Respiratory system of ox

Respiratory system of ox

• 1.
  Submitted To: ZeeshanAkbar Submitted By: Waqas Nawaz 11-arid-975 DVM 1ST Semester
• 2.
  Organization Of TheRespiratory System
• 3.
  Respiratory System Functions Breathing Upper Respiratory Tract
• 4.
  Nose  Internalnares - opening to exterior  External nares - opening to pharynx  Nasal conchae - folds in the mucous membrane that increase air turbulence and ensures that most air contacts the mucous membranes  Rich supply of capillaries warm the inspired air  Olfactory mucosa – mucous membranes that contain smell receptors  Respiratory mucosa – pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium containing goblet cells that secrete mucus which traps inhaled particles,  Lysozyme kills bacteria and lymphocytes and  IgA antibodies that protect against bacteria provides and airway for respiration • Moistens and warms entering air • Filters and cleans inspired air • Resonating chamber for speech detects odors in the air stream  Rhinoplasty: surgery to change shape of external nose Paranasal Sinuses  Four bones of the skull contain paired air spaces called the paranasal sinuses - frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary  Decrease skull bone weight  Warm, moisten and filter incoming air  Add resonance to voice.  Communicate with the nasal cavity by ducts.  Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
• 5.
  Pharynx  Walls arelined by a mucosa and contain skeletal muscles that are primarily used for swallowing.  Flexible lateral walls are distensible in order to force swallowed food into the esophagus.  Partitioned into three adjoining regions: Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Lower Respiratory Tract  Conducting airways (trachea, bronchi, up to terminal bronchioles).  Respiratory portion of the respiratory system (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli). Larynx  Voice box is a short, somewhat cylindrical airway ends in the trachea.  Prevents swallowed materials from entering the lower respiratory tract.  Conducts air into the lower respiratory tract.  Produces sounds.  Supported by a framework of nine pieces of cartilage (three individual pieces and three cartilage pairs) that are held in place by liga Nine c-rings of cartilage form the framework of the larynx  thyroid cartilage – (1) Adam’s apple, hyaline, anterior attachment of vocal folds, testosterone increases size after puberty  cricoid cartilage – (1) ring-shaped, hyaline  arytenoid cartilages – (2) hyaline, posterior attachment of vocal folds, hyaline  cuneiform cartilages - (2) hyaline  corniculate cartlages - (2) hyaline epiglottis – (1) elastic cartilage
• 6.
  Sound Production  Inferiorligaments are called the vocal folds. - are true vocal cordsﾓbecause they produce sound when air passes between them  Superior ligaments are called the vestibular folds. - are false vocal cordsﾓbecause they have no function in sound production, but protect the vocal folds.  The tension, length, and position of the vocal folds determine the quality of the sound.  Intermittent release of exhaled air through the vocal folds  Loudness – depends on the force with which air is exhaled through the cords  Pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses act as resonating chambers that add quality to the sound  Muscles of the face, tongue, and lips help with enunciation of words Conducting zone of lower respiratory tract
• 7.
  Trachea  At thelevel of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into two smaller tubes, called the right and left primary bronchi.  Each primary bronchus projects separates the primary bronchi at their origin and forms an internal ridge called the carina. Bronchial tree  A highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi.  Progressively branch into narrower tubes as they diverge throughout the lungs before terminating in terminal bronchioles.  Incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage support the walls of the primary bronchi to ensure that they remain open.  Right primary bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented than the left primary bronchus.  Foreign particles are more likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus.  The primary bronchi enter the hilus of each lung together with the pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.  Each primary bronchus branches into several secondary bronchi (or lobar bronchi).  The left lung has two secondary bronchi.The right lung has three secondary bronchi.  They further divide into tertiary bronchi.  Each tertiary bronchus is called a segmental bronchus because it supplies a part of the lung called a bronchopulmonary segment.  Secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles  with successive branching amount of cartilage decreases and amount of smooth muscle increases, this allows for variation in airway diameter  during exertion and when sympathetic division active  bronchodilation
• 8.
  Alveolar Ducts, andAlveoli  Lungs contain small saccular outpocketings called alveoli.  They have a thin wall specialized to promote diffusion of gases between the alveolus and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.  Gas exchange can take place in the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts as well as in the alveoli, each lung contains approximately 300 to 400 million alveoli.  The spongy nature of the lung is due to the packing of millions of alveoli together. Cells in Alveolus Type I cells : simple squamous cells forming lining Type II cells : or septal cells secrete surfactant Alveolar macrophages
• 9.
  Gross Anatomy OfThe Lungs  Each lung has a conical shape. Its wide, concave base rests upon the muscular diaphragm.  Its superior region called the apex projects superiorly to a point that is slightly superior and posterior to the clavicle.  Both lungs are bordered by the thoracic wall anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly, and supported by the rib cage.  Toward the midline, the lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum.  The relatively broad, rounded surface in contact with the thoracic wall is called the costal surface of the lung. Left lung  divided into 2 lobes by oblique fissure  smaller than the right lung  cardiac notch accommodates the heart Right Lung  divided into 3 lobes by oblique and horizontal fissure  located more superiorly in the body due to liver on right side
• 10.
  Pleura and PleuralCavities  The outer surface of each lung and the adjacent internal thoracic wall are lined by a serous membrane called pleura.  The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by the visceral pleura.  while the internal thoracic walls, the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, and the superior surface of the diaphragm are lined by the parietal pleura.  The parietal and visceral pleural layers are continuous at the hilus of each lung.  The potential space between the serous membrane layers is a pleural cavity.  The pleural membranes produce a thin, serous pleural fluid that circulates in the pleural cavity and acts as a lubricant, ensuring minimal friction during breathing.  Pleural effusion – pleuritis with too much fluid