Respiration intro 3.7 and mitochondria

Respiration intro 3.7 and mitochondria

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  Cellular Respiration chapters3.7 and 8.1
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  Cell Respiration OverviewA controlled release of energy from organic compounds (will use glucose as our example) in cells to form ATP Enzymes are key to the metabolic pathways and cycles How can cells control the rate of enzyme pathways and cycles?
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  Need to respireRespiration is required to generate heat energy as well as supply ATP for muscle contraction (movement) in animals. Respiration is required to generate ATP for movement of sucrose in mass flow hypothesis in plants. Respiration is required to generate ATP for mitosis for replication in bacteria.
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  Structure of ATPA T P P P P Adenine 3 phosphate groups ribose P P A D P 2 phosphate groups ribose Adenine
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  Practice On yourpaper, draw a molecule of ATP. Label the parts of this molecule. Show how it becomes ADP.
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  Use of ATPCells need a supply of ATP molecules to act as an immediate energy source for many processes such as: active transport maintaining resting potential in neurones muscle contraction cell division and growth and most metabolic reactions
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  Mitochondria Greatly increasesthe surface area for attachment of enzymes For protein synthesis The outer membrane is permeable to small molecules such as sugars, salts and nucleotides The inner membrane is selectively permeable, which allows mitochondria to control the composition of the matrix Codes for protein Contains enzymes (proteins) ATP synthase
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  Structure Role MatrixFluid filled. Contains enzymes required for the link reaction and Krebs cycle. Cristae Folded inner membrane. Electron transport system takes place here. Cristae create a large surface area for ATP synthesis. ATP synthase (stalked particles) Enzyme required for phosphorylation ADP + Pi  ATP Outer membrane Controls the entry and exit of substances into and out of the mitochondria. Pyruvate, O 2 , ATP move in; ATP and CO 2 move out.
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  How is themitochondrion adapted to carry out its function? ( How is its structure related to its function?) Answer this question on your paper Practice
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  Two types ofrespiration: Aerobic- in the presence of oxygen happens in the mitochondria much more efficient (yields more ATP) starts with glycolysis and has 4 main stages Anaerobic- no oxygen needed starts with glycolysis and has 2 main stages 2 types- lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
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  Anaerobic respiration in mammals versus yeast Mammals Yeast g lucose  pyruvate  lactic acid g lucose  pyruvate  ethanol + CO 2 Note: Some microorganisms can do both aerobic and anaerobic respiration and are called ‘facultative bacteria.’ Lactic acid fermentation is reversible if O2 becomes present. Lactic acid must be sent to the liver to break down, thus if it stays too long in the muscles, it will cause them to be ‘sore.’
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  glucose (C6) breaksdown to 2 molecules of pyruvate (C3) . (Note that compounds that end in ”-ate" can be called ”-ic acid". For example, lactate is lactic acid and malate is malic acid.) glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm (cytosol) does not require oxygen Is the start to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration a total of 2 ATPs are gained (4 are produced and 2 are used to start the process for a total net of 2) Glycolysis
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  Glycolysis Pyruvate willeither become a part of aerobic or anaerobic respiration depending on whether oxygen is present.
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  Aerobic Respiration recoversabout 40% of the energy in glucose- more efficient than a modern car engine. Glycolysis recovers only about 3% of the energy stored in glucose; nevertheless for a long period much of the history of life was written by organisms that could perform only glycolysis. Many of the most successful organisms in existence are anaerobic and thus only achieve 3% efficiency. Nonetheless it was only after the evolution of the Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain that respiration could achieve a level of efficiency capable of sustaining larger, and more complex, multicellular organisms.