Research and Theory
Download as PPTX, PDF3 likes5,525 views
The document explores the interrelationship between theory and research, highlighting how theories develop from ideas and how empirical research contributes to and tests these theories. It emphasizes that theories provide a framework for research while findings can reformulate or clarify existing theories. The criteria for a robust theory include logical consistency, interrelatedness, and testability through research.
Research and Theory
- 2. Theory provides conceptual model for research, Research in turn contributes to theory. One of the myths about the theory is “It is perceived as speculative or unsubstantiated or unrealistic or ivory – tower ideas.” A theory may not only explain or predict phenomena, but also specify causal relationships among variables or hypothesis. Example: “ the standard of living of a family is the function of its income, size and life style.” Theories start out as ideas. It is the extent to which ideas conform to basic demands of proposition, formulation that determines whether or not they will assume the stature of theory. Theory and facts are interrelated. While a fact is an “empirically verifiable observation and cannot produce a body of knowledge. A theory specifies the relationships between facts or order them in a meaningful way. When the related facts are gathered and studied , the development of science can take place.
- 3. Research is closely related to theory. Theory provides a conceptual model for research. Research in turn contributes to theory. It is important to distinguish the modern scientific usage of the word theory from other meanings the word may have. In common parlance, theory is frequently identified with speculations, what is theoretical is unrealistic, visionary. This is a wrong notion; theory is the accumulated stored facts. It may define as a set of systematically interrelated concepts, definitions and propositions that are advanced to explain and predict phenomena (facts).
- 4. Arnold Rose defines theory as “an integrated body of definitions, assumptions and general propositions covering a given subject matter from which a comprehensive and consistent set of specific and testable principles can be deducted logically”. Kerlinlger Fred.N defines theory as “ A set of systematically interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that are advanced to explain and predict phenomena/facts.”
- 5. The relationship between theory and research is contributory. Research contributes to the development of theory. Let us discuss major contributions of research to theory. a) Research initiate theory. The findings of research may lead to the formulation of theories. Scientific experiment have led to the development of various theories in physics, chemistry etc,. Similarly research in social sciences has contributed to the development of several theories. b) Research tests an existing theory. One major function of empirical research is to test hypotheses deduced from existing theories. If a hypothesis is not conformed by research, the theory from which the hypothesis is deduced in re-examined and tested.
- 6. c) Reformulation of an existing theory - When a theory does not fit in to new findings of research, it is rejected and reformulated to encompass the new findings. d) Research refocuses theory. Empirical research may give a new focus to the existing theory. e) Research clarifies theory - Concepts are drawn from theory. But researcher cannot proceed on the basis of their theoretical meaning. For research purpose the concepts must be operationalized and defined especially with concrete empirical indications. Such clarifications and redefinitions lead to the discovery of new hypotheses. In short, theory and research are inseparable complementary components of scientific endeavour.
- 7. Theories start out as ideas. How much these ideas conform to the basic demands of proposition formulation that determines whether or not they will assume the status of theory. The criteria to be met by the set of ideas are, a) They must be logically consistent. b) They must be interrelated. c) The propositions should be mutually exclusive. d) They must be capable of being tested through research.
- 8. Theory and facts are interrelated. Facts are empirically verifiable observation and theories establish relationship between facts and order them in meaningful way. Theory summaries facts in to empirical generalizations; and it predict facts. Facts in turn, help to initiate theories; facts lead to the reformulation of an existing theory and modify them.
- 9. Theory helps research in several useful ways. Following are the major contributions of theory to research. a) Theory delimits the study. Theory narrows the range of facts to be studied. It helps to select a few relevant aspects of a phenomenon. Any phenomenon may be studied from different angles. Theory helps the researcher to work with in framework is science. b) Theory provides conceptual model. Theory provides a conceptual framework for a study. It helps a researcher to develop conceptual structure for the proper formulation of the selected problems. c) Theory summarizes. Theory summarizes what is already known about the object of study. From time to time in any science there will be changes in the structure of relationship between propositions. In each area, scientist move from older systems of theory towards a more acceptable new system.
- 10. In suggesting a problem / topic for study. In perdition of further facts In giving a hypothesis to be tested’ In providing a conceptual model for delimiting the scope of the study. In helping selection of variables or identification of classes of data to be collected, In making research findings intelligible. Theory also points outs gap in knowledge.
- 11. Mahesh .C. (2011). Unit-1 Social Research Methods. University of Calicut