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Respiratory system anatomy Dr.Tinku Joseph
This document provides an overview of the basic anatomy and functions of the respiratory system. It describes the major components including the upper respiratory tract (nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx), lower respiratory tract (larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs), respiratory muscles (diaphragm, intercostals), and pleural cavities. The respiratory system functions to warm and filter air, facilitate gas exchange in the lungs, and maintain homeostasis through the coordinated actions of these anatomical structures.
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Respiratory system anatomy Dr.Tinku Joseph
- 1. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (BasicAnatomy) DR TINKU JOSEPH DM Resident Department of Pulmonary Medicine AIMS, Kochi Email: [email protected]
- 2. Respiratory System startsat the nares Major Functions Upper respiratory system: 1. Air conditioning (warming) 2. Defense against pathogens 3. Gas Transport Lower respiratory system: 1. Speech & other respiratory sounds 2. Gas exchange (ventilation) 3. Maintenance of homeostasis, e.g. pH
- 3. Respiratory Epithelium •Histology? Pseudo… • Mucus produced by numerous goblet cells • Defense by means of • filtering hairs • turbinates • ciliary escalator (mucociliary blanket) • sticky mucus
- 4. Respiratory Muscles Diaphragm:depresses on contraction inhalation External intercostals: elevate ribs inhalation Internal intercostals: depress ribs active exhalation (Accessory muscles - serratus anterior, scalenes, pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, internal and external obliques, transverse abdominus, rectus abdominus)
- 9. Upper Respiratory System 1. Nose 2. Nasal Cavity 3. Paranasal sinuses 4. Pharynx
- 11. Upper Respiratory System 1) Nose External and internal nares = Nostrils Nose Hairs = vibrissae Alar cartilages on the nose Paranasal Sinuses
- 12. Upper Respiratory System • 3) Nasal Cavity • Nasal Conchae: – Superior, middle and inferior – Other name: “Turbinate bones” because they create – Advantage ? • nasal septum • hard palate, soft palate
- 13. Upper Respiratory System 3)Paranasal Sinuses • Named after their bones – Frontal – Ethmoid – Sphenoid – Maxillary
- 14. Upper Respiratory System 4) Pharynx Shared passageway for respiratory and digestive systems Nasopharynx - part above uvula and posterior to internal nares Oropharynx – portion visible in mirror when mouth is wide open fauces = the opening uvula - posterior edge of soft palate Laryngopharynx – between the hyoid bone & the esophagus
- 17. Lower Respiratory System= Anything inferior to the Pharynx Larynx: Cartilaginous cylinder (from C4- C7) Made up of 9 cartilages – 3 large unpaired (know these!) Thyroid, Cricoid, and Epiglottis – 3 small paired (involved in construction of voice box)
- 18. Larynx (voice box) Hyoid Bone Epiglottis Thyroid Cartilage Adam’s Apple Cricoid Cartilage Vocal Folds
- 19. Larynx, cont’d The pitch of sound is from tension of the elastic fibers of the vocal folds Resonance from shape of pharynx and mouth The glottis is the opening between the vocal folds Innervation via laryngeal nerves Branches of CN X Left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around aorta
- 20. From Bronchi toLungs: The Bronchial Tree 1 bronchi (enter lungs at hilus, complete cartilage rings) 2 bronchi (from now on cartilage plates) 3 bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Conducting portion Respiratory portion
- 21. Lungs Light,soft, spongy Conical in shape, apex, base, costal surface, medial surface, hilus. Note various impressions Right lung Three lobes; superior, middle and inferior Oblique and horizontal fissure Left Lung Two lobes; superior and inferior also Lingula and Cardiac notch, oblique fissure
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- 31. Airways Trachea,primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi out to 25 generations All comprised of hyaline cartilage Trachea Begins where larynx ends (about C6) 10 cm long, half in neck, half in mediastinum 20 U-Shaped rings of hyaline cartilage – keeps lumen intact but not as brittle as bone Lined with epithelium and cilia which work to keep foreign bodies/irritants away from lungs
- 36. Airways PrimaryBrochi One to each lung – continuation of trachea Right bronchus is wider and shorter 2.5 cm as opposed to 5 cm and branches from the trachea at a greater angle Secondary bronchi – one to each lobe, three in right, two in left Tertiary – one to each bronchopulmonary segment – approximately 10 per lung All of the above are hyaline cartilage with no ability to change diameter
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- 45. Bronchioles Firstlevel of airway surrounded by smooth muscle; therefore can change diameter as in brocho-constriction and broncho-dilation Terminal Respiratory 3-8 orders alveoli
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- 47. Bronchioles GasExchange Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to aleoli Gas exchange occurs via diffusion through the capillary beds Returned to heart via pulmonary veins
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- 49. Innervation Pleuravia intercostal (thoracic) nerves Tracheobronchial tree Parasympathetic via CN X efferent function = broncho-constriction via smooth mm., also to epithelial cells in trachea; afferent = responsible for cough reflex Sympathetic from T1-T5 efferent = brocho-dilation
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- 52. Pleural Cavities andMembranes Two cavities separated by mediastinum Lining of cavities – Parietal Pleura – Visceral Pleura – Pleural Cavity Pleurisy Pneumothorax, (hemothorax, pyothorax, pleural effusion)