research methodology presentation-6.pptx

Content:
 Tabulation
Characteristics of a Good Table
Types of Tables
Rules of Tabulation
 Significance of Tabulation

Tabulation:
Tabulation is a method of presenting the data in the
form of tables so that the results can be interpreted
easily.
The purpose of tabulation is to present maximum
possible information in minimum possible space.
Tabulation is the final stage of data processing which
provides the data for further analysis.
 In Tabulation, the data are represented in a compact
form in such a way, that the quality and utility of
information is not lost.

Clarity
Manageable Size
Attractive Get-Up
Logical Arrangement of Items
Characteristics of a Good
Table

05 Scientifically Prepared
06
Columns and Rows
should be Numbered
Averages and Totals
07

The Table should be prepared in
a systematic and logically
organized manner, simple and
compact so that it is readily
comprehensible.
1) Scientifically
Prepared
2) Manageable
Size:
A table should be so designed
that it is neither very long and
narrow nor very short and
broad.
3) Logical
Arrangement of Items:
There should be logical
and systematic
classification of item in
the table.

4).Columns and Rows
should be Numbered:
When there are a number of
rows and columns in a table,
they must be numbered for
reference.
5). Units:
The unit designations should be given
at the top of the table below the title
such as ‘price in rupees’ and ‘weight
in tonnes'.
6).Proper
letters:
It is not advisable to use too many
styles of letters in a table. Large capital
letters may be used for headings,
captions and small letters may be used
for footnotes and source notes.

Types of Table
Based on the Number of
Characters Used
1. Simple Table
2. Complex Table
 Two-way Table
 Three way Table
 Multiple-Way Table
1. General Purpose
Table
2. Special Purpose
Table
Based on the Purpose
of study

Based on the Number of Characters Used:
1). Simple Tables
 Also known as one-way table,
 data are presented based on only
one characteristic.
Following table shows number of students in a
particular course in a university:
For example:

2). Complex
Tables:
 when a table is prepared on the basis of
more than one characteristic.
In Such tables, more than one
classification is represented.
 Here, the column represents the
category of the item and row represents
value of the item.
a) Two-Way
Table:
 In a two-way table, the classification is
made on the basis of only two character.
 It is also called “double tabulation”
Two- way tables are constructed with
the help of one-way table.
It is much easier to analyse a two-way
table compared to one-way table.

For
example:
Following table shows the number of
students in a college as per the year in
the different courses:

b) Three-way
Table:
 When a table is constructed with the
help of three inter-related
characteristics, it is known as “Three-
way Table” or “treble tabulation”.
For example:
Following table shows the number of
students in a college according to North
and South region, the course, and the
year of the course:

C) Multiple -
way Table:
 A multiple-way table is constructed in the same
way as one-way, two-way, and three-way tables
are constructed.
But the difference here is that there are multiple
characteristics which are used to tabulate the
data.
Usually these types of tables are constructed
while collecting census data.
These are also known as “ manifold tables”.

For example:
Following table categorises four
characteristics which are courses,
graduation stream of the students,
north and south region, and year.

2) Based on the Purpose of Study:
 General purpose tables represent large quantity of data at a
time.
 In such a table, data are presented in detail so as to provide
information for general or reference use on the same subject.
 such tables are usually large in size and are generally given in
the appendix for reference.
 It is also called a “Repository table” or “Reference table”
a) General Purpose
table:

 These tables are comparatively small as less
amount of information is represented which are
specifically related to the research objective.
 These tables are called “summary table” or “text
table”.
 These tables help in comparative data analysis
related to a specific research problem.
b). Special Purpose
Table:

Rules of Tabulation
 Rules
Regarding the
Table Structure
 General
Rules

 Title
 Size of
Columns
 Number of
Rows and
Columns
 Table
Number
 Source
Rules Regarding the Table Structure

Table
Number
1).
When a number of tables
are constructed, serial
number should be given to
each table.
The title of the table
should be clear and
precise indicating “what,
where and when” of the
data in that order.
2). Title

3). Source The source of information must
be mentioned just below the
table.
Size of
Columns
The size of the columns
should be according to the
information to be written in the
those columns.
Number of Rows
and Columns
The number of rows
and columns depends on
the nature of the data.
4).
5).

Attractive
Shape
Free from
Irrelevant Data
Use of Circle
or Box
Non-availability
of Data
General Rules

 Attractive
Shape
Simplicity
The table should be neat
and attractive. The size of
the table should be neither
too big nor too small.
A table should be simple
and self-explanatory and
according to the object of
statistical investigation.

A table must be free
from all types of
irrelevant data.
If some information is not available due to
one or other reason, a line(-) or not
available or a cross should be used, along
with a description of these symbols.
Non-availability of
the Data
Free from
Irrelevant Data

Since the data is presented in a very systematic
manner in tables, therefore researchers can
easily compare data. It makes the data analysis
comparatively easy to carry-out.
1). Helps in Comparing Data
2). Important for Data Analysis
Tabulation is the intermediate step between data collection and
analysis. Analysis cannot be performed on raw data, which makes
it necessary for the data to be tabulated in a systematic and
comprehensive manner. Once the data is tabulated, it is possible
to proceed for furthers analysis.

3). Gives Overview
4). Detecting Missing
Data and Omissions
Tabulation also provides
a chance to detect the
missing data and
omissions.
Tabulating the data gives
the reader an overview
about the data without
getting into the details of
its collection process.

Tabulation reduces the huge
size of data by representing it
in a minimum possible space.
5). Maximum
Representation of Data
6). Simplification of
Complicated Data
The biggest advantage of
tabulation is that it simplifies
the complicated data and
presents it in a comprehensive
format for the reader.

research methodology presentation-6.pptx

research methodology presentation-6.pptx

More Related Content

Similar to research methodology presentation-6.pptx (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

research methodology presentation-6.pptx