Residential Building Construction Report
- 1. 1 | P a g e RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION A SUMMER TRAINING REPORT Seminar submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of B.Tech In JODHPUR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY an autonomous institute of Bikaner Technical University. By MD SUHAIL AKHTAR Reg. No :- JIET/CE/20/048 Roll No :- 20EJICE044 Under the Guidance of PROF. SAURAV SONI (Assis. Prof. Civil Engineering) DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JIET, JODHPUR
- 2. 2 | P a g e CERTIFICATE
- 3. 3 | P a g e Acknowledgement I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to KOHINOOR’S NIWAS CONTRUCTION who gives me a great opportunity to work with him ,where I utilize my knowledge and skill effectively and gather a lot of particle knowledge. Their unflagging support and continuous encouragement throughout the summer training work. Without his guidance and persistent help this training would not have been possible. I would like to also thanks TPO and training coordinator who give golden opportunity to work on this project. Without their help, completion of this project would have very difficult. MD SUHAIL AKHTAR ( Department of Civil Engineering) Reg. No. :- JIET/CE/20/048
- 4. 4 | P a g e Abstract • This project describes analysis and design of residential building. • The proposed residential building is to be constructed at Ranipur, Chunabhatti, Darbhanga, Bihar. The area of the proposed building 47’x40’ (G +2) will be constructed. • Isolated footing will be consider having 5’ depth from ground surface • Double layer of mesh will used having 4’x 4’ in footing. • The project is to be developed independent and creative thinking fundamental theoretical knowledge was obtained during the course of the study practical application of filed. Signature of the student MD. SUHAIL AKHTAR Reg.No. - JIET/CE/20/O48 Semester : 5th Sem Branch: Civil Section: 5I2 Date : 08/10/2022
- 5. 5 | P a g e Table Of Content Certificate………………………………………………………………………….. 2 Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………………. 3 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….. 4 Table Content……………………………………………………………………… 5 1.0 Specification of Sites ………………………………………………... 6 1.1 Site Selection Criteria……………………………………………. 6 1.2 Measurement of plot …………………………………………….. 8 1.3 Precautions of measurements…………………………………….. 9 1.4 Preparation of plan……………………………………………….. 9 1.5 Plan Specification………………………………………………… 9 1.6 Floor Plan ………………………………………………………... 10 2.0 Layout……………………………………………………………. 12 1.7 2.1 Building Layout………………………………………………. 12 2.2 Objective of building layout……………………………………… 13 2.3 Process of layout…………………………………………………. 14 3.0 Nomenclature…………………………………………………… 15 3.1 Lapping…………………………………………………………… 15 3.2 Joggle…………………………………………………………….. 16 3.3 Chair……………………………………………………………… 17 4.0 Footing …………………………………………………………... 18 4.1 Shallow footing…………………………………………………... 18 4.2 Deep footing……………………………………………………… 18 4.3 Footing adopted at site …………………………………………… 20 4.4 Depth of Foundation……………………………………………… 20 4.5 Width of foundation……………………………………………… 21 4.6 Precaution………………………………………………………… 21 5.0 PCC ……………………………………………………………… 22 5.1 Ingredients………………………………………………………... 22 5.2 Uses of Pcc……………………………………………………….. 22 5.3 Property PCC …………………………………………………….. 22 6.0 Reinforcement bars …………………………………………….. 23 6.1 Diameter …………………………………………………………. 23 6.2 Grades …………………………………………………………… 23 6.3 Stirrup…………………………………………………………….. 24 6.4 Types of stirrup ………………………………………………….. 24 6.5 Cutting Length …………………………………………………… 25 7.0 Column ………………………………………………………….. 25 7.1 Minimum RCC column ………………………………………….. 25 7.2 Standard side …………………………………………………….. 25 7.3 Concrete grades…………………………………………………... 27 7.4 Column used at site ……………………………………………… 27 8.0 Conclusion……………………………………………………….. 28 9.0 References ………………………………………………………. 29
- 6. 6 | P a g e 1. Specification of the site • A 47’x 40’ plot located at Ranipur, Chunabhatti, Darbhanga, Bihar. • Plot is 2 KM away from the district Darbhanga. • Plot is 2 km away from the Airport, around 2.7 km away from the railway station and 3 km away from the bus stand. • Plot is 500 m away from the government primary school 2 km away from the government School & university. • Hospital is near 3 KM and police station is 2.5 km away. • Site is 3 km away from the superstores & malls. • Plot has North Facing having one side main 10’ road while one side 8’ street. 1.1 Site selection criteria for the residential building Natural defects of a site will involve considerable expenditure on construction and maintenance of the building. While unsatisfactory conditions in the neighborhood of locality will cause unhappy living conditions on one hand and possible deterioration of the value of property on the other. Therefore, the following general factors should be considered while selecting a site for building construction. I. Purpose of Building This is the most important factor to consider before purchasing or selecting a site for residential purpose. The site should be selected keeping in view the general scope or the purpose of building and on the basis of extent or privacy required. II. Friendly Neighborhood The site should be situated in locality which is already fully developed or which is fast developing. To secure happy living conditions, generally such neighborhood is preferred where the neighbors belong to an equal status in society and who should be social and friendly. III. Available Facilities The plot should be in a locality where the various facilities as mentioned below are available. • Community services such as police and fire protection, clearing of waste and street cleaning • Utility services such as water supply, gas, electricity, and drainage • Amenities such as schools, hospitals, libraries, recreation, telephone, etc • Shopping and transport facilities.
- 7. 7 | P a g e IV. Shape & Size Area of the plot of land should be such that the house constructed, keeping in view the restrictions of the local authority, would meet the requirements of the owner, preferably with possibilities of future extensions. The site should not be irregular in shape or having any sharp corners. V. Terrain Condition The site should be situated on an elevated place and also levelled with uniform slopes from one end to the other so as to provide good and quick drainage of rain water. VI. Type Of Ground Soil The ground soil of the site should be good enough to provide economical foundations for the intended building without causing and problems. Generally, for most satisfactory constructions, the site should have rock, sand or dense soil below 60 to 120 cm layer of light soil or even black cotton soil. VI. Natural Light & Air The location of the site should be such as to ensure unobstructed natural light and air. VII. Environmental Condition The site should be available in a locality where natural beauty and man-made environment create healthy living and working conditions. Environment also affected by nearest factories, kiln etc: so these thing also need to be considered. VIII. Legal & Financial Aspects The legal and financial aspects, which dictate upon ownership rights and the costs, should be given due consideration before the purchase of a plot. IX. Other Factors A site should be abandoned under adverse circumstances such as unhealthy, noisy or crowded localities; immediate neighbourhood or rivers carrying heavy floods, badly maintained drains; reclaimed soils or water logged areas, subject to submergence or settlement and; industrial vicinity having smoke and obnoxious odours.
- 8. 8 | P a g e 1.2 Measurement of Plot • 4 Sides of plot AB :- 57’ BC :- 39’3” CD :- 66’6” AD :- 39’4” • Technology Used Measuring Tape 30 ft. Pegs Bhumi Puja
- 9. 9 | P a g e 1.3 Important Point While Taking Measurement ✓ Measuring tape should not be turned or sagging, it may lead error in the measurements. ✓ If land is uneven and bushes are present try to clean the vegetation if possible or take measurement above some height. ✓ Measuring tape should be taken horizontally straight and tape should be tightly handled if any sagging present try do to straight providing some jerk. ✓ Accurate measurement should be taken. ✓ Measurement should be taken vertically upward above the point. ✓ All measurements should be taken in one unit either in feet or inches or in meter. ✓ Site should be measured in diagonally also that help to make plot straight and help to decide the offset. ✓ Measurement should be taken keeping some offset like adjacent building, roads, electric pole, trees etc. that will help while doing layout. 1.4 Preparation of Plan • Like need is the mother of any invention, as a civil engineer making the dream structure in real world is our duty. • Designing of plan is directly depend up on the need of client. • Client satisfaction is most important thing but taking factor of safety in mind. 1.5 Plan Specification • Client need shop, parking area, BHK system rooms with attach lat-bath and open space. • Good elevation and natural ventilation system. • Design should follow Vaastu Sastra. • Good sevage system.
- 10. 10 | P a g e 1.6 Ground, 1st & 2nd floor plan are attached below. Ground Floor Plan
- 11. 11 | P a g e First & Second Floor Plan
- 12. 12 | P a g e 2. Layout 2.1 What Is Building Layout • A building layout indicates the foundation plan on a ground surface, as shown in its drawings so that in order to carry out excavation, the positions, as well as orientation of the structure, can be precisely defined. • The foundation is set out as per the engineer’s or architect’s foundation plan drawings and specifications. • The layout of building plan involves the entire structure, so it must be done once the conditional survey with desk study is completed. • All garbage, obstacles, and even growing plants should be cleared from the whole area. • Setting out a building is the process of bringing architectural concepts from drawing to the ground. • It determines the location point of site boundaries, wall center lines, foundations, column, along with the other structural elements. • It also provides the proper size, angle, as well as level of the building. The entire structure must be placed and constructed in accordance with the initial setting out. • This generally includes utilizing stakes, batter board with string lines, drill holes, cut- and-fill notations, and other ways to identify the building corners, horizontal and vertical location. • The structure and foundation are placed in accordance with the controlled measurements as well as references on the produced drawings. • The total length and breadth of the structure, lengths to road center–line and some other structures, measurements throughout the structure, and other assessments about approaches as well as rights-of-way are all included in the measurements and references.
- 13. 13 | P a g e 2.2 Objectives Of Building Layout • The purposes of surveying for construction works are to set out the planned structure in accordance with establish designs and indicate the project’s controlling points in the most practical way for the construction forces. • The stakes, drill holes, batter boards mostly with string lines, cut–and–fill notations, and some other traditional method are used to indicates the building’s corners as well as other lateral and vertical positions. • Generally, some types of reconnaissance as well as site assessment, precedes the exact layout of the structure. The procedures listed below are typical of large construction projects. i. Conducted reconnaissance (aerial, map, and ground) ii. Choosing a location (paper and instrument) iii. Specifying control (horizontal and vertical) iv. Observing topography (plane table) A Picture While Layout
- 14. 14 | P a g e 2.3 Process Of Layout There are number of method for layout as I mentioned above that depend upon area of plot, cost of project, equipment availability. So, here we have adopted traditional method for making layout by According to the Pythagorean Theorem, the square of the two sides of a triangle that adjoin the right angle (legs) are equal to the square of the third side (hypotenuse). This is expressed mathematically as a² + b² = c². To use, multiply the length of each leg of the triangle by itself then add the two sums together to find the length of the hypotenuse when the angle is at 90°. The easiest way to accomplish this is to use the 3-4-5 method: • Measure 3 feet out from the angle you want to make 90° in one direction. • Measure 4 feet out from the angle you want to make 90° in the other direction. • Measure across the two points and adjust the angle until the distance on the third side of the triangle is 5 feet. Note :- You can also use multiples of 3-4-5 in the same ratio (such as 6, 8, 10) to form larger or smaller right angles.
- 15. 15 | P a g e 3. SOME IMPORTANT NOMENCLATURE 3.1 LAPPING Lapping can be defined as the overlapping of two bars side by side to up to the design length. Lapping in Column The length at which two bars of a column are spliced or overlapped in order to maintain the continuity of the bars throughout the length of the column. Lapping Zone If the length of the column is L, then the length L / 4 from the top and bottom of the column is classified as tension A-zone and the central length L / 2 of the column (B-Zone) is considered a safe area for the purpose of lapping. Note :- All bars that are overlapped should be offset in B-zone as shown in the drawing above. In any case, no more than 50% of the rebar should be lapped to the same level. If all bars in the column are overlapped at the same level, it will cause column failure. Lapping in Beam • Due to this loading, the beam will tend to bend in a way that the maximum bending moments will be generated at the center of the spans. There will be positive moments at the center of the spans and negative moments at each support. Due to the maximum bending moment, the top fiber of the beam at each end and the bottom fiber in the mid- span will experience maximum tension. Hence, they can be called tension zones of the beam and we can’t overlap the bars in tension zones because the reinforcement bars would come out of the concrete due to maximum stress. Lap Length = 50D Where D = Diameter of bars
- 16. 16 | P a g e • For bottom bars, we can’t overlap the bars at the mid-span of the beam due to maximum tension in the bottom fiber of the beam. On the other hand, the top bars can be overlapped in the mid-span of the beam due to minimum tension in the top fiber of the mid-span. If we divide the span into three equal parts, the overlapping of top bars should be done in the intermediate zones and each bar should be overlapped at alternative levels within the lapping zones. • The bottom bars should be overlapped at column junctions up to a distance of L/4 from each end and each bar should be overlapped at alternative levels within the lapping zones. • Note: Not more than 50% of the bottom bars in a beam are overlapped in the same zone plus columns of any clear span. 3.2 JOGGLE When we provide lapping in the reinforcement bars, we bend either of the two bars to align them with each other. These bent-up bars are called joggled bars in the civil field. Joggle is provided to prevent the buckling of the RCC structure and transmit load properly to top reinforcement to bottom. Lap Length = 50D Where D = Diameter of bars J = 6D
- 17. 17 | P a g e 3.3 CHAIR • Chair reinforcement or simply chair rods are small structural elements that are used to place the reinforcement bars in the correct position and maintains the correct space between the top and bottom reinforcements. • Chair bars are used primarily on the slab and flooring. The diameter of the chair bar should not be less than 12 mm. Why Chair Bars Are Used in Reinforcement? • Maintain the required spacing between the top and bottom reinforcement cage in footings, slabs, raft foundations, etc. • Maintaining a clear cover for reinforcement during concrete vibration. • To protect the upper and lower cages from displacement and sagging during concreting due to movement of trolleys, walking of workers, dead load of new concrete etc. • Provide additional support for reinforcement bars. • To increase the tension property of concrete. This helps to prevent structural collapse due to failure in the tension zone.
- 18. 18 | P a g e 4. FOOTING The footing is a structural member that safely transmits the load of the upper building to the ground, and is the first construction member of the building. The basic method of footing design is to distribute the load so that the size per area of the load transmitted from the upper part of the building is less than the strength that the ground can support, that is, the bearing capacity. With this function, the footing is a structure installed between the ground and the column or wall immediately above it, and the important point in the basic design is to reduce the total amount of settlement and prevent the occurrence of immobile settlement. Depending on the depth of the soil in which the foundation is made, there are two types of foundation used in constructing buildings : 4.1 1. Shallow foundation – These are used for small and light buildings. They are commonly referred to as spread footings or open footings. There are four types of shallow foundation: • Individual footing or isolated footing • Combined footing • Strip foundation • Raft or mat foundation 4.2 2. Deep foundation – These are used for large structures. There are two main types of deep foundation: • Pile foundation • Drilled Shafts or caissons The foundation used should be sturdy enough to bear the load of the structure. Therefore, large-area footings are needed to spread the vertical load, improving the stability of the building. Different kinds of footings are designed based on the soil type, the type of structure, the site topography, and other local requirements arising during the design process. Individual footing or isolated footing A footing that supports an individual column is known as an isolated footing.
- 19. 19 | P a g e Combined foundation A footing that supports two or more columns is known as a combined footing. It is used when two or more columns are close to each other or two or more individual footings of a column would overlap. Strip Foundation A footing which supports a number of columns in a line has to be a combined footing known as strip footing. It is used when the row of a column is closely spaced and their spread footings overlap with each other. Raft Footing If loads transmitted by the columns in a structure are heavy and the allowable soil pressure is small then footing requires more area. In such a case, it may be better to provide continuous footing under all columns and walls. Such kind of footing is called a Raft Footing.
- 20. 20 | P a g e Pile Footing When the soil has a low bearing capacity or the ground water level is high, pile footings are applied. Piles are common while building foundation for bridges, dam etc. in walls. 4.3 Footing Adopted At Site • Since soil was good and hard strata was found below the 5’ we have adopted Isolated footing. • Dimension of footing was 4’x4’. • Double layer of mesh was provide having 6” center to center spacing. • Extra small 2 piece of L section bars was provided on adjacent side of column. 4.4 Depth Of Foundation Depth of foundation depends on following factors: I. Availability of adequate bearing capacity. II. Depth of shrinkage and swelling in case of clayey soils due to seasonal changes, which may cause considerable movements. III. Depth of frost penetration in case of fine sand and silt. IV. Possibility of excavation nearby V. Depth of groundwater table VI. The minimum practical depth of foundation should not be less than 50 cm. To allow removal of topsoil and variations in ground level. Hence the best-recommended depth of foundation is from 1.00 meter to 1.5 meter from the original ground level.
- 21. 21 | P a g e 4.5 Width of Foundation / Footings The width of footings should be laid according to structural design. For light loaded buildings such as houses, flats, school buildings, etc, have not more than two storeys, the width of the foundation is given below: I. The width of the footing should not be less than 75 cm for one brick thick wall. II. The width of the footing should not be less than 1 meter for one and a half brick wall. 4.6 Foundation Excavation Precautions I. The depth and width of the foundation should be according to structural design. II. The minimum depth of the foundation is 1 meter in case the design is not available. III. Check the length, width, and depth of excavation with the help of centerline and level marked on the marking pillars. IV. Dump the excavated material/ earth at a distance of 1 meter from the edges. V. Start excavation work when the soil is dry. VI. Arrange a water pump to pump out rainwater. VII. Compact the bottom layer of the foundation. VIII. There should be no soft places in the foundation due to roots etc. IX. Dugout any soft/ defective spots, and fill the excavated area with concrete/ hard material NOTE :- Depth and Width of foundation may vary according to the design and soil bearing capacity. Depth of foundation may vary until hard strata comes. 5. PCC Before placing the reinforcement bars or mesh for footing we have to make surface hard by tampering stones or bricks pieces on the surface and after that a 3”-4” layer of PCC is provided, when PCC work settled down then we cast footing. Reinforcement is provided is called Plain Cement Concrete (PCC). PCC Full Form in Civil Engineering is Plain Cement Concrete. • It is simply a mixture of cement, sand, and aggregate containing a suitable proportion of water. • It is sometimes called mass cement concrete or cement concrete. • It is considerably stronger in compression but weak in tension and shear. • Grading used 1:1.5:3.
- 22. 22 | P a g e 5.1 Ingredients of PCC I. Cement II. Sand (Fine Aggregates) III. Coarse Aggregates IV. Water 5.2 Uses of PCC • Some of the uses of plain cement concrete are: • It is commonly used in the construction of the column foundation, massive gravity dams, flooring, etc. • It is used in rigid pavement construction (reinforcement-less rigid pavement). • In small-scale canal construction; PCC is used. • It is also used in some stone masonry works. 5.3 Properties of PCC Some of the properties of plain cement concrete are: I. Strength • The PCC should have high compressive strength. • The tensile strength should be 8-12% of compressive strength and shear strength should be 8-10% of compressive strength. • The compressive strength of the PCC depends upon the following: I. Cement Content II. Water Cement Ratio III. Method of mixing, placing, compacting, and curing. IV. Quality of materials used V. Age of the concrete.
- 23. 23 | P a g e II. Durability PCC should be able to resist climate as well as chemical actions to be durable. III. Workability • PCC should be highly workable. It should be easy to mix, manage and transport. It should be free from bleeding and segregation. • Workability can be tested with a slump test. IV. Fire Resistance PCC should be highly resistive towards the fire to prevent problems like firing, spalling of concrete, etc. 6. REINFORCEMT BARS 6.1 Diameter of Bars In India, there are different size/diameter of Steel bar used in construction are 6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm, 32mm, 40mm, 45mm, 50mm and so, higher dai/size of steel bar like 60mm, 75mm, 90mm, 100mm are customise according to requirement by various Steel Company and are available for sale. 6.2 Grades of Bars TMT bar manufacturers in India manufacture four different grades of TMT bars – Fe-415, Fe- 500, Fe-550, and Fe-600.The numbers indicate the level of stress that must be applied to deform it and higher the grade, the stronger and superior the bar is. The grades are given according to their strength and rigidity. Bars Used At Construction Sites We have used Fe-500 grades bars having diameter 8MM for Stirrup and 16 MM beam and column.
- 24. 24 | P a g e STIRRUP A stirrup refers to a closed loop of reinforcement bar. Its main purpose is to hold the reinforcement bars together in an RCC structure. When used in a column, they provide lateral support to the main reinforcement bars to prevent buckling. 6.4 Types of Stirrup Rectangular Stirrup Square Stirrup Circular Stirrup Four-Legged Stirrup
- 25. 25 | P a g e 6.5 Cutting Length of Stirrup Cutting Length of Stirrups = Perimeter of Shape + Total hook length – Total Bend Length Important Basic formulas: • Perimeter of Rectangle = 2 (length + breadth) • Perimeter of Square = 4 x side length Perimeter of circle or Circumference of Circle = 2πr = πd (r= radius, d= Diameter of Circle) The below standards are most important in calculating the hook length and bend lengths at corners while finding cutting length of stirrups. • 1 Hook length = 9d or 75mm • 45° Bend length = 1d • 90° Bend length = 2d • 135° Bend length = 3d Stirrup Adopted At Site • 8MM bars are used for stirrup making. • Four legged stirrup are used. • Spacing between successive stirrup are 6” center to center. NOTE :- Minimum spacing between two successive stirrup is 100 mm or 4 inches while maximum spacing is 300 mm or 11 inches. 7. COLUMN Columns are defined as vertical load-bearing members supporting axial compressive loads chiefly. This structural member is used to transmit the load of the structure to the foundation. 7.1 Minimum size of RCC column Minimum size of an RCC column should not be less than 9”x 9” (225mm x 225mm) with 4 bars of 12mm Fe500 Steel with m20 grade of concrete and stirrups of T8@6″C/C. 7.2 Standard size of column Standard size of an RCC column should not be less than 9”x 9” (225mm x 225mm) with 4 bars of 12mm Fe500 Steel with m20 grade of concrete and stirrups of T8@6″C/C. I will recommended 9″ × 12″ (230mm × 300mm) standard size of RCC column for ground floor residential building.
- 26. 26 | P a g e • Column size for ground floor/1st floor building For this general thumb rule, we will assume a structure of ground/1st floor residential building, using standard 5″ walls, size of an RCC column should be 9”x 9” (230mm x 230mm) with 4 bars of 12mm Fe500 Steel with m20 grade of concrete and stirrups of T8@6″C/C. • Column size for 2 storey (G+1) building For this general thumb rule, we will assume a structure of G+1 (2 storey) residential building, using standard 5″ walls, size of an RCC column should be 9”x 12” (230mm x 300mm) with 6 bars of 12mm Fe500 Steel with m20 grade of concrete and stirrups of T8@6″C/C. • Column size for 3 storey (G+2) building For this general thumb rule, we will assume a structure of G+2(3 storey) residential building, using standard 5″ walls, size of an RCC column should be 12”x 12” (300mm x 300mm) with 6 bars of 12mm Fe500 Steel with m20 grade of concrete and stirrups of T8@6″C/C. • Column size for 4 storey (G+3) building For this general thumb rule, we will assume a structure of G+3/4 storey residential building, using standard 5″ walls, size of an RCC column should be 12”x 15” (300mm x 380mm) with 4 bars of 16mm and 2 bars of 12mm Fe500 Steel with m25 grade of concrete and stirrups of T10@6″C/C. NOTE :- This is only a thumb rule it may vary according to design and structure of building.
- 27. 27 | P a g e 7.3 Concrete Grading Uses For Column Casting Type of Concrete Concrete Grade Mix Ratio Characteristic Compressive strength of Concrete @28Days in N/mm2 Ordinary concrete M5 1:5:10 5 N/mm2 M7.5 1:4:8 7.5 N/mm2 M10 1:3:6 10 N/mm2 M15 1:2:4 15 N/mm2 M20 1:1.5:3 20 N/mm2 Standard Concrete M25 1:1:2 25 N/mm2 M30 Design Mix 30 N/mm2 M35 Design Mix 35 N/mm2 M40 Design Mix 40 N/mm2 M45 Design Mix 45 N/mm2 M50 Design Mix 50 N/mm2 High Strength Concrete M55 Design Mix 55 N/mm2 M60 Design Mix 60 N/mm2 M65 Design Mix 65 N/mm2 M70 Design Mix 70 N/mm2 7.4 Column Used At Site • Dimension of column adopted 9”x12” • 6 Numbers of bars was taken having 16 MM diameter • 8 MM dia bars was taken for stirrup making having 6” center to center spacing. • 20 MM covering was taken from each sides • M20 grade of concrete was used for casting the column.
- 28. 28 | P a g e CONCLUSION • Gained Basic Knowledge in the field of construction. • Learned an importance of proper communication between office and work site. • Learn wise use of available resources. • The training has revamped my confidence. • Learned about safety requirements at sites. • Leaned real time problem solving. • I am happy that I have choose Civil Engineering.
- 29. 29 | P a g e REFERENCES www.civilblog.org www.civilconcept.com www.todayshomeowner.com www.midasstructure.com www.gharpedia.com www.civiltutorial.com www.dreamcivil.com thecontructor.org MD SUHAIL AKHTAR Department of Civil Engineering REG NO. JIET/CE/20/048 THANK YOU
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