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Research problem group 2
- 1. RESEARCH METHOD RESEARCH PREPARATION FORMULATINGHYPOTHESIS Eva Yulianti 2201412019 Puspa Merah R 2201412028
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- 3. Concepts and researchproblems Research purposes Research procedure
- 4. Concepts and ResearchProblems PROBLEM Research study begins with human’s curiosity about the world. Problem is what people want to know about in this world
- 5. Approaches toobtain answer NON SCIENTIFIC SCIENTIFIC Common sense, prejudice, intuition, trial and erros, etc With the power of reason and logic, take coherent and controlled procedures, base their methods on real evidence
- 6. Research Problem is…… Research problem is the problem that preceding the research and causing the research itself. It is caused by the people’s curiosity or something that they want to know about. Then, the people try to obtain the answer of the problem through the scientific method.
- 7. Research Purposes Aim:to find an answer to a problem through scientific procedures From the way results are used, research can be classified into THEORETICAL RESEARCH (basic research) PRACTICAL RESEARCH (applied research) Is needed to provide bases for solving the problems encountered in actual human life Is needed to solve actual problems
- 8. Research Procedure 1. identifyinga problem 2. Conceptualization and formulation of the problem 3. Identifying and operationally defining variables 4. Formulation of hypothesis 5. Construction of research design 6. Construction of research instruments 7. Sampling Preparation Stage
- 9. 8. Data collection 9.Data processing 10. Data analysis 11. Interpretation 12. Drawing conclusion 13. reporting Implementation stage Completion stage
- 10. CHARACTERISTIC OF A RESEARCHPROBLEM A problem statement must have the following characteristics: it should ask about a relationship between two or more variables. It should be stated clearly and unambiguously usually in question form. it should be testable by empirical methods, that is, it should be possible to collect data to answer the questions asked. it should not represent a moral or ethical position.
- 11. Relationship between Variables Inthis kind of problem the researcher manipulates a minimum of one variable to determine its effect on other variables. A problem statement will require at least two variables and their relation. For example: Are boys more likely than girls to have IQ’s in excess of 120?
- 12. The Problem isStated in Question Form What is relationship between IQ and achievement? Is there a relationship between racial background and dropout rate? What is the relationship between rote learning ability and socio-economics status? See on page 74-75
- 13. Empirical Testability Aproblem should be testable by empirical methods, that is through the collection of data.
- 14. Avoidance of Moralor Ethical Judgments Questions about ideals or values are often more difficult to study than questions about attitudes or performance. For example: Are all philosophies equally inspiring? Should students avoid cheating under all circumstances? These example represent moral and ethical issues and should be avoided.
- 15. Specific Considerations in Choosinga Problem 1. Workability it refers problem’s performnce 2. Critical Mass 3. Interest 4. Theoretical Value references 5. Practical Value
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- 17. 1. Identification ofResearch Problems Problem arise when there are gaps between expectations (Das sollen) and reality (Das sein). It takes a few steps to be able to identify research problem: 1. Observe a phenomenon or phenomena. 2. Take references. 3. Compare the phenomena with your references. 4. Determine whether or not there are gaps between the phenomena and your references. 5. Formulate the problems based on the perceived gaps.
- 18. 2. Selecting aResearch Problem Nunan (1992) calls the problem as one of three principal components of the study. Two other components are the data and the analysis. Tuckman (1978) states among these requirements are that research problem should be: 1. About relationships between two or more variables. 2. Specific in the sense it refers to something particular, not being too broad nor too narrow. 3. Answerable by using empirical methods. 4. Exempted from ethical or moral values.
- 19. 3. Conceptualization andformulation of the research problem The process of transforming reality into concept is called conceptualization. It is done by extracting the meaning that is shared by collection of phenomena. 4. Identification and operational definition of variable 5. Formulating of hypotheses 6. Constructing research design 7. Constructing research instruments 8. Sampling techniques
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- 21. Hypothesis is… Hypothesisis an expectation about events based on generalizations of the assumed relationship between variables. It also can be shorten that hypothesis is a temporary answer to the research problem.
- 22. Hypothesis Shapesand guides a research study in terms of: identification of study sample size what issues should be involved in data collection the proper analysis of the data data interpretation
- 23. Characteristics of hypothesis It is about a relationship between two or more variables It should be stated clearly and unambiguously in the form of a declarative sentence It should be testable, then can be evaluated based on the data
- 24. Specific Hypothesis and GeneralHypothesis Specific hypotheses: they require fewer observations for testing, General hypotheses: after being observed, they will be formulated to a more specific one
- 25. The process todraw upon in developing hypothesis Deduction Induction
- 26. Deduction-- Generalto Specific In deductive reasoning, thinking proceeds from general assumption to specific application GENERAL SPECIFIC
- 27. Induction Specificto General Conclusions about events (general) are based on information generated through many individual and direct observations (specific). SPECIFIC GENERAL Researchers observe an individual or group of individuals from a larger population based on these observations, generalizations are made back to the larger population.
- 28. Alternative hypothesisis the hypothesis that affirmed. We construct them if the null hypothesis is rejected.
- 29. A nullhypothesis is: the general statement that states there is no relationship between two measured phenomena. The advantage of using it in research is because in the reality it is difficult to obtain unequivocal support for a hypothesis so that the researcher attempts to test and disprove its negation.
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