored the poor and ruled ruthlessly by force.
The Mexican people, tired of the unbalanced distribution of wealth and power,
initiated the Mexican Revolution in 1910. The 10 year civil war resulted in at least
2 million casualties. Finally, in 1934, Lázaro Cardenas became president and
reestablished the ancient ejido system, which established communally shared tracts
of farmland. The system benefited both the citizens and the economy. World War
II further stimulated the nations development through the development of roads,
the building of factories and the establishment of irrigation systems.
 Mexico Today
Mexico’s population has greatly increased since World War II, but the distribution
of wealth remains imbalanced. Due to negligible legislative assistance, the poor are
generally unable to improve their socio-economic status. The state of Chiapas
exemplifies the problems caused by financial imbalance. In 1994, the Zapatista
National Liberation Army rose up to challenge discrimination against Chiapas’
poor.

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Although their rebellion was unsuccessful, the Zapatistas continue to fight against
imbalanced land ownership and power distribution, with little success. Further
complicating the already problematic social division is the ever-growing problem
of drug trafficking, which has contributed to political and police corruption and
helped widen the gap between the elite and the underprivileged.
In recent years, the building of foreign-owned factories and plants (maquiladoras)
in some of Mexico’s rural areas has helped draw the population away from Mexico
City and redistribute some of the country’s wealth. The North American Free
Trade Agreement (NAFTA) of 1994 increased Mexico’s financial ties to the
United States and Canada, but the Mexican economy remains fragile. Despite its
problems, the Mexican economy, with its growing industrial base, abundant natural
resources and variety of service industries, remains important to Latin America.
Today, tourism is a major contributor to the Mexican economy. People flock to
Mexico from all over the world to sample the country’s cultural diversity, bask in
the lush tropical settings and take advantage of relatively low prices.
U.S. tourists constitute the majority of visitors to the country, especially to Mexico
City and the world-famous resorts in Acapulco, Puerto Vallarta, Ixtapa-
Zihuatanejo, Mazatlán, Cancún and Puerto Escondido.
 The Mexican Government Turns Right
After Cardenas stepped down as president, the Mexican government turned to the
right and become much more conservative in economic terms. Mexico also became
drawn into the Cold War, and in the late 1940s and early 1950s, Mexico saw an
anti-Communist witch-hunt much like that in the United States.
Communists and other radicals were purged from the government party, now
called the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), and from the labor unions and
peasant organizations.

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The Mexican government gradually became far
more supportive of Mexican and U.S. capital
than it was of Mexican workers or peasants. By
the late 1950s, Mexico’s government had
become an authoritarian state which suppressed
popular movements to promote and protect
capital.
Popular image of former president Carlos
Salinas de Gortari
 From the Mexican Miracle to the Mexican Mess
Overseeing a mixed-economy, made up of a growing state- sector and a private
sector including both Mexican and U.S. capital, the Mexican government adopted
a development program of “substitution of imports industrialization.” That is, the
country would develop economically through the production of products
previously imported from other countries. The substitution of imports produced the
Mexican miracle of the 1940s-1960s, with growth rates of over five or six percent.
Mexico’s economy grew tremendously, but not fast enough to keep up with either
its own population or with foreign competition from countries and Europe, Latin
America or Asia. Countries like Brazil and Indonesia strode ahead while Mexico–
doing well, but not well enough–began to fall behind the curve of economic
development in the industrializing countries.
The situation began to become
critical in the 1970s and early 1980s
when president Jose Lopez Portillo
decided to use newly discovered oil
reserves to finance Mexican
economic development. Lopez
Portillo’s government pumped and
sold oil in fantastic quantities, and
used its projected oil revenue as

9
collateral on $100 billion in loans for both industrial infrastructure and for social
programs. However, when the price of oil collapsed in 1982, Mexico found that it
could not pay its debts. So in August 1982, finance minister Jesus Silva Herzog
was dispatched to New York to explain that Mexico was unable to pay its debts.
 Flags of Mexico
Began before the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, with the Flag Bearers of
the Mexicas. The tri coloured stripes date back to 1821. The green represents hope
and victory, white stands for the purity of Mexican ideals and red represents the
blood shed by the nations martyrs. The modern day Flag of Mexico was adopted in
1968.

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CULTURE OF MEXICO
Mexico is known for its rich
culture, ancient ruins, dazzling
beaches, and incredible cuisine.
It's a mix of traditions from
long ago, like those of the
Aztecs and Mayans, and the
influence of Spain when they
arrived in the 1500s.
Mexico culture is primarily influenced by its Indigenous inhabitants and the culture
of Spain. Other minor influences include those from other regions of Europe,
Africa and also Asia. Each region/state generally has a unique cultural identity.
Now, discussed some following famous Mexican cultures:
 Religion and Beliefs
When the Spanish came to Mexico, they brought a religion called Roman
Catholicism, and it became the main faith there. But even though many people in
Mexico are Catholic, the government keeps religion separate from official things,
like education, making Mexico a secular state.
Around 95.6% of people in Mexico are Christian, with most of them being Roman
Catholics, making Mexico the country with the second largest number of Catholics
after Brazil. Christmas and Easter are super important in Mexico, and during these
times, all schools give their students a break to celebrate. Apart from Catholics,
there are other religious groups too. There are also smaller communities of Jews
and followers of other religions. Interestingly, some people in Mexico don't follow
any specific religion. About 3.52% of people said they have no religion, and a
small percentage didn't specify any. So, Mexico is mainly Catholic, but it's a place
where people practice different religions or might not follow any at all, and
everyone's beliefs are respected.
Name: Sintiak Haque
ID: 2210085114

11
 Art and Architecture
Mexico is known for its folk art traditions, mostly derived from the indigenous and
Spanish crafts. From independence to the early 1900s, Mexican art was a lot like
European art. They took inspiration from Europe for their fine arts. After the
Mexican Revolution, artists started making art about their history and politics.
Diego Rivera, José Clemente
Orozco, and David Siqueiros
painted huge murals on buildings
with messages about society.
Rufino Tamayo and Frida Kahlo
made more personal art. Mexican
art photography was largely
fostered by the work of Manuel
Álvarez Bravo.
Diego Rivera murals at Palacio Nacional, Mexico City
(1929–1935), "The History of Mexico: From Conquest to
the Future"
Mexico's architecture is a tapestry of rich heritage and diverse influences. From
ancient Mesoamerican marvels to Colonial, Neoclassical, and modern styles, it's a
blend of indigenous traditions, European influences, and contemporary innovation.
Each era, from pre-Columbian civilizations to the present day, has left its mark,
shaping a vibrant architectural landscape that reflects Mexico's history, cultural
fusion, and ongoing creativity.
The Palacio de Bellas Artes is a
prominent cultural center in Mexico
City. It has been called the "Cathedral
of Art in Mexico" and is considered to
be the most important theatre and the
most important cultural center in
Mexico.
Palacio de Bellas Artes (Palace of Fine Arts)

 Languages & Literature
Most people in Mexico speak Spanish,
primarily Spanish-speaking country. Mexico also has the second
indigenous language speakers in the Americas. T
the government recognizes, with more than six million cit
Mexican language. Some indigenous Mexican words have become common in
other languages, such as the English language. For instance, the words tomato,
chocolate, coyote, and avocado are Nahuatl in origin.
There are many Mexican write
in the history of Mexico, and as such, their writings have greatly contributed to the
shaping and remolding of various thought processes within the masses at probably
every level.
Modern times brought to recognition the works of Octavio Paz. Receiver of
various prizes (notably the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1990), Paz is certainly one
of the greatest authors of the 20th century.
 Festivals and Traditions
The Mexican people celebrate a wide variety of
to the religious. The most important secular holiday in Mexico is Independence
Day, falls on September 16
important holiday falls on November
who have passed away. The celebration mostly has a lighthearted tone, with food,
decorations, and costumes all considered importan
skulls and marigolds, and visit graves with gifts.
Literature
Most people in Mexico speak Spanish, in fact Mexico is the world’s largest
speaking country. Mexico also has the second-largest group of
indigenous language speakers in the Americas. There are 62 indigenous lang
, with more than six million citizens who speak a native
Some indigenous Mexican words have become common in
chocolate, coyote, and avocado are Nahuatl in origin.
There are many Mexican writers and journalists that have played an important role
o recognition the works of Octavio Paz. Receiver of
of the greatest authors of the 20th century.
Festivals and Traditions
The Mexican people celebrate a wide variety of holidays, ranging from the secular
falls on September 16th
. Dia de los Muertos, or the Day of th
n November 1 and 2. Mexicans remember their loved ones
decorations, and costumes all considered important. They create altars, use sugar
skulls and marigolds, and visit graves with gifts.
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in fact Mexico is the world’s largest
largest group of
here are 62 indigenous languages
izens who speak a native
Some indigenous Mexican words have become common in
rs and journalists that have played an important role
o recognition the works of Octavio Paz. Receiver of
holidays, ranging from the secular
de los Muertos, or the Day of the Dead, is an
Mexicans remember their loved ones
They create altars, use sugar

13
The Feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe on December 12th is one of the most
important religious holidays in Mexico. Pilgrims from all over the country travel to
the Basilica in Mexico City, many traveling great distances by crawling on their
knees. Priests celebrate mass inside the basilica, while outside mariachis play and
folk dancers perform.
 Cuisine
Mexican cuisine is popular the world over, known for its blending of Indigenous
and European cultures. The origin of the current Mexican cuisine was established
during the Spanish colonial era. Foods indigenous to Mexico include corn, pepper
vegetables, calabazas, avocados, sweet potato, turkey, many beans, and other fruits
and spices.
Mole poblano it has been called the
national dish of Mexico, and ranked first
as the most typical of Mexican dishes. An
ancient dish native to the state of Puebla.
Mulli, the Aztec word for mole means mix
or sauce. An exquisite delicacy from the
colonial city of Puebla, México.
Generally, a mole sauce contains fruits,
nuts, chili peppers, and spices.
Mexico is famous for popular dishes
include tacos. Also tequila, a potent
alcoholic drink made from the agave
cactus, as well as for its smoky and strong
mescal. Tacos and tequila have their own
national day in Mexico. Taco Day is
March 31 and Tequila Day is the third
Saturday of the same month.
Mole Poblano
Tacos

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 Music and dance
Music and dance feature heavily in Mexican culture. Long ago, indigenous people
used drums, flutes, rattles, and conches for celebrations. Some of this ancient
music is still played today. But much of Mexico's traditional music came during
and after the Spanish colonial period. They adapted old world instruments to create
unique Mexican sounds. Mexican music has many variety of genres such as
Mariachi, Banda, Norteño, Ranchera, Cumbia, and Corridos. Some traditional
music is popular even outside Mexico, like in Chile. Mariachis’s are most famous
of others. Their music played at streets, festivals, and restaurants. Mariachi music
dates back to the 18th century and is well-known and loved. Traditionally mariachi
bands consist of 5 musicians wearing ‘charro’ suits. There famous song “La
Cucaracha” (the cockroach!) as it is played by mariachi bands everywhere – on the
street and in restaurants.
Folk dancing is also common
throughout Mexico. The Jarabe
Tapatio (Mexican Hat Dance) is
one of the iconic dances of Mexico
probably the country’s national
dance. It originated as a courtship
dance in Guadalajara, Jalisco,
during the 19th century. It
celebrates courtship and the
dancing is performed around a
sombrero.
The Jarabe Tapatio
In conclusion, Mexico's culture is a testament to its rich heritage, traditions, art,
and flavors. It's a country that cherishes its past while embracing the present,
creating a vibrant tapestry that continues to inspire and captivate people
worldwide.

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ECONOMIC CONDITION OF MAXICO
With a population of almost 130 million, a rich cultural history and diversity, and
abundant natural resources, Mexico is among the 15 largest economies in the world
and the second-largest economy in Latin America. The economy of Mexico is
a developing mixed-market economy. The country has solid macroeconomic
institutions, is open to trade, and has a diversified manufacturing base connected to
global value chains. Its economic growth averaged just above 2 percent a year
between 1980 and 2022, limiting progress in convergence relative to high-income
economies. The Mexican economy grew by 3.1% in 2022, after a bounce back of
4.7% in 2021, and a 8.0% fall in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Mexico is considered to be one
of the most open economies in
the world, with limited
restriction to trade. Mexico has
access to 50 countries through
its mutually Free Trade
Agreements(FTA). Mexico is a
classic example of a two-sided
economy. While one part shines
bright with a trillion-dollar gross
domestic product (GDP), the
other part is overshadowed by
the fact that approximately 36%
of its population lives below the
poverty line. The World
Bank categorizes Mexico as an
“upper middle income” nation.
Name: Namrota Paula
ID: 2210085116

Mexico’s Economy based on two sector
Contribution of different sector in GDP
Change in GDP
Mexico’s Economy based on two sector, Agriculture and Industrial sector
Contribution of different sector in GDP
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Agriculture and Industrial sector.

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The Main Industry include-.
 Mining(oil &petroleum)
 Electronics
 Apparel Manufacturing
 Construction
 Wood Industry
 Tourism
 Food Industry
 Aerospace
 Medical Device
 Automotive Industry
Export percentage
Agriculture, which includes forestry, fishing, hunting, livestock production, and
cultivation of crops, contributes a mere 4.1% to Mexico’s GDP. The share had
remained below 4% for over 20 years. Agriculture provides employment to about
12% of the nation’s labor force. However, in rural areas, more than half of the
population might be involved in agricultural activities. Mexico's agricultural
imports in 2021 totaled approximately $41.4 billion.
Mexico’s agricultural sector can be split into two parts:
1. Subsistence farming dependent on family farmers and unskilled laborers in
the rural areas.
2. Highly-competitive export-oriented farming.
Among Mexico’s major exports are machinery and transport equipment, steel,
electrical equipment, chemicals, food products, and petroleum and petroleum
products. About four-fifths of Mexico’s petroleum is exported to the United States,
which relies heavily on Mexico as one of its principal sources of oil.
 Why Mexico’s economy underperforms?
In 2020 Mexico suffered its worst economic contraction since the great
depression. Aggregate output shrank by 8.5%. Between 2018 and 2020 at least
3.8m people fell into poverty (according to a measure that takes into account
access to services as well as income). That brought the poverty rate to almost 44%.
The recovery is looking equally disappointing. Mexico’s solid macroeconomic

policy framework safeguarded macroeconomic stability. But medium term growth
prospects have weakened and growth over the past two decades has been low.
Poverty rates and regional inequalities remain high. Informality,
exclusion or corruption have hindered productivity growth. Low female
participation rates and weak investment since 2015 have also impacted medium
term growth prospects.
Mexico's economy expanded for the eighth
September, driven by domestic consumption and industrial activity. Compared
with the same quarter a year earlier the Mexican economy also grew 3.3%.
 Unemployment
The Mexican unemployment rate edged down to 2.9%
3.3% in the corresponding period of the previous year and in line with market
expectations. Employment rose by 1.6 million from the previous year to 59.09
million, while joblessness fell by 234 thousand to 1.75 million.
Poverty rates and regional inequalities remain high. Informality,
participation rates and weak investment since 2015 have also impacted medium
Monthly Inflation Rate
Mexico's economy expanded for the eighth consecutive quarter between July and
The Mexican unemployment rate edged down to 2.9% in September 2023, from
million, while joblessness fell by 234 thousand to 1.75 million.
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Poverty rates and regional inequalities remain high. Informality, ﬁnancial
participation rates and weak investment since 2015 have also impacted medium-
consecutive quarter between July and
in September 2023, from

 Mexico’s Peso Faces Headwinds
Mexico’s peso will be under pressure next year due to uncertainty around the country’s domestic
and international policies and high inflation. The peso is not yet at its pre
averaged 20.4 pesos per dollar in 2022.
Unemployment Rate
Mexico’s Peso Faces Headwinds
and international policies and high inflation. The peso is not yet at its pre-pandemic level and
20.4 pesos per dollar in 2022.
Mexico’s Peso Exchange Rate
19
pandemic level and

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POLITICAL CONDITION OF MAXICO
The politics of Mexico function within a framework of a federal presidential
representative democratic republic whose government is based on a multi-party
congressional system , where the President of Mexico is both head of state and
head of government. The federal government represents the United Mexican States
and is divided into three branches: executive, legislative and judicial, as established
by the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, published in 1917. The
constituent states of the federation must also have a republican form of government
based on a congressional system as established by their respective constitutions
The executive power is exercised by the
executive branch, which is headed by the
President, advised by a cabinet of
secretaries that are independent of the
legislature. Legislative power is vested
upon the Congress of the Union, a two-
chamber legislature comprising the Senate
of the Republic and the Chamber of
Deputies. Judicial power is exercised by
the judiciary, consisting of the Supreme
Court of Justice of the Nation, the Council
of the Federal Judiciary and the collegiate,
unitary and district tribunals.
Name: Sabiha Tabassoom
ID: 2210085117

21
 Framework of twentieth-century politics
The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) followed the overturn of Porfirio Díaz's
dictatorship and ended with a new Mexican government being established within
the legal framework of the Constitution of 1917.The regime that followed can be
considered a semi-authoritarian political model (or hybrid regime). In 1920, a
successful general in the revolution named Alvaro Obregón overthrew the
temporary government of the revolutionary leader Venustiano Carranza, which
resulted on his election as the president of Mexico.He was then replaced by
Plutarco Elías Calles, who ruled Mexico from 1924 to 1928.After a change in the
rules that prevented two mandates by the same person, Obregón came back to
power in 1928, but was assassinated shortly after. As a result, out-going president
Calles founded a political party, the Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR), to
solve the immediate political crisis of the assassination and to create a long term
framework for political stability, especially the transition of presidential regimes.
The period from 1920–1934 in Mexico was marked by a strong presence of
military in government and a failure to implement revolutionary reforms.
Under President Lázaro Cárdenas (1934–40), the party underwent a transformation
to the Partido de la Revolución Mexicana, which was organized on a corporate
basis, with peasants, labor, the popular sector, and the military each having a
sector, with power centralized. The PRM aimed to mediate conflicts between
competing sectors within the party, becoming an extension of the Mexican state. In
1946, the party was transformed into the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI),
and the army was no longer a sector. During this time, the government nationalized
key industries, such as oil, and implemented land reforms that redistributed
property to peasants.
Throughout the second decade of the twentieth century, Mexico experienced
political tension and rising economic instability. The late 1960s and early 1970s
saw multiple protests from students and left-wing groups against PRI's
authoritarian rule, to which the government responded with a crackdown that
culminated in the infamous Tlatelolco Massacre of 1968, in which hundreds of
protesters were killed. However, the year 1982 gave way to market restructuring
policies and gradual political reforms that prompted the democratic transition of
Mexico (1982-2012). The first efforts to introduce free and fair elections came

22
with president Miguel de la Madrid in 1983, but the attempt was unsuccessful as he
was opposed by politicians in his own party.
In 1988, when Carlos Salinas de Gortari, a Harvard-trained economist, was chosen
as the PRI presidential candidate, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, son of former President
Lázaro Cárdenas, broke with the PRI and ran as a coalition candidate. The 1988
elections were regarded as "the most fraudulent in Mexico's history. In 1989 the
leftists who had bolted the PRI formed the Party of the Democratic Revolution. In
the wake of the fraudulent 1988 elections, the administration of elections was taken
out of the hands of the Mexican government's Ministry of the Interior
(Gobernación) and the Instituto Federal Electoral (IFE) was created in 1990, with
the aim of ensuring free and fair elections and creating public confidence in the
process.[20] Besides greater political representation, Carlos Salinas's mandate
(1988–1994) also saw economic improvements due to liberalization policies,
facilitating the process of democratization.
 Political parties
Constitutionally, political parties in Mexico must promote the participation of the
people in the democratic life of the country, contribute in the representation of the
nation and citizens, and be the access through which citizens can participate in
public office, through whatever programs, principles and ideals they postulate.All
political parties must be registered with the National Electoral Institute (Spanish:
Instituto Nacional Electoral, INE), the institution in charge of organizing and
overseeing the federal electoral processes, and must obtain at least 2% of votes in
the federal elections to keep their registry. Registered political parties receive
public funding for their operation and can also obtain private funding within the
limits prescribed by the law. As of 2010 the following political parties are
registered with the INE and all have representatives at the Congress of the Union:
Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional, PRI),
founded in 1929; National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional, PAN), founded
in 1939; Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolución
Democrática, PRD), founded in 1989; Labor Party (Partido del Trabajo, PT),
founded in 1990; Green Ecological Party (Partido Verde Ecologista de México,
PVEM), founded in 1986, but lost its registration for two consecutive elections; it

23
has retained its registration since 1993;Citizens’ Movement (Movimiento
Ciudadano, MC), founded in 1997; National Regeneration Movement (Morena),
founded in 2012;Political parties are allowed to form alliances or coalitions to
nominate candidates for any particular election. The coalition must identify itself
with a particular name and logo. Proportional representation (plurinominal) seats
are assigned to the coalition based on the percentage of votes obtained in the
elections, and then the coalition reassigns them to the constituent political parties.
Once each party in the coalition has been assigned plurinominal seats, they do not
necessarily continue to work as a coalition in government.
Throughout the 20th century, PRI had an almost hegemonic power at the state and
federal level, which slowly began to recede in the late 1980s. Even though since
the 1940s, PAN had won a couple of seats in the Congress, and in 1947 the first
presidential municipality (in Quiroga, Michoacán), it wasn't until 1989, that the
first non-PRI state governor was elected (in Baja California). It was in 1997, that
PRI lost its absolute majority at the Congress of the Union. In 2000 the first non-
PRI president since 1929 was elected in what was regarded as the cleanest
Mexican election since the end of the Mexican Revolution in 1920
 Historical political development
The Mexican Revolution was followed by the Great Depression, which led to a
severely fragmented society and very weak institutions. In 1929, all factions and
generals of the Mexican Revolution were united into a single party, the National
Revolutionary Party (NRP), with the aim of stabilizing the country and ending
internal conflicts. During the following administrations, since 1928, many of the
revolutionary ideals were put into effect, among them the free distribution of land
to peasants and farmers, the nationalization of the oil companies, the birth and
rapid growth of the Social Security Institute as well as that of Labor Unions, and
the protection of national industries.
President Lázaro Cárdenas was fundamental to recover some of the social control
that was lost during the Revolution and the following economic meltdown in the
United States. However, Cárdenas was followed by a series of less-talented leaders
that were unable to continue this path and establish an effective rule of law on
Mexican society. Moreover, Cárdenas presidency happened before the UN focused

24
on states as the rule in the 1940s and 1950s.The NRP was later renamed the
Mexican Revolution Party and finally the Institutional Revolutionary Party. The
social institutions created by the party itself provided it with the necessary strength
to stay in power. In time, the system gradually became, as some political scientists
have labeled it, an "electoral authoritarianism",in that the party resorted to any
means necessary, except that of the dissolution of the constitutional and electoral
system itself, to remain in power. In fact, Mexico was considered a bastion of
continued constitutional government in times where coup d'états and military
dictatorships were the norm in Latin America, in that the institutions were
renovated electorally, even if only in appearance and with little participation of the
opposition parties at the local level.
Historically, there were important high-profile defections from the Institutional
Revolutionary Party, like the ones of Juan Andreu Almazán (1940), Ezequiel
Padilla (1946), Miguel Henríquez Guzmán (1952), and Cuahtémoc Cárdenas
(1988), son of President Lázaro Cárdenas. These departures happened mainly
because they opposed the presidential candidate nominations; however, only
Cárdenas departure in 1988 resulted in the establishment of another political party
(Party of the Democratic Revolution).
The presidential elections held in 1988 marked a watershed in Mexican politics, as
they were the first serious threat to the party in power by an opposition candidate:
Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, who was nominated by a broad coalition of leftist parties.
He officially received 31.1 percent of the vote, against 50.4 percent for Carlos
Salinas de Gortari, the PRI candidate, and 17 percent for Manuel Clouthier of the
National Action Party (PAN). It was believed by some that Cardenas had won the
election, but that the then government-controlled electoral commission had altered
the results after the infamous "the system crashed" (se cayó el sistema, as it was
reported). In the concurrent elections, the PRI came within 11 seats of losing the
majority of Chamber of Deputies, and opposition parties captured 4 of the 64
Senate seats—the first time that the PRI had failed to hold every seat in the Senate.
Capitalizing on the popularity of President Salinas, however, the PRI rebounded in
the mid-term congressional elections of 1991, winning 320 seats.
AMLO meeting with University students in Tlatelolco Square. Subsequent changes
included the creation of the Federal Electoral Institute in the 1990s and the

25
inclusion of proportional representation and first minority seats in the Senate. The
presidential election of 1994 was judged to be the first relatively free election in
modern Mexican history. Ernesto Zedillo of the PRI won with 50.2 percent of the
vote, against 26.7 percent for Diego Fernández de Cevallos of PAN and 17.1
percent for Cardenas, who this time represented the Party of the Democratic
Revolution (PRD). Although the opposition campaign was hurt by the desire of the
Mexican electorate for stability, following the assassination of Luis Donaldo
Colosio (the intended PRI candidate) and the recent outbreak of hostilities in the
state of Chiapas, Zedillo's share of the vote was the lowest official percentage for
any PRI presidential candidate up to that time.The 2006 elections saw the PRI fall
to third place behind both the PAN and the PRD. Roberto Madrazo, the
presidential candidate, polled only 22.3 percent of the vote, and the party ended up
with only 121 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, a loss of more than half of what
the party had obtained in 2003, and 38 seats in the Senate, a loss of 22 seats. Felipe
Calderón, a conservative former energy minister, won a narrow victory, and he was
elected as the new president. Andrés Manuel López Obrador, lost the very tight
race, did not accept the result.In the 2012 elections, Enrique Peña Nieto was
elected as the president of Mexico, meaning the return of PRI after 12 years out of
power.
On 1 December 2018, Andrés Manuel López Obrador sworn in as Mexico's first
leftist president in seven decades, after winning a landslide victory in July 2018
elections. In June 2021 midterm elections, López Obrador's left-leaning Morena’s
coalition lost seats in the lower house of Congress. However, his ruling coalition
maintained a simple majority, but López Obrador failed to secure the two-thirds
congressional supermajority. The main opposition was a coalition of Mexico’s
three traditional parties: the center-right Revolutionary InstitutionalParty, right-
wing National Action Party and leftist Party of the Democratic Revolution.

26
References
History of Mexico
1. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-18095241
2. https://www.history.com/topics/latin-america/history-of-mexico
3. https://www.chimuadventures.com/blog/2017/07/history-mexico/
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mexico.jpg
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Mexico#:~:text=The%20national%20flag%20of%20Mexic
o,center%20of%20the%20white%20stripe.
Culture of Mexico
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico#:~:text=Mexico%20culture%20is%20primarily
%20influenced,Europe%2C%20Africa%20and%20also%20Asia.
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico#/media/File:De_la_Conquista_a_1930_(2011).j
pg
3. The Culture and Customs of Mexico - National days and Festivals
4. The Beauty of Traditional Mexican Folk Dances
5. Mexican culture: Customs and traditions | Live Science
6. Mole Poblano - The national dish from Puebla, Mexico - History and facts
7. Mexican Culture | Facts About Mexico
8. Top Mexican culture and traditions | Iberostar ©
9. http://www.southernportal.com/culture.html
Economic Condition
1. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/mexico/overview#:~:text=Its%20economic%20growth%2
0averaged%20just,to%20the%20COVID%2D19%20pandemic.
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_and_the_World_Bank#:~:text=Mexico%20is%20an%20up
per%20middle,%2C%20WTO%2C%20and%20the%20G20.
3. https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/filipinas/index.php/negocios-y-comercio/overviewmexicaneconomy
4. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/090315/emerging-markets-analyzing-mexicos-
gdp.asp#:~:text=Today%2C%20Mexico%20has%20a%20large,significant%20roles%20in%20its
%20growt
5. https://www.britannica.com/place/Mexico/Trade
6. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/090315/emerging-markets-analyzing-mexicos-
gdp.asp#:~:text=Agriculture%2C%20which%20includes%20forestry%2C%20fishing,ways%20f
or%20the%20Mexican%20economy..
7. https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2022/03/19/why-mexicos-economy-underperforms
8. https://www.bakerinstitute.org/research/mexico-country-outlook-2023
Political Condition
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Mexico#:~:text=The%20politics%20of%20Mexico%20
function,state%20and%20head%20of%20government

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