Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction

Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction

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  REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION BY:
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  •Reverse transcription polymerasechain reaction (RT-PCR) is one of many variants of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). •This technique is commonly used in molecular biology to detect RNA expression. •RT-PCR is often confused with real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). However, they are separate and distinct techniques. •RT-PCR is used to qualitatively detect gene expression through creation of complementary DNA (cDNA) transcripts from RNA.
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  V/SRT-PCR PCR
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  DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RT-PCRAND TRADITIONAL PCR: •Although RT-PCR and the traditional PCR both produce multiple copies of particular DNA isolates through amplification, the applications of the two techniques are fundamentally different. •Traditional PCR is used to exponentially amplify target DNA sequences. •RT-PCR is used to reverse transcribe mRNA to cDNA and then amplify this result using traditional PCR. •There are several reasons why researchers would use this opposed to PCR:- 1. Since mRNA is the message that is sent for translation, RT-PCR can give us a measurement of gene expression that PCR cannot. 2. The cDNA produced does not contain the introns that DNA does; therefore RT-PCR can provide us with genes that may be inserted into prokaryotes (which cannot and do not splice the introns out). •This technique is also used for diagnosing genetic diseases as well as studying certain viruses whose genetic information are exclusively composed of RNA.
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  RT PCR- TYPES Twostep RT PCR •Traditionally, RT-PCR involves two steps: the RT reaction and PCR amplification. •RNA is first reverse transcribed into complementary DNA ( cDNA ) using an enzyme, reverse transcriptase. •The resulting cDNA is used as templates for subsequent PCR amplification using primers specific for one or more genes. One step RT PCR • RT-PCR can also be carried out as one-step RT-PCR in which all reaction components are mixed in one tube prior to initiation of the reaction. •Although one-step RT-PCR offers simplicity and convenience and minimizes the possibility for contamination, the resulting cDNA cannot be used for detecting multiple messages from a single RNA sample as in two-step RT-PCR.
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  COMPARISON OF ONE-STEP& TWO-STEP RT-PCR PROCEDURES Two-Step Procedure One-Step Procedure Prime first- strand cDNA with:  Oligo(dT) primer  Random hexamers  Gene-specific primers  Gene-specific primers Provides Flexibility  Choice of primer  Choice of amplification system  Ability to save some RNA sample for later use  Ability to optimize for difficult RT-PCR (combine with Platinum® enzymes for higher specificity or combine with Platinum® Pfx for greater fidelity) Convenience  Amplifcation enzymes premixed with reverse transcriptase  Fewer pipetting steps and reduced chances of contamination  High sensitivity Recommended uses:  Ideal for detection or quantifying several messages from, a single sample  Ideal for analysis of large numbers of samples  Ideal for real-time quantitative
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  ONE-STEP V/S TWO-STEPRT-PCR PROCEDURES
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  PROTOCOL: RT-PCR can becarried out by the one-step RT-PCR protocol or the two-step RT- PCR protocol. Use only intact, high quality RNA for the best results. Be sure to use a sequence-specific primer. One-step RT-PCR One-step RT-PCR take mRNA targets (up to 6 kb) and subjects them to reverse transcription and then PCR amplification in a single test tube. 1. Select a one-step RT-PCR kit, which should include a mix with reverse transcriptase and the PCR system such as Taq DNA Polymerase and a proofreading polymerase. 2. Obtain all necessary materials, equipment and instruments (kits should include a detailed list of necessary items). 3. Prepare a reaction mix, which will include dNTPs, primers, template RNA, necessary enzymes and a buffer solution. 4. Add the mix to a PCR tube for each reaction. Then add the template RNA. 5. Place PCR tubes in the thermal cycler to begin cycling. The first cycle is reverse transcription to synthesize cDNA. The second cycle is initial denaturation. During this cycle reverse transcriptase is inactivated. The next 40 to 50 cycles are the amplification program, which consists of three steps: (1) denaturation, (2) annealing, (3) elongation. 6. The RT-PCR products can then be analyzed with gel electrophoresis.
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  Two-step RT-PCR Two-step RT-PCR,as the name implies, occurs in two steps. First the reverse transcription and then the PCR. This method is more sensitive than the one-step method. Kits are also useful for two-step RT-PCR. Just as for one-step, use only intact, high quality RNA for the best results. The primer for two-step does not have to be sequence specific. Step one 1. Combine template RNA, primer, dNTP mix, and nuclease-free water in a PCR tube. 2. Add RNase inhibitor and reverse transcriptase to the PCR tube. 3. Place PCR tube in thermal cycler for one cycle that includes annealing, extending and then inactivating reverse transcriptase. 4. Proceed directly to PCR or store on ice until PCR can be performed. Step two 1. Add a master mix (containing buffer, dNTP mix, MgCl2, Taq polymerase and nuclease-free water) to each PCR tube. 2. Add appropriate primer. 3. Place PCR tubes in thermal cycler for 30 cycles of the amplification program, which includes three steps: (1) denaturation, (2) annealing, (3) elongation. 4. The RT-PCR products can then be analyzed with gel electrophoresis.
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  APPLICATION OF RT-PCR Theexponential amplification via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction provides for a highly sensitive technique in which a very low copy number of RNA molecules can be detected. RT-PCR is widely used in the diagnosis of genetic diseases and, semiquantitatively, in the determination of the abundance of specific different RNA molecules within a cell or tissue as a measure of gene expression. •Research methods- For example, Lin et al. used qRT-PCR to measure expression of Gal genes in yeast cells. •Gene Insertion- RT-PCR can also be very useful in the insertion of eukaryotic genes into prokaryotes. RT-PCR is commonly used in studying the genomes of viruses whose genomes are composed of RNA, such as Influenzavirus A and retroviruses like HIV. •Genetic Disease Diagnosis- RT-PCR can be used to diagnose genetic disease such as Lesch–Nyhan syndrome. Also can be used as a test for bird flu- H7N9. •Cancer Detection- Scientists are working on ways to use RT-PCR in cancer detection to help improve prognosis, and monitor response to therapy •RT-PCR is commonly used in studying the genomes of viruses whose genomes are composed of RNA, such as Influenzavirus A and retroviruses like HIV.
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  THANK YOU! BY: NOTE: An interesting RT-PCRanimation: http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/genomics/RTPCR/RT_PCR.html