Reproductive system and its Classification

Prepared By: Vipin Kumar Shukla
Assistant Lecturer
Reproductive System

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
 The reproductive system enables human beings to reproduce
another human being.
 The reproductive system starts the life of every human being.
 The reproductive system of boys is different from that of girls.
 The male reproductive system is designed for production and
transport of sperm cells.
 The female reproductive system is designed for child bearing.
 The male and female reproductive systems are designed to create
new life.

REPRODUCTION:
 It is a process that makes possible the continuance of life in earth.
 Males and females have structures specialized for their role in
reproduction.
 The process that produces babies, young animals, or new plants.
 Is made up of several organs which include the testes, ducts,
accessory glands, and penis.
 It is specifically responsible for producing sperm cells and
hormones.
 An average man can have about 5 000 000 sperm cells in a single
drop.

Parts and Functions:
 Testes – sex glands located in the scrotum.
 They produce sperms and the hormone testosterone.
 Vas deferens– A long muscular tube that serve as passageway
of sperm cells released from the testes.
 Scrotum– is a pair of pouch-like sacs. It serves as skin
covering of the testes.
 Bladder– a sac in the anterior part of the pelvis for
temporary retention of urine.
 Epididymis– is a narrow coiled tube that stores immature
sperm cells.

Contd….
 Prostate Gland– is a wall-nut
sized gland located between the
bladder and the penis
 Urethra– an opening for
sperm and urine passage.
 Penis– is the external male
organ with a tip called glans.

PARTS FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYTEM

Contd….
 Designed for conception, pregnancy and childbirth.
 It is made up of several organs which include the
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina.
 It is responsible for producing eggs and supporting
a developing baby inside a mother’s womb.

Parts and Functions:
 FALLOPIAN TUBES– also called oviduct. Lies close to the
ovary waiting for the egg to enter.
 OVARIES (ovary)- produces egg cells and the sex hormones
estrogen and progesterone.
 Uterus– also called the womb. Shaped like an upside– down
pear. Has smooth, soft, inner lining of the uterus called uterine
lining or Endometrium.
 Fimbriae– the fringe of tissue around the fallopian tube.

Contd….
 Cervix– narrow opening between the uterus and vagina.
 Enlarges to let the passage of a fetus during birth.
 Vagina– also called the birth canal. Hollow muscular
tube that leads to the opening called vulva.

The Menstrual Cycle:
 Menstrual flow happen only among girls.
 Menstruation is part of a menstrual cycle.
 Menstruation is the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus
through the vagina.
 When a girl reaches puberty, one egg ripens or matures every 28
days.
 If no sperm cell arrives from 15 to 28, no fertilization and
implantation occurs.
 The egg cell will then breakdown along with the uterine lining as
blood.
 This marks the beginning of another menstrual cycle.

Contd….
 The first day of the menstruation is the first day of the menstrual
cycle.
 As blood comes out of the vagina, the uterine lining breaks
down.
 Most of your menstrual loss happens during the first 3 days.
 During the follicular phase, an egg follicle on an ovary gets ready
to release an egg.
 This process can be short or long and plays the biggest role in
how long your cycle is.
 The uterus starts growing a new Endometrium to prepare for
pregnancy.

Contd….
 This phase starts on ovulation day, the day the egg is released
from the egg follicle on the ovary.
 During ovulation, some women have less than a day of red
spotting or lower pelvic pain.
 These signs of ovulation are normal.
 It is the phase of a female's menstrual cycle when an egg(ovule)
is released from the ovaries.
 At day 14, ovulation takes place. Ovulation occurs when an egg
is released by the ovary.
 The egg cells travels along the oviduct and waits for a sperm
cell.

ART:
 Assisted Reproductive technology is defined as the technology
used to achieve pregnancy in procedures such as artificial
insemination, in vitro fertilization and surrogacy.
 In Vitro Fertilization is the uniting of egg and sperm in vitro(in
the lab).Subsequently the embryos are transferred into the
uterus through the cervix and pregnancy is allowed to begin.
 It is the technique of letting fertilization of male and female
gametes occur outside the female body.

In Vitro Fertilization:
 In Vitro Fertilization is the uniting of egg and sperm in
vitro(in the lab).Subsequently the embryos are transferred
into the uterus through the cervix and pregnancy is allowed
to begin.
 It is the technique of letting fertilization of male and female
gametes occur outside the female body.

Techniques:
 Most commonly used are:
 Transvaginal ovum retrieval (OCR)fallopian
 Embryo Transfer
 Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
 Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer
 Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer
 Surrogacy

Less commonly used are:
 Cytoplasmic Transfer
 Assisted Zona Hatching
 Egg Donors
 Sperm donation
 Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis
 Embryo Splitting
 Cryopreservation

Transvaginal Oocytes Retrieval:
 It is also known as Oocytes retrieval is a
technique used to remove Oocytes from the
ovary of the female enabling fertilization
outside the body.
 Transvaginal Oocytes retrieval is more
properly referred to as Transvaginal ovum
retrieval when the Oocytes has matured in
the ova.

Process:
 Under ultrasound guidance, the operator inserts a needle
through the vaginal wall and into an ovarian follicle, taking
care not to injure organs located between the vaginal wall
and the ovary.
 The other end of the needle is attached to a suction device.
 Then the follicular fluid and cellular material is suctioned
with the needle.
 The procedure usually lasts 10-20 minutes

ICSI, Intra Cytoplasmic Injection:
 It is an in vitro fertilization procedure in which a single
sperm is injected directly into an egg.
 It is beneficial in the case of male factor infertility where
sperm counts are very low.
 The first child borne from gamete micromanipulation was
a child in Singapore born in April of 1989.
 The first activated embryo by ICSI was produced in1990,
but the first successful birth by ICSI took place on January
14, 1992.

Which are the patients who need ICSI:
 Low sperm count
 Poor sperm motility
 Abnormally high amount of morphologically
atypical sperm
 Obstruction in the Epididymis due to past
inflammation
 Retrograde ejaculation
 Immunological factors

Embryo Transfer:
 It refers to a step in the process of assisted reproduction in
which embryos are placed in the uterus of the female to
establish the pregnancy
 In embryo transfer the embryos are placed in a woman’s uterus.
The goal is to create a pregnancy.
 The embryos can be either fresh or frozen. If they are frozen,
they can thawed right before they are transferred.
 It is the last step in a type of fertility treatment.

Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer:
 It is an infertility treatment used when a blockage in the
fallopian tubes prevents the normal binding of sperm to the
egg.
 Egg cells are removed from a woman’s ovaries, and in vitro
fertilized.
 The resulting zygote is placed into the fallopian tube by the
use of laparoscopy.
 It has the success rate of 64.8% in all the cases.

Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer:
 It is a tool of assisted reproductive technology against infertility.
 Eggs are removed from a woman’s ovaries , and placed in one of
fallopian tubes , along with the man’s sperm.
 The first attempt was made by Steptoe and Edwards.
 It takes on average four to six weeks to complete the cycle of
GIFT.

Steps of GIFT:
 The woman must take a fertility drug to stimulate egg production in
the ovaries.
 Monitoring the growth of the ovarian follicles.
 Once they are mature, the woman will be injected the hCG.
 After 36 hours, the eggs will be harvested mixed with the man’s
sperm and placed back into the woman’s fallopian tubes using a
laparoscope.

Surrogacy:
 Surrogacy is when another
woman carries and gives birth to
a baby for the couple who want
to have a child.
 It is the carrying of a pregnancy
for intended parents.
 In this a woman agrees to
became pregnant and deliver a
child for a contracted party.

Types of Surrogacy:
 Traditional surrogacy: It is the simplest and least expensive
form of surrogacy and is also known as artificial insemination.
 The surrogate mother uses an insemination kit to became
pregnant using an intended father’s semen.
 Gestational surrogacy: It is physically more complicated and
more expensive.
 Here both the eggs and sperm are taken from intended father
and mother

Steps involved in surrogacy:
 Three Steps:
 Egg Donation
 Fertilization
 Transfer

Other techniques:
 Cytoplasmic transfer: It is the technique in which the
contents of a fertile egg from a donor are injected into
the infertile of the patient along with the sperm.
 Assisted Zona hatching: It is performed shortly before
the embryo is transferred to the uterus .
 A small opening is made in the Zona pellucida using
a micromanipulator , thereby facilitating Zona
hatching to occur

Contd….
 Egg Donors: In egg donors eggs are retrieved from a
donors ovaries, fertilized in laboratory with the sperm
from recipients partner and resulting healthy embryos are
returned to recipients uterus.
 Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis: It helps in identify
genetically abnormal embryos and improve healthy
outcomes.
 Embryo Splitting: It can be used for twinning to increase

Reproductive system and its Classification

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