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Respiration
- 1. The Respiratory System by Dr.Ghizal Fatima ERA UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW, INDIA [email protected]
- 2. The respiratorysystem consists of all the organs involved in breathing. These include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi & lungs. The respiratory system does two very important things: it brings oxygen into body, which we need for our cells to live and function properly; and it helps us get rid of carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of cellular function. The respiratory system
- 4. Tips for shortlearning Breathing is the process that brings oxygen in the air into lungs and moves oxygen through out body. lungs remove the oxygen and pass it through our bloodstream, where it's carried off to the tissues and organs that allow us to walk, talk, and move. lungs also take carbon dioxide from blood and release it into the air when we breathe out.
- 5. The SINUSESare hollow spaces in the bones of your head. Small openings connect them to the nasal cavity. The sinuses help to regulate the temperature and humidity of air your breathe in, as well as to lighten the bone structure of the head and to give tone to your voice. The NASAL CAVITY (nose) is the best entrance for outside air into your respiratory system. The hairs that line the inside wall are part of the air-cleansing system. Air can also enters through ORAL CAVITY (mouth), especially if you have a mouth-breathing habit or your nasal passages may be temporarily blocked.
- 6. The ADENOIDSare overgrown lymph tissue at the top of the throat. When adenoids interfere with breathing, they are sometimes removed. The lymph system, consisting of nodes (knots of cells) and connecting vessels, carries fluid throughout the body. This system helps body resist infection by filtering out foreign matter, including germs, and producing cells (lymphocytes) to fight them. The TONSILS are lymph nodes in the wall of pharynx. Tonsils are not an important part of the germ- fighting system of the body. If they become infected, they are sometimes removed.
- 7. The PHARYNX(throat) collects incoming air from nose and passes it downward to trachea (windpipe). The EPIGLOTTIS is a flap of tissue that guards the entrance to trachea. It closes when anything is swallowed that should go into the esophagus and stomach. The LARYNX (voice box) contains vocal cords. When moving air is breathed in and out, it creates voice sounds.
- 8. The ESOPHAGUSis the passage leading from mouth and throat to stomach. The TRACHEA (windpipe) is the passage leading from pharynx to the lungs. The RIBS are bones supporting and protecting chest cavity. They move a small amount and help the lungs to expand and contract. The trachea divides into the two main BRONCHI (tubes), one for each lung. The bronchi, in turn, subdivide further into bronchioles.
- 9. The RIGHTLUNG is divided into three LOBES, or sections. The left lung is divided into two LOBES. The PLEURA are the two membranes that surround each lobe of lungs and separate the lungs from chest wall. The bronchial tubes are lined with CILIA (like very small hairs) that have a wave-like motion. This motion carries MUCUS (sticky phlegm or liquid) upward and out into the throat, where it is either coughed up or swallowed. The mucus catches and holds much of the dust, germs, and other unwanted matter that has invaded lungs. lungs get rid of the mucus through coughing.
- 10. The DIAPHRAGMis the strong wall of muscle that separates chest cavity from abdominal cavity. By moving downward, it creates suction to draw in air and expand the lungs. The smallest section of the bronchi are called BRONCHIOLES, at the end of which are the alveoli (plural of alveolus). The ALVEOLI are the very small air sacs that are the destination of air that you breathe in. The CAPILLARIES are blood vessels that are imbedded in the walls of the alveoli. Blood passes through the capillaries, brought to them by the PULMONARYARTERY and taken away by the PULMONARY VEIN. While in the capillaries, the blood moves carbon dioxide into the alveoli and takes up oxygen from the air in the alveoli.
- 12. The nose,pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi all work like a system of pipes through which the air is funnelled down into lungs. There, in very small air sacs called alveoli, oxygen is brought into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is pushed from the blood out into the air. When something goes wrong with part of the respiratory system, such as an infection like pneumonia, it makes it harder for us to get the oxygen we need and to get rid of the waste product carbon dioxide. Common respiratory symptoms include breathlessness, cough, and chest pain.
- 13. The Upper Airwayand Trachea During breathing in, air enters body through nose or mouth. From there, it travels down throat through the larynx (or voicebox) and into the trachea (or windpipe) before entering lungs. All these structures act to funnel fresh air down from the outside world into body. The upper airway is important because it must always stay open for you to be able to breathe. It also helps to moisten and warm the air before it reaches lungs.
- 14. Morphology of theupper airways Nose: The nose is the external protuberance of an internal space, the nasal cavity. It is subdivided into a left and right canal by a thin medial cartilaginous and bony wall, the nasal septum. Each canal opens to the face by a nostril and into the pharynx The floor of the nasal cavity is formed by the palate, which also forms the roof of the oral cavity.
- 15. The complexshape of the nasal cavity is due to projections of bony ridges, the superior, middle, and inferior turbinate bones from the lateral wall. The passageways thus formed below each ridge are called the superior, middle, and inferior nasal meatuses. On each side, the intranasal space communicates with a series of neighbouring air-filled cavities within the skull (the paranasal sinuses) and also, via the nasolacrimal duct, with the lacrimal apparatus in the corner of the eye. The duct drains the lacrimal fluid into the nasal cavity. This fact explains why nasal respiration can be rapidly impaired or even impeded during weeping: the lacrimal fluid is not only overflowing into tears, it is also flooding the nasal cavity.
- 17. They clean,moisten, and warm the inspired air, preparing it for intimate contact with the delicate tissues of the gas-exchange area. During expiration through the nose, the air is dried and cooled, a process that saves water and energy. Two regions of the nasal cavity have a different lining. The vestibule, at the entrance of the nose, is lined by skin that bears short thick hairs called vibrissae. In the roof of the nose, the olfactory bulb with its sensory epithelium checks the quality of the inspired air. About two dozen olfactory nerves convey the sensation of smell from the olfactory cells through the bony roof of the nasal cavity to the central nervous system.
- 18. The pharynx Forthe anatomical description, the pharynx can be divided into three floors. The upper floor, the nasopharynx, is primarily a passageway for air and secretions from the nose to the oral pharynx. It is also connected to the tympanic cavity of the middle ear through the auditory tubes that open on both lateral walls.
- 19. The actof swallowing opens briefly the normally collapsed auditory tubes and allows the middle ears to be aerated and pressure differences to be equalized. In the posterior wall of the nasopharynx is located a lymphatic organ, the pharyngeal tonsil. When it is enlarged it may interfere with nasal respiration and alter the resonance pattern of the voice. Air from the nasal cavity flows into the larynx, and food from the oral cavity is routed to the esophagus directly behind the larynx. The epiglottis, a cartilaginous, leaf-shaped flap, functions as a lid to the larynx and, during the act of swallowing, controls the traffic of air and food.
- 20. The Lungs Thelungs are paired, cone-shaped organs which take up most of the space in our chests, along with the heart. Their role is to take oxygen into the body, which we need for our cells to live and function properly, and to help us get rid of carbon dioxide, which is a waste product. We each have two lungs, a left lung and a right lung.
- 21. These aredivided up into ‘lobes’, or big sections of tissue separated by ‘fissures’ or dividers. The right lung has three lobes but the left lung has only two, because the heart takes up some of the space in the left side of our chest. The lungs can also be divided up into even smaller portions, called ‘broncho-pulmonary segments’. These are pyramidal-shaped areas which are also separated from each other by membranes. There are about 10 of them in each lung. Each segment receives its own blood supply and air supply.
- 22. Mechanism of breathing Air enters lungs through a system of pipes called the bronchi. These pipes start from the bottom of the trachea as the left and right bronchi and branch many times throughout the lungs, until they eventually form little thin-walled air sacs or bubbles, known as the alveoli. The alveoli are where the important work of gas exchange takes place between the air and blood.
- 23. Covering eachalveolus is a whole network of little blood vessel called capillaries, which are very small branches of the pulmonary arteries. It is important that the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries are very close together, so that oxygen and carbon dioxide can move (or diffuse) between them. So, when you breathe in, air comes down the trachea and through the bronchi into the alveoli.
- 24. This freshair has lots of oxygen in it, and some of this oxygen will travel across the walls of the alveoli into bloodstream. Travelling in the opposite direction is carbon dioxide, which crosses from the blood in the capillaries into the air in the alveoli and is then breathed out. In this way, you bring in to your body the oxygen that you need to live, and get rid of the waste product carbon dioxide.
- 26. Blood Supply The lungsare very vascular organs, meaning they receive a very large blood supply. This is because the pulmonary arteries, which supply the lungs, come directly from the right side of your heart.
- 27. They carryblood which is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide into your lungs so that the carbon dioxide can be blown off, and more oxygen can be absorbed into the bloodstream. The newly oxygen-rich blood then travels back through the paired pulmonary veins into the left side of your heart. From there, it is pumped all around your body to supply oxygen to cells and organs.
- 28. The Work ofBreathing The Pleurae The lungs are covered by smooth membranes that we call pleurae. The pleurae have two layers, a ‘visceral’ layer which sticks closely to the outside surface of your lungs, and a ‘parietal’ layer which lines the inside of your chest wall (ribcage). The pleurae are important because they help you breathe in and out smoothly, without any friction. They also make sure that when your ribcage expands on breathing in, your lungs expand as well to fill the extra space.
- 29. The Diaphragm andIntercostal Muscles When you breathe in (inspiration), your muscles need to work to fill your lungs with air. The diaphragm, a large, sheet-like muscle which stretches across your chest under the ribcage, does much of this work. At rest, it is shaped like a dome curving up into your chest. When you breathe in, the diaphragm contracts and flattens out, expanding the space in your chest and drawing air into your lungs.
- 30. Other muscles,including the muscles between your ribs (the intercostal muscles) also help by moving your ribcage in and out. Breathing out (expiration) does not normally require your muscles to work. This is because lungs are very elastic, and when muscles relax at the end of inspiration your lungs simply recoil back into their resting position, pushing the air out as they go.
- 31. Respiratory System Exchangeof gases between the atmosphere and the blood Homeostatic regulation of body pH Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
- 32. Respiratory System Overview ofexternal and cellular respiration Figure 17-1
- 33.
- 34. Figure 17-2b Muscles Usedfor Ventilation
- 35. Figure 17-3 The RespiratorySystem The relationship between the pleural sac and the lung
- 36. Figure 17-2e Branching ofAirways
- 37.
- 38. Pulmonary Circulation Rightventricle pulmonary trunk lungs pulmonary veins left atrium Animation: Respiratory System: Anatomy ReviewPLAY
- 39. Figure 17-9a Movement ofthe Diaphragm
- 40. Figure 17-9b Movement ofthe Diaphragm
- 41. Figure 17-9c Movement ofthe Diaphragm
- 42. Figure 17-10a Movement ofthe Rib Cage during Inspiration
- 43. Summary Respiratory system Cellular respiration, external respiration, respiratory system, upper respiratory tract, pharynx, and larynx Lower respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, Type I and Type II alveolar cells Diaphragm, intercostal muscles, lung, pleural sac, and plural fluid