Research design
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The document discusses various aspects of research design including: 1. Research design involves decisions about what, where, when, how much, and by what means to study a research problem. 2. Key parts of research design include sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. 3. Experimental designs aim to establish cause-and-effect relationships through control and manipulation of variables while quasi-experimental and non-experimental designs do not involve manipulation.
![True Experimental Designs
• Solomon Four-Group Design
EG: R O1
X O2
CG: R O3 O4
EG: R O5
CG: R O6
• TE = O2 – O1
• TE = O2 – O4
• TE = O5 – O6
• TE = O5 – O3
• TE = [(O2 – O1) – (O4 – O3 )]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/researchdesign-161020092154/85/Research-design-39-320.jpg)
Research design
- 1. RESEARCH DESIGN JITHIN K THOMAS BIMS
- 2. WHAT IS RESEARCH DESIGN ? • Decisions regarding what, where, when, how much, by what means concerning an inquiry or a research study constitute a research design.
- 3. Meaning of research design • A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure.
- 4. Research design have following parts • Sampling design • Observational design • Statistical design • Operational design
- 5. Sampling Designs • Which deals with the methods of selecting items to be observed for the study. Observational design • Which relates to the condition under which the observation are to be made.
- 6. Statistical Design • Which concern the question of the of How the information and data gathered are to be analyzed ? Operational design • Which deals with techniques by which the procedures satisfied be carried out.
- 7. Features Of A Good Research Design A research design appropriate for a particular research problem, usually involves the consideration of the following factors. • The means of obtaining information. • The availability and skills of the researcher and his staff, if any. • The objective of the problem to be studied. • The nature of the problem to be studied . • The availability of time and money for the research work.
- 8. Important Concepts relating to Research Design • A concept which can take on different quantitative values is called a variable. • A phenomena which can take on different qualitatively values even in decimal value are called continues.
- 9. Dependent and Independent Variables: • If one variable is depend on another variable it is termed as a dependent variable. • The variable that is antecedent to the dependent variable is an independent variable. • Ex. Height is dependent on age.
- 10. Extraneous Variables • That are not related to the purpose of the study but may effect on the dependent variables are termed as the extraneous variables.
- 11. Example of this • Suppose a researcher want to test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between children gains in social studies achievement and their self concept. • In this case self-concept = independent variable • Social studies achievement = dependent variable • Intelligence may as well affect on the social achievement. • But it is not related to the study undertaken by the researcher so it is a Extraneous variable
- 12. Control • One important characteristic of a good research is to minimize the influence or effect of extraneous variables . • The technical term ‘control’ is used when we design the study minimizing the effect of extraneous independent variable
- 13. Confounded Relationship • When the dependent variable is not free from the influence of extraneous variables the relationship between the depended and independent variables is said to be confounded by an extraneous variable
- 14. Research Hypothesis • When a prediction or a hypothesised relationship is to be tested by scientific methods, it is termed as a research hypothesis. • The Research Hypothesis is a predicative statement that relates an independent variable to dependent variable.
- 15. Experimental and Non-experimental Hypothesis Testing • Research in which the independent variable is manipulated is termed as Experimental hypothesis testing research. • Research in which the independent variable is not manipulated is termed as non- Experimental hypothesis testing research.
- 16. Experimental and Control Groups • When a group is exposed to usual conditions, it is termed as a control group. • But when the group is exposed to be some special condition, it is termed as Experimental group
- 17. Treatments • The different conditions under which experimental and control groups are put up usually referred to as treatment.
- 18. Experiment • The process of examining the truth of a statistical hypothesis, relating to some research problem, is known as an Experiment. E.g.:- We can conduct an Experiment to examine the usefulness of a certain newly developed drug.
- 19. Different Research Design • In case of Exploratory Research study • In case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research • In case of Hypothesis- Testing Research studies
- 20. Exploratory Research Design Conducted for of gaining better insight into a problem • Evaluate the feasibility of a research project • Formulation of a statement • Provide theoretical basis to a hypothesis • Provide alternative approaches to a problem • Establish possibilities for further research Used when researcher has only a vague idea about the problems during the study Helps in saving time and money Ex:- An advertising company got an account for a new coffee containing chicory, the company started the investigation process with exploratory research in order to identify the situation. The researchers found that virtually no one had heard about chicory. It wasn’t being used, and no-one seemed to know how to put it to use. This resulted in the hypothesis that the advertising could depict the chicory ingredient in whatever way the customer desired.
- 21. The Survey Of Concerning Literature • This is most simple and fruitful method of formulating the research problem . • Hypothesis is taken from earlier workers and their usefulness is evaluated as a basis for further Research. • Review available material for deriving the reverent hypotheses from it.
- 22. The Experience/Expert survey • The experience survey means the survey of people who had practical experience . • The object is to obtain new ideas relating to the research problem. • A systematic interviewing format with flexibility is adopted. • An expert could provide – – Source of hypothesis – Modus operendi of conducting research – Source of information – Possible problems in the study
- 23. Case Studies • Also called Inside-Stimulating Examples • Study of all cases which are prevalent to the area of study. • Relatively unformulated problems • It is also a fruitful method of suggesting the hypothesis • Examining existing record • Unstructured interviewing etc
- 24. Descriptive and Diagnostic Research • Descriptive Research Study's are those studies which are concerned with describing the characteristics of a particular Individual , or a group. • In diagnostic research study determine the frequency with which some thing occur or is associated with something else.
- 25. Descriptive and Diagnostic Research • Formulating the objective of the study. • Designing the method of data collection. • Selecting Sample. (Size) • Collecting the data.( Where and time) • Processing and analysing the data. • Reporting the findings. A descriptive research design should clearly state the subject of the study, object of the study, content of study, time and place of conducting the study and method adopted to conduct the study.
- 26. Descriptive and Diagnostic Research • Clear definition of problem • Method of Data Collection • Preparation of Instruments • Sampling Design • Data Collection and Analysis Techniques
- 27. Difference between Formulate vs Descriptive/Diagnostic • Flexible design • Judgmental sampling • No pre-determined design • No fixed decision about the operational procedures • No flexibility • Random sampling • Pre-determined design for analysis • Advanced decisions
- 28. Hypothesis-Testing Research Studies • Hypothesis-testing research studies known as experimental studies are those researcher tests the hypothesis of casual relationship between variables. • Cause and effect relationship between variable under study. • Researcher attempts to maintain control and manipulate the variables that affect the study.
- 29. Steps in Experimental Research • Identification and definition of the problem • Formulation of Hypothesis • Developing experimental design- – Selecting the sample subjects – Group or pair subjects – Identify and control non experimental factors – Construct validate an instrument to measure – Determine place, time and duration of experiment • Conduct the experiment • Analyse the data and test the hypothesis • Report the findings.
- 30. Experimental Research • Controlling Extraneous Variable – Randomization – Matching – Statistical Control
- 31. Principles of Experimental Design • Principle of Replication • Principle of Randomization • Principle of Local Control
- 32. Types of Experimental Design Experimental Design Pre Experimental One shot study One group Pre test post test Static group comparison True Experimental Pretest Post Test with control Post test only with control Solomon four group design Quasi Experimental Time series design Multiple series design Statistical Completely Randomised Randomised Block design Latin square design Factorial design
- 33. Experimental Design Symbol Meaning X Treatment O Observation R Randomization EG Experimental Group CG Control Group TE Treatment Effect
- 34. Pre Experimental Design • They follow procedures of Experimental Design but do not include control group. • One Shot Case Study Researcher attempts to explain a consequence by an antecedent. X gO
- 35. Pre Experimental Design One Group Pre-Test-Post –Test study O1 X O2 TE = O1 - O2
- 36. Pre Experimental Design • Static Group Design EG : X O1 CG O2 TE = O1 - O2
- 37. True Experimental Designs • Pre Test Post Test with Control group Design – Study the effects of variable on a carefully controlled sample EG: R O1 X O2 CG: R O3 O4 TE = (O2 – O1) -(O4 – O3)
- 38. True Experimental Designs • Post Test Only Control Group design EG: R X O1 CG: R O2 TE = O1 - O2
- 39. True Experimental Designs • Solomon Four-Group Design EG: R O1 X O2 CG: R O3 O4 EG: R O5 CG: R O6 • TE = O2 – O1 • TE = O2 – O4 • TE = O5 – O6 • TE = O5 – O3 • TE = [(O2 – O1) – (O4 – O3 )]
- 40. Quasi Experimental Designs • Quicker to use and less expensive • But do not involve randomization 1. Time Series Design – Pre-testing and post-testing of subjects 2. Multiple Time Series Design – Experimental and Control group Pre-testing and post-testing
- 41. Statistical Designs • Extraneous variable which the research is able to identify called ‘block factor’ is isolated and its effects eliminated. a) Complete Randomized Design – Used when dependent variable is influenced by a single independent variable. – Principles of replication and randomization is used.
- 42. Statistical Designs • Two Group Simple Randomized Design • Random Replication Design • Randomized Block Deign • Latin Square Design
- 43. Statistical Designs • Factorial Design – Simple Factorial Design – Complex Factorial Design